ACTIVITY
To identi/y a diode, an LED, a resisfor und capacitor from
amixed collection of such ile7ms.
APPARATUS AND MATERLAL
Apparatus. Multimeter.
Material. Above mixed collection of items.
THEORY
For identification, appearance and working of each item will have to be considered.
1. A diode is a two terminal device. It conducts when forward biased and does not
conduct when reverse biased. It does not emit light while conducting. Hence, it does
not glow.
2. A LED (light emitting diode) is also a two terminal device. It also conducts when
forward biased and does not conduct when reverse biased. It emits light while
conducting. Hence, it glow.
3. Aresistor is a two terminal device. It conducts when either forward biased
or reverse
biased. (Infact there is no forward or reverse bias for a
resistor). It conducts even
when operated with A.C. voltage.
4 A capacitor isalso a two terminal device. It does not conduct
when either forward
biased or reverse biased. When a capacitor is connected to a
D.C. source, then multi
meter shows full scale current initially but it
decay to zero quickly. It is because that
initially capacitor draw a charge.
a
The components to be identified are shown in
figure.
ACTIVITIES
205
23 4
Wire 1000 F
6V
0.47 F
Rings Paper Electrolytic
(a) Carbon resistor
Mica (b) Capacitors
LED
(c) Diodes
TROCEDURE
If the item has two terminals, it may be diode, a LED, a resistor or a capacitor.
To differentiate proceed as ahead.
Put the selector on resistance R of multimeter for checking the continuity. The probe
metal ends are inserted in terminal marked on the multimeter as common and P
(or+ve).
If such that the black one is in common and red probe is in P (or + ve). On touching the
two ends of the device to the two other metal ends of probes.
1. Ifpointer moves when voltage is applied in one way and does not move when reversed
and there is no light emission, the item is a diode.
2. Lf pointer when voltage is applied in one way and does not
moves move when re-
versed and there is light emission, the item is a LED.
3. If pointer moves when voltage is applied in one way and also when reversed, the item
is a resistor.
4. If pointer does not move when voltage is applied in one way and also when reversed,
the item is a capacitor.
0BSERVATIONS KfSULT
SNo. No es sil Name
Cwwnt
elseh- denh'iea
vatiov Leg5 o dovi ce
Two Unidhecthn
4
Ciuts no lyhe
Disd
ni dhechono LED
2 To'O
eus ligt
Bo dihecthein
3 TWO
(Stend
nitilly hp
4 TWO buk dera apaiito
to Zo
ACTIVITIESS 213
ACTIVITY
To obserre refraction and lateral deviation ofa heam oflight incident obliquely
on a glass slab.
APPARATUS
Glass slab, drawing board, white paper sheet, drawing pins, office pins, protractor.
THEORY
When a ray of light (PQ) incident on the face AB of glass slab, then it bends towards the
normal since refraction takes place from rarer to denser medium. The refracted ray (QR) travel
along straight line and incident on face DC of slab and bends away from the normal since
refraction takes place from denser to rarer medium. The ray (RS) out through face DC is called
emergent ray.
From the following diagram
i) The incident ray is parallel to the emergent ray i.e. i = e.
(i) The emergent ray is laterally deviated firom its original path (incident ray) by a distance
d=t sec r sin (i -r).
DIAGRAM
Refraction through a glass slab.
PROCEDURE
Fix a white paper sheet by drawing pins on a drawing board.
Take a glass slab and put it symmetrically in the middle of the paper and mark its
boundary ABCD.
Draw a normal at point Q on face AB and draw a line PQ making an anglei with the
normal. PQ will represent an incident ray.
Fix two pins at points 1 and 2 on the line PQ at distances 1 cm or more between themselves.
See images of these pins through face DC and fix two more pins at points 3 and 41 cm
or more apart) such that these two pins cover the images of first two pins, all being along a
straight line.
COMPREHENSIVE PRACTICAL PHYSICS-
214 X
3 and44 to represent
Remove the glass slab. Draw straight line RS through points represent emer.
gent ray. Join QR to represent refiracted ray.
It to be
equal to a n i .
face DC and m e a s u r e angle e.
comes
Draw normal at point R on ei.
Produce PQ forward to cut DC at T. Draw TU perpendicular
tO RS. TU measures lato
displacement d.
the lateral displacemo
Now take another set for different angle of incident and measure nent.
S. No. Angle of incident (i) Angle of emergence (e) Difference
(i - e)
(degree) (degree)
O
1. 30
2. 45
CONCLUSIONS
1. Angle of incidence (i) =Angle of emergence (e).
2. The lateral displacement increases with the increase in the thickness of the slab.
3. The lateral displacement increases with the angle of incidence ().
-30
ogltal 28
dspa cergenb
ol0:9 Cm d 8 Cm
ACTIVITTY
OBJECT lenses
using two
lens combination with the specified focal length by
from O
obtain a
the given set of lenses.
APPARATUS AND MATERIAL
Apparatus. No particular apparatus is needed.
white pained vertical
lenses. lens holder with stand,
a
Material. A set of thin convex
wooden board with broad stand, half metre scale.
DIAGRAM (Fig. 12.05)
Lens
Image
Holder Board
lenses.
Fig. 12.05. Measurement of focal length of convex
THEORY
formed at a distance equal to
1. With a convex lens, the real image of a distant object is
its focal length.
two lenses and F be the focal length of the
2. If f and f2 be the focal lengths of the
combination.
Then
For lenses of power P, and P, and combination of power P.
Then, P=P1+P2 P
PROCEDURE
1. Keep the white painted vertical wooden board to serve as a screen.
2. The convex lens, fixed into
holder stand is put on the left of the screen. There
a
are
sunlight illuminated green trees at large distance on the left of the
lens.
3. The lens is moved towards and
away from the screen till a sharp, inverted image of
trees is formed on the screen.
4. Distance between central lines of the screen and holder stand is measured by half
metre scale. a
5. Thedistance gives the focal
length of the convex lens.
Determine the focal length of about
of the convex lenses.
215
CALCULATIONS
PD) FF100
(cm)
Power
Focal length
P(D) Pa(D) (cm) 2 (Cm)
VERIFICATION
The above combinations tried and result verified.
PRECAUTIONS
1. Thin lenses should be taken.
2. Lenses should have same aperture.
SOURCES OF ERROR
1. Lenses may not be thin.
2. Lens apertures may not be
same.
