Differentiation

Gradient of the tangent at Point A is equal to the change in y , ∆ y divided

by the change in x , ∆ x.
∆ y dy
⇒ grad= =
∆ x dx

dy
dx
⇒ Differential function, gradient function, rate of change of y with
respect to x

dy
The process of finding dx is called differentiation.

Differentiation Rules
1) If y=x
n

dy n−1
=n x
dx

2) If y=a x
n
, where a is a constant
dy n−1
=na x
dx

3) If y=c where c is a constant

dy
=0
dx

Note:
1) Always express functions in indicial form.
 2) Express rational functions as a single function in the
numerator.
1
1
i.e. √ x=x 2
,
x 2
=x−2

d d d
Also, ( f ( x ) + g(x ) )= ( f ( x ) )+ ( g (x) )
dx dx dx
d d d
( f ( x )−g ( x) ) = ( f ( x) )− ( g (x))
dx dx dx

d dy d '
( y )= f ( x )=f (x)
dx dx dx

Example 1
Differentiate the following
7−2 x
a) y=
x
3

b) y= ( 2−x ) ( x 3 )

7−2 x
a) y=
x
3

dy −21+ 6 x
=
dx x
4

b) y= ( 2−x ) ( x 3 )
dy 2 3
=3 x −4 x
dx
Differentiation Techniques
1) Function of a Function
If y=u , where u=f (x )
n
then
dy n−1 du
=n u .
dx dx

If y= ( ax+ b )
n

du
Since u=ax +b , dx =a
n
y=u
dy n−1 du
=n u .
dx dx
n−1
¿ n ( ax +b ) (a )

In general, if
n
y= ( ax+ b )
dy n−1
=n ( ax +b ) ( a )
dx

Chain Rule
Let y=f ( g ( x )) where both f and g are differentiable functions, then the
dy
chain rule states that the derivates dx is given by:
dy df dg
= ×
dx dg dx

Product Rule
Let y=uv where u=f (x ), v=g(x ) then
dy du dv
=v + u
dx dx dx

Quotient Rule
u
Let y=
v where u=f ( x ) , v=g(x ) then
du dv
v −u
dy dx dx
=
dx v
2

Example 2
Differentiate with respect to x
3
a) y=( 7−2 x−x )
3 2

b) y= √ x +2

3
a) y=( 7−2 x−x )
3 2

1
dy −3
= ( 7−2 x −x3 ) 2 ( 3 x 2+2 )
dx 2

b) y= √ x +2

dy 1
=
dx 2 √ x+ 2

To find the gradient of the curve at point A.

dy
1) Find dx
dy
2) Substitute the x=a in dx
Example 3
Find the gradient of the following curves at the respective points
a) y= ( 2−x )( x +3 )
8
x=2
4−2 x
b) y=
x−3
x=−1

a) y= ( 2−x )( x +3 )
8

' 8 7
y =−1 ( x+ 3 ) +8 ( 2−x ) ( x+3 )

Evaluate at x=2
' 8 7
y (2 )=−1 ( 2+ 3 ) +8 ( 2−2 ) ( 2+3 )

4−2 x
b) y=
x−3
−2 ( x −3 )−( 4−2 x )
y'=
( x−3 )2

Evaluate at x=−1
' −2 (−1−3 )−( 4−2 (−1 ) )
y (−1 )=
(−1−3 )2

Finding Equations of tangents and normal to curves using Calculus

A tangent is a straight line that cuts the curve once, at the point of
contact. A normal is perpendicular to the tangent.

To find tangent
dy
1) Find dx
2) Substitute x=a to get gradient
3) Using point of tangency and gradient. Find equation y=mx+c

To find normal
 dy
1) Find dx
2) Substitute x=a to get gradient of tangent
3) Negate and reciprocate to get gradient of normal
4) Using point of contact and gradient from (3) find equation of
normal

Example 4
Find the equations of the tangent and normal to the curve y= (3 x +1 )
5
at the
point (−1 ,−32)
5
y= (3 x +1 )
4
y '=15 ( 3 x +1 )

Evaluate at the point (−1 ,−32 )

4
y ' (−1 )=15 ( 3 (−1 ) +1 ) =240
1
Gradient of normal ¿− 240

The tangent:
y− y 1=m ( x−x 1 )

y +32=240 ( x +1 )
y=240 x−312

The normal:
y− y 1=m ( x−x 1 )

−1
y +32= ( x +1 )
240
 −1 241
y= x−
240 240

Differential of Trigonometric functions

Rules
d
1) dx
sinx=cosx
d
2) dx
cosx=−sinx
d
3) dx
sin ( ax +b )=acos ⁡(ax+ b)
d
4) dx
cos ( ax+ b )=−asin ( ax +b )

Example 5
Differentiate the following with respect to x

a) 4 sin 2 x−3 cos 3 x

b) −7 sin ( 1−2 x ) +8 cos ⁡(2−5 x )

a) 4 sin ( 2 x )−3cos ( 3 x )

dy
=8 cos ( 2 x )+ 9 sin ( 3 x )
dx

b) −7 sin ( 1−2 x ) +8 cos ( 2−5 x )

dy
=14 cos ( 1−2 x ) + 40 sin (2−5 x )
dx

Example 6
Differentiate the following with respect to x
 2−x
a) cosx
8 sin ⁡(3 x−1)
b) x2

2−x
a) cos ( x )
d d
cos ( x ) ( 2−x ) −( 2−x ) ( cos ( x ) )
dy dx dx
=
dx 2
cos ( x )

dy −1−sin ( x )( 2−x )
=
dx cos2 ( x )

8 sin ( 3 x−1 )
b) x
2

dy
( )
8 d
= 2
dx x dx
[ sin ( 3 x−1 ) ] −2 (
8 sin (3 x−1 )
x3 )
dy
=
dx x( 8
) 3 cos ( 3 x −1 )−
2
16 sin ( 3 x−1 )
x
3

Rules

}
d
sinn ( x )=nsi nn−1 xcosx
dx
d
−¿ Function of a Function
cos n (x)=nco s n−1 x (−sinx)
dx

Example 7
Differentiate the following with respect to x
 a) 8 cos 5 (3 x+1)
b) −7 sin6 ( 5 x−2)

a) 5
8 cos ( 3 x +1 )
dy 4
=40 cos ( 3 x+1 ) (−sin ( 3 x +1 ) ) ( 3 )
dx
dy 4
=−120 cos (3 x +1 ) sin ( 3 x +1 )
dx

b) −7 sin6 ( 5 x−2 )
dy 5
=−42 sin ( 5 x−2 ) cos ( 5 x−2 ) (5 )
dx
dy 5
=−210 sin ( 5 x −2 ) cos ( 5 x −2 )
dx

Application to Differentiation
Stationary Points
⇒ Stationary points exists where the gradient is equal to zero. i.e. where
dy
=0
dx

⇒ These are also turning points.

There are two types:

1) Maximum Points
 2) Minimum Points

2
d y
To test whether a point is Max/Min, we use the dx
2 test.

Conditions
2
d y
1) If dx
2
>0 ⇒ Minimum Point
2
d y
2) If dx
2
<0 ⇒ Maximum Point

Steps
dy
1) Differentiate y to get dx
dy
2) Put dx
=0 to find x coordinates of stationary points
 3) Plug in x values in y to get y−¿ values of stationary points
2
dy d y
4) Differentiate dx to get dx
2

2
d y
5) Plug in x values in dx
2 to determine if point is Max/Min

Example 8
Find the coordinates of the stationary point on the curve 2
y=−3 x +9 x +8
and determine the nature of these points

2
−3 x + 9 x +8
'
y =−6 x +9

Set y =0
'

−6 x +9=0
3
x=
2

3
Now evaluate the second derivate at x=
2
''
y =−6

Since ''
y <0, the point ( 32 , 354 ) is a local maximum

Application of Stationary Points

Example 9
The volume of a solid right circular cylinder of radius rcm is 432 π c m3.
Given that s c m2 is the total surface area of the cylinder, prove that
2 864 π
S=2 π r +
r
. Calculate the value of r for which s has a stationary value.
Determine whether the value of r makes the surface area a maximum or
minimum and find the corresponding value of the height of the cylinder.

2 −1
S=2 π r +864 π r

Volume: π r 2 h
2
π r h=432 π
2 432
r h=432 h= 2
r

2
S=2 π r +2 πrh

¿ 2 π r +2 πr
2
( )
432
r
2

2 864 π
¿2π r +
r
ds
=0
dr
2 −1
S=2 π r +864 π r
ds 864 π
=4 πr − 2
dr r

864 π
4 πr − 2
=0
r
864 π
4 πr = 2
r
3
4 π r =864 π
3
r =216
r =6 cm

2
d s 1728 π
2
=4 π + 3
dr r
2
d s 1728 π
r =6 : 2
=4 π + 3
> 0 ∴Minimum
dr 6

432
h= 2
r =6
r
432
h= 2
=12 cm
6

Example 10
A rectangular box has a base which measures 2 xcm by 3 xcm. Given that
the volume is 1800 c m3, prove that total surface area is given by
2 3000
A=12 x +
x
. Calculate the value of x for which A has a stationary value.
Find the value of A and determine the nature of this area.

V =lbh Area=2lb +2 lh+2 bh

¿ 2 x∗3 x∗h ¿ 2 ( 6 x )+ 2 ( 2 x )
2
( )
300
x
2 ( )
300
+2(3 x ) 2
x

2 1200 1800
¿6 x h
2
¿ 12 x + +
x x
2 3000
¿ 12 x +
x
2
6 x h=1800
 2
x h=300
300
h= 2
x

dA
Stationary point ∴ dx =0
dA −2 3000
=24 x−3000 x =24 x− 2
dx x
3000
24 x− 2
=0
x
3000
24 x= 2
x
3
24 x =3000
3 3000
x=
24

x=
√
3 3000
24
=5

2 3000
x=5 , A=12 ( 5 ) +
5
2
¿ 900 c m
2
d A 6000
2
=24+ 3
dx x
2
d A 6000 6000
2
=24+ 3 =24+
dx x 125

¿ 24+ 48=72> 0 ∴Minimum

Rate of Change and Related Rates of Change

Recall Chain Rule
If x=f ( t ) , y=g ( t )
 dy dy
∗dt
dy dt dt
then = ∨
dx dx dx
dt

Example 11
dy
If x=t 2+ 2 , y =t+8 . Find dx

2
x=t + 2 y=t+8

dx dy
=2t =1
dt dt

dy
∗dt
dy dt 1 1
= = ∗1=
dx dx 2t 2t

Example 12
Given the rate at which y is increasing at 8 cm s−1∧ y =x 2+8 , find rate of
change of x when x=2cm

dy
2
y=x +8 =2 x x=2 cm
dx
dy −1 dx
=8 cm s =?
dt dt

dy
∗dt
dy dt
=
dx dx
 8∗dt
2 x=
dx
dt 2 x x
= =
dx 8 4
dt 2 1
x=2 , = =
dx 4 2
dx −1
=2 cm s
dt

Example 13
The side of a square is increasing by a rate of 2 cm s−1. Find the rate of
increase of the area when the length of the side (xcm)=5cm

dx −1 dA
2
A=l =x
2
=2 cm s =? x=5
dt dt
dA
=2 x
dx
dA
∗dx
dA dx
=
dt dt
dA
=2 x∗2
dt
dA
=4 x
dt
dA 2 −1
x=5 , =4 ( 5 )=20 c m s
dt

Example 14
The radius of a circle is increasing at the rate of 0.5 cm s−1. Find the rate of
increase of area when r=4cm
dr −1 dA
=0.5 cm s A=π r 2 =?
dt dt
dA
r =4 =2 πr
dr
dr
∗dA
dA dt
=
dt dr
dA
=0.5∗2 πr
dt
2 −1
¿ πrc m s
dA 2 −1 2 −1
r =4 , =π ( 4 ) c m s =4 πc m s
dt

Example 15
Area of a square is increasing at the rate 4c m2 s−1. Find the rate of increase
of length of a side when area = 81c m2.

dA 2 −1 dx dA
=4 c m s =? =2 x
dt dt dx
2
A=81 c m
2
A=x
x=√ 81
x=9
dx
∗dA
dA dt
=
dt dx
dx
4= ∗2 x
dt
dx 4 2
= =
dt 2 x x
dx 2 −1
= cm s
dt 9

Past Paper Questions

2012
1)
a) Differentiate the following expression with respect to x ,
simplifying your answer
3x+4
x−2

b) The point P ( 2 ,10 ) lies on the curve y=3 x 2 +5 x−12. Find equations for
i) The tangent to the curve at P
ii) The normal to the curve at P
c) The length of the side of a square is increasing at a rate of 4 cm s−1.
Find the rate of increase of the area when the length of the side is
5 cm

2013
2)
a) Given that y=x 3−3 x 2 +2. Find
i) The coordinates of the stationary points of y
ii) The second derivative of y and hence determine the nature of
EACH of the stationary points
b) Differentiate y= (5 x +3 )3 sin x with respect to x , simplifying your result
as far as possible
2014
3)
a) The equation of a curve is y=3+ 4 x−x 2. The point P ( 3 ,6 ) lies on the
curve. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve at P, giving
your answer in the form ax +by + c=0 where a , b , c ∈ Z
b) Given that f ( x )=2 x 3−9 x 2−24 x +7
i) Find ALL the stationary points of f ( x )
ii) Determine the nature of EACH of the stationary points of f ( x )

2015
4)
a) Differentiate the following expression with respect to x ,
simplifying your answer
( 2 x 2+3 ) sin5 x
b)
i) Find the coordinates of ALL the stationary points of the curve
3 2
y=x −5 x +3 x+1
ii) Determine the nature of EACH point in (i) above
4 3
c) A spherical balloon of volume V = 3 π r is being filled with air at the
rate of 200 c m3 s−1. Calculate, in terms of π , the rate at which the
radius is increasing when the radius of the balloon is 10 cm

2016
5)
dy
a) Find given that y= √ 5 x 2−4 , simplifying your answer
dx
 b) The point P ( 1 ,8 ) lies on the curve with equation y=2 x ( x +1 )2.
Determine the equation of the normal to the curve at the point P
c) Obtain the equation for EACH of the two tangents drawn to the
curve y=x 2 at the points where y=16

2017
6)
a) Differentiate the expression ( 1+2 x )3 ( x +3 ) with respect to x ,
simplifying your answer
b) The point P (−2 ,0 ) lies on the curve y=3 x 3 +2 x2 −24 x . Determine the
equation of the normal to the curve at point P
c) Water is poured into a cylindrical container of radius 15 cm. the
height of the water increases at a rate of 2 cm s−1. Given that the
formula for the volume of a cylinder is π r 2 h , determine the rate of
increase of the volume of water in the container in terms of π

2018
7)
a) Given that y=x 2 +2 x 2−1 , determine
i) The coordinates of the stationary points
ii) The nature of EACH stationary point
b) Differentiate y=2 x √( 4−8 x ) with respect to x , simplifying your
answer

2019
 8)
a) The stationary points of a curve are given by (5 , 11 32 ) and ( 3 , 15).
dy
i) Derive an expression for dx
ii) Determine the nature of the stationary points
iii) Determine the equation of the curve
b) Differentiate √3 ( 2 x +3 )2 with respect to x , giving your answer in its
simplest form

2021
9)
a)
i) Differentiate sin x +cos 4 x with respect to x
3
2 x +2
ii) Differentiate 2 x+ 1
with respect to x
b) Use the principles of differentiation to compute the stationary
value of the function y=x 2−4 x +2
c) A motorist starts from a point X and travels 60 m due north to a
point Y at a constant speed of 4 m s−1. He stays at Y for 25 seconds
and then travels at a constant speed of 10 m s−1 for 100m due south to
a point Z . Calculate
i) The average speed for the whole journey
ii) The average velocity of the whole journey

2022
10)
a) Given that f ( x )=x ( 5−x )2, determine f '' ( x )
b) Differentiate EACH of the following expressions with respect to x
simplifying your answer where possible
i) 2 sin 3 x +cos x
 ii) ( 1+2 x )3 ( x +2 )
c)
i) Determine the stationary points on the curve y=x 3−4 x 2 +4 x
ii) Providing details, determine the nature of EACH stationary
point in (c) (i)

Past Paper Solutions

2012
 1)
a)
3 x+ 4 u
Let y=
x−2 , which of the form y=
v where
u=3 x + 4 v=x−2

du dv
=3 =1
dx dx

Using Quotient Rule

(
dx x−2
= )
d 3 x +4 ( x−2 ) 3− (3 x +4 ) 1
( x−2 )2
3 x−6−3 x−4
¿
( x −2 )2
dy −10
=
dx ( x−2 )2

b)
i) 2
y=3 x +5 x−12
dy
Gradient function dx
=3 ( 3 x ) +5

¿ 6 x +5

Gradient of the tangent at P=6 ( 2 )+ 5=17

The equation of the tangent at P is

y−10
=17
x−2
y−10=17 ( x−2 )
y=17 x−24
 −1
ii) Gradient of the normal at P= 17

Equation of the normal at P is

y−10 −1
=
x−2 17
17 y−170=−x +2
17 y=−x +172

c) Let the square be of side xcm

Let area ¿ A c m2
dx −1
=4 cm s
dt
2
A=x × x =x

dA dA dx
= ×
dt dx dt
dA
=2 x
dx
dA
∴ =2 x × 4
dt

When x=5
dA
=2 ( 5 ) × 4
dt
2 −1
¿ 40 c m s

2013
2)
a)
 dy
i) At a stationary point, dx
=0

dy
=3 x −3 ( 2 x ) +0
3 −1 2−1
dx
2
¿ 3 x −6 x

dy
Let dx
=0

2
3 x −6 x=0
3 x ( x−2 )=0

∴ x=0 and 2

When x=2
3 2
y= ( 2 ) −3 ( 2 ) + 2
¿−2

When x=0
3 2
y= ( 0 ) −3 ( 0 ) +2
¿2

∴ The stationary points are ( 2 ,−2 ) and ( 0 , 2 )

ii)
dy 2
=3 x −6 x
dx
2
d y
=3 ( 2 x ) −6
2−1
2
dx
¿ 6 x−6

When x=2
2
d y
2
=6 ( 2 ) −6=6>0
dx

∴ ( 2 ,−2 ) is a minimum point

When x=0
2
d y
2
=6 ( 0 )−6=−6< 0
dx

∴ (0 , 2) is a maximum point

b)
3
y= (5 x +3 ) sin x

3
u=( 5 x +3 ) v=sin x

du 2 dv
=15 ( 5 x+3 ) =cos x
dx dx

Using Product Rule

dy du dv
=v + u
dx dx dx
2 3
¿ ( sin x ) 15 ( 5 x +3 ) + ( 5 x+3 ) cos x

¿ ( 5 x+ 3 ) {15 sin x + ( 5 x+ 3 ) cos x }

2

2014
 3)
a) y=3+ 4 x−x
2

dy
Gradient function dx
=4−2 x

The gradient of the tangent P=4−2 ( 3 )=−2

Hence, the equation of the tangent at P is

y−6
=−2
x−3
y−6=−2 ( x−3 )
y−6=−2 x +6
y=−2 x +12
2 x+ y−12=0

b)
i) 3 2
y=2 x −9 x −24 x +7
dy
=2 ( 3 x )−9 ( 2 x )−24
3−1
Gradient function dx
2
¿ 6 x −18 x−24

dy
At a stationary point, dx
=0

Let 6 x 2−18 x−24=0

÷6
2
x −3 x−4=0
( x +1 ) ( x−4 )=0

∴ x=−1 and x=4

 3 2
f (−1 )=2 (−2 ) −9 (−1 ) −24 (−1 )+ 7
¿ 20
3 2
f ( 4 )=2 ( 4 ) −9 ( 4 ) −24 ( 4 ) +7
¿−105

∴ The stationary points are (−1 , 20 ) and ( 4 ,−105 )

ii)
2
d y
2
=6 ( 2 x )−18
dx
¿ 12 x−18

When x=−1
2
d y
2
=12 (−1 )−18=−30<0
dx

∴ (−1 ,20 ) is a maximum point

When x=4
2
d y
2
=12 ( 4 )−18=30>0
dx

∴ ( 4 ,−105 ) is a minimum point

2015
4)
a)
Let y=( 2 x 2 +3 ) sin 5 x
2
u=2 x +3 v=sin 5 x
du dv
=2 ( 2 x ) =4 x
2−1
=5 cos 5 x
dx dx

Using Product Rule

dy du dv
=v + u
dx dx dx
dy
=( sin 5 x ) 4 x+ ( 2 x +3 ) 5 cos 5 x
2
dx

¿ 4 x sin 5 x+ 5 ( 2 x 2 +3 ) cos 5 x

b)
i) 3 2
y=x −5 x +3 x+1
dy
=3 x −5 ( 2 x ) +3
3 −1 2−1
Gradient function dx
2
¿ 3 x −10 x+3

dy
At a stationary point, dx
=0

2
3 x −10 x+3=0
( 3 x−1 ) ( x−3 )=0
1
∴ x=
3
and x=3

1
When x= 3

() () ()
3 2
1 1 1
y= −5 +3 +1
3 3 3
13
¿1
27
When x=3
3 2
y= (3 ) −5 ( 3 ) +3 ( 3 ) +1
¿−8

∴ The stationary points are ( 13 , 1 1327 ) and ( 3 ,−8)

2
d y
=3 ( 2 x ) −10
2−1
2
dx
¿ 6 x−10

1
When x= 3

()
2
d y 1
2
=6 −10< 0
dx 3

∴ ( ,1 ) is a maximum point
1 13
3 27

When x=3
2
d y
2
=6 ( 3 )−10>0
dx

∴ ( 3 ,−8 ) is a minimum point

4 3
c) V= π r
3
dV 3 −1
=200 c m s
dt
dV 4
= π ( 3r ) =4 π r
2 2
dr 3
dr 1
=
dV 4 π r 2

When r =10 cm
dr 1
=200 ×
dt 4 π ( 10 )
2

1 −1
¿ cm s
2π

2016
5)
a) y= √ 5 x 2−4
dy
2 =10 x
dx
dy 10 x
=
dx 2 y
dy 5 x
=
dx y
dy 5x
=
dx √ 5 x 2−4

b) y=2 x ( x +1 )
2

y=2 x ( x 2+2 x +1 )
3 2
y=2 x +4 x +2 x

dy
=2 ( 3 x ) + 4 ( 2 x )+2
2
Gradient function, dx
2
¿ 6 x + 8 x+2
∴ The gradient of the tangent at 2
P=6 (1 ) +8 ( 1 ) +2=16

−1
∴ The gradient of the normal at P= 16

The equation of the normal at P is

y−8 −1
=
x −1 16
16 ( y−8 )=−1 ( x−1 )
16 y−128=−x +1
x +16 y−129=0

c)
When y=16
2
x =16
x=± 4

∴ The two points where the tangent exist at are ( 4 , 16 ) and (−4 , 16 )

dy
Gradient function, dx
=2 x

dy
Gradient at x=4, dx
=2 ( 4 )=8

∴ The equation of the tangent at x=4 is

y−16
=8
x−4
y−16=x−32
y=8 x −16
 dy
Gradient at x=−4, dx
=2 (−4 )=−8

The equation of the tangent at x=−4 is

y −16
=−8
x−(−4 )
y−16=−8 ( x +4 )
y−16=−8 x−32
y=−8 x −16

2017
6)
a) Let 3
y= (1+2 x ) ( x +3 )
3
u=( 1+ 2 x ) v=x+ 3

du 2 dv
=6 ( 1+2 x ) =1
dx dx

Using Product Rule

dy du dv
=v + u
dx dx dx
2 3
¿ ( x +3 ) 6 ( 1+ 2 x ) + ( 1+2 x ) ( 1 )

¿ ( 1+2 x ) { 6 ( x +3 ) + ( 1+2 x ) }
2

2
¿ ( 1+2 x ) { 8 x+ 19 }

b) 3
y=3 x +2 x −24 x
2

dy
=3 ( 3 x ) +2 ( 2 x ) −24
3−1 2−1
Gradient function, dx
2
¿ 9 x + 4 x−24
The gradient of the tangent at 2
P=9 (−2 ) + 4 (−2 ) −24=4

−1
Hence, the gradient of the normal at P=
4

The equation of the normal at P is

y−0 −1
=
x−(−2 ) 4
4 y=−1 ( x+ 2 )
4 y=−x−2

c)

2
V =π r h
2
V =π ( 15 ) h
V =225 πh
dh −1
=2 cm s
dt

dV dV dh
= ×
dt dh dt
¿ 225 π × 2
dV 3 −1
=450 πc m s >0
dt

2018
7)
a)
dy
i) Let the gradient function be dx
dy
=3 x +2 ( 2 x ) −0
3 −1 2−1
dx
2
¿3 x +4 x

dy
At a stationary point, dx
=0

2
3 x + 4 x=0
x (3 x +4 )=0
−4
∴ x=0 and x= 3

When x=0
3 2
y= ( 0 ) +2 ( 0 ) −1=−1

−4
When x= 3

( ) ( )
3 2
−4 −4 5
y= +2 −1=
3 3 27
∴ The stationary points are ( 0 ,−1 ) and ( −43 , 275 )

ii)
2
d y
=3 ( 2 x ) + 4 ( 1 )
2−1
2
dx
¿ 6 x +4

When x=0
2
d y
2
=6 ( 0 )+ 4=4>0
dx

∴ ( 0 ,−1 ) is a minimum point

−4
When x= 3

( )
2
d y −4
2
=6 +4=−4< 0
dx 3

∴(
3 27 )
−4 5
, is a maximum point

b) y=2 x √( 4−8 x )

y=2 x √ 4−8 x
2 2
y =4 x ( 4−8 x )
2 2 3
y =16 x −32 x

Differentiating with respect to x

dy 2
2y =32 x−96 x
dx
dy 32 x ( 1−3 x )
=
dx 2 ( 2 x √ 4−8 x )

8 ( 1−3 x )
¿
√ 4−8 x

2019
8)
a)
dy
i) At a stationary point, dx
=0

dy
=( x−5 ) ( x−3 )
dx
2
¿ x −8 x +15

ii)
2
d y
2
=2 x−8
dx

When x=5
2
d y
2
=2 ( 5 )−8=2>0
dx

(
∴ 5 , 11
2
3 ) is a minimum point

When x=3
2
d y
2
=2 ( 3 )−8=−2< 0
dx

∴ ( 3 ,15 ) is a maximum point

 iii)
dy 2
=x −8 x+15
dx

y=∫ ( x2−8 x +15 ) dx

3
x 2
y= −4 x +15 x+ c
3

Using ( 3 , 15 )
( 3 )3
15= −4 ( 3 )2 +15 ( 3 ) +c
3
c=−3

3
x
∴ The equation of the curve is y=
3
2
−4 x +15 x−3

b) y= √ ( 2 x+ 3 )
3 2

2
3
y= ( 2 x +3 )
−1
dy 2 3
= ( 2 ) ( 2 x +3 )
dx 3
4
¿
3 √ 2 x+ 3
3

2021
9)
a)
i) Let y=sin x +cos 4 x

dy
=cos x + (−sin 4 x )( 4 )
dx
¿ cos x−4 sin 4 x
 3
2 x +2
ii) Let y=
2 x +1
3
u=2 x +2 v=2 x+1

du 2 dv
=6 x =2
dx dx

Using Quotient Rule

du dv
−u v
dy dx dx
=
dx v
2

( 2 x +1 ) ( 6 x 2 )−( 2 x 3+ 2 ) (2 )
¿
( 2 x+1 )2
3 2
8 x +6 x −4
¿
( 2 x +1 )2

b)
dy
At a stationary point, dx
=0

dy 2−1
=2 x −4 ( 1 ) +0
dx
¿ 2 x−4

Let 2 x−4=0
x=2

When x=2
2
y= ( 2 ) −4 (2 )+ 2=−2
Hence, the stationary value of y is −2 and this occurs when x=2

c)

Phase 1:
60
Time taken ¿ 4
=15 s

Phase 2:
The vehicle is at rest so the distance covered remains the same 60m for
the entire 25s

Phase 3:
 100
Time taken ¿ 10
=10 s

Total distance covered

Average speed of the whole journey ¿ Total time taken
60+100 1 −1
¿ =3 m s
50 5

iii) Average velocity of the whole journey

60−100 −4 −1
¿ = ms
50 5

2022
10)
a) f ( x )=x ( 5−x )2
2 3
¿ 25 x−10 x + x

' 2
f ( x )=25−20 x+3 x
''
f ( x )=−20+6 x

b)
i)
d
( 2 sin 3 x +cos x ) =2 ( 3 cos 3 x )−sin x
dx
dy
=6 cos 3 x−sin x
dx

ii) Using Product Rule

3
u=( 1+ 2 x ) v=x+ 2
du 2 dv
=6 ( 1+2 x ) =1
dx dx

d
( ( 1+2 x )3 ( x +2 ) ) =( 1+2 x )3 ( 1 )+ ( x+2 ) 6 ( 1+2 x )2
dx
dy 3 2
=( 1+2 x ) +6 ( x +2 ) ( 1+ 2 x )
dx

c)
i) 3
y=x −4 x +4 x
2

dy 2
=3 x −8 x+ 4
dx

dy
At a stationary point, dx
=0

2
3 x −8 x+ 4=0
( 3 x−2 ) ( x−2 )=0
2
∴ x=
3
and x=2

2
When x= 3

() () ()
3 2
2 2 2 32
y= −4 +4 =
3 3 3 27

When x=2
3 2
y= ( 2 ) −4 ( 2 ) + 4 ( 2 )=0
∴ The stationary points are ( 23 , 3227 ) and ( 2 , 0)

ii)
dy 2
=3 x −8 x+ 4
dx
2
d y
2
=6 x−8
dx

2
When x= 3

()
2
d y 2
2
=6 −8=−4<0
dx 3

∴ ( , ) is a maximum point
2 32
3 27

When x=2
2
d y
2
=6 ( 2 ) −8=4> 0
dx

∴ ( 2 ,0 ) is a minimum point