Saybolt Global Inspection Manual

CALCULATIONS

13.1. DENSITY
The result is the Weight Correction Factor Table 56 or
Most Petroleum tables require a density measurement as Apparent Density. (Note that for mineral products the
an argument to enter the tables. The standard difference is 0.0011 kg/l.) For chemical products with a
temperatures for the various expressions of density density higher than 1.13 the difference gets less.
include the following:
Eastern Europe 20ºC Density
Western Europe 15ºC Density 13.1.4. API Gravity
The Americas 60ºF API Gravity and Relative API Gravity is a unit of density used in the petroleum
Density industry and derived from Relative Density according to
Chemical Shipments Varies Density the following formula:

13.1.1 Density at t C
o 141.5
API = - 131.5
The density of a product at t oC is the mass of a specific Rel. Dens. 60/ 60o F
volume .
All western hemisphere countries and a lot of ports in the
Formula for Density at tºC: Persian Gulf area use API Gravity to express the density
of petroleum products (mineral oils) and crude oil.
Mass of a given volume of liquid Volume Correction Factor Tables 6A, 6B, and 6D are
Volume of the liquid at t°C entered using API Gravity, and Metric Tons and Long
Tons can be calculated from barrels at 60ºF using API
Since Mass of a product at tºC is given in Kg, and the Gravity as an argument.
Volume is given in litres or m3 , density is expressed in NOTE:
kg/l or kg/ m3, and 1 kg/l is equal to 1000 kg/m3. Of the above mentioned units ONLY the density at t oC
can be used for calculating mass ("weight"-in-VACUO)
Note: Only Density at t oC can be used for out of volume.
calculating mass (weight in vacuo) from volume.
13.1.5. Weight Correction Factors (WCFs
13.1.2. Relative Density WCFs can be found in:
Relative density is often referred to as " specific gravity." ASTM Table 11 (Long Tons per barrel 60oF)
The word "relative" is used because this expression of ASTM Table 13 (Metric Tons per barrel 60oF)
density is related to the density of water. Relative ASTM Table 29 (Long Tons per barrel 60oF)
density at t1/t2 oC (or oF) of a product is the ratio of the ASTM Table 56 (kg/m3) (main table of 56)
density of that product at t1 at a given temperature
divided by the density of water at t2 at a given Relative density or API Gravity cannot be used for direct
temperature. weight calculation. Calculations should then be done
In formula, both the value above and the value below the using a WCF. All calculations using a WCF result in a
line is kg/l, so the units will disappear in this formula. weight in air.
Therefore, Relative Density is a numeric value without
unit.
13.2. MASS AND WEIGHT
o
13.1.2.1. Specific Gravity 60/60 F
This is the old name for the relative density 60/60 oF. ISO Nomenclature
ISO NAME SPEAKING
density of product at t 1o
relative density t1/t 2 = Quantity in Kg Mass Weight-in-vacuo
density of water at t 2o Quantity in Kg Weight Weight-in-air
Mass / Volume Density at toC Spec.Grav.t/4 oC in vacuo
Weight / Volume W.C.F. Spec.Grav.t/4 oC in air
13.1.3. Apparent Density
Note: Longtons exist ONLY in AIR!
This name is used for the density at t oC, corrected for the
buoyancy of the displaced air. (also called Density in
Air). Apparent Density is calculated and can be found by
using Weight Correction Factor (WCF) Table 56. Enter
Table 56 with the Density at t oC.

Issued: May 01, 2002 Saybolt Inspection Support & Development Group Chapter 13, Page 1 of 12
 Saybolt Global Inspection Manual
CALCULATIONS

13.2.1. Mass (If calculations are to be performed metric in vacuo, and

The mass of a matter is the quantity of material that this the observed volume is given in barrels, then the
matter exists of. This matter is independent from external observed barrels should be converted to litres by means
conditions like attractive power of the earth (place on of ASTM Table 1.)
earth). In the oil business this is often mentioned as
"VAC" or "Weight-in-vacuo". This calculation from Observed volume to Standard
volume is done by means of a Volume Correction Factor
Mass is calculated as follows: (VCF).
Mass = Volume at toC x density at toC Next the obtained standard volume is multiplied by the
(in kg or metric tonnes vac) density, resulting in mass, or multiplied by WCF,
resulting in weight.
13.2.2. Weight ACTUAL VOLUM E STANDARD W CF W E IG H T
VOLUM E C O R R E C T IO N VOLUM E (a ir)
The weight of a product is the weight of that matter
weighted in air (it takes into account the buoyancy of the API T A B L E 6 A /B /D B A R R E LS 60F TABLE 11 LO NG TO NS

displaced air). Often related to as "Weight in Air". B A R R E LS T A B L E 1 3 M E T R IC T O N S

Weight is calculated as follows:
R D 6 0 /6 0 T A B L E 2 4 A /B /D B A R R E LS 60F TABLE 29 LO NG TO NS

Metric system:
DENS.
Weight = volume in m3 15oC x WCF (Table 56)
(in kg or Metric Tonnes in air) M E T R IC T A B L E 5 4 A /B /D L IT R E S 1 5 C T A B L E 5 6 M E T R IC T O N S

Barrel system:
Weight = volume in Bbl 60oF x WCF (Table 11) DENS.
(m a s s )
M E T R IC T O N S
(in Long Tons)
Weight = volume in Bbl @ 60oF x WCF (table 13) Volume Correction Factors are divided into three groups,
(in Metric Tons air) depending on the kind of product:
Weight = vol in US Gallons @ 60ºF x WCF 1. The "A" tables give VCFs for Crude Oil, Natural
(in pounds) Gasoline (condensate or NGL’s)
2. The "B" tables give VCFs for Petroleum Products;
3. The "D" tables give VCFs for Lubricating Oils.
13.3. ASTM CALCULATIONS These A,B and D tables are distributed as Table 6, Table
24, and Table 54, as follows:
Most products are sold on volume, however in Europe
1. Table 6 gives VCFs for correcting Barrels at
products (except crude oil) are sold on weight or mass.
Observed Temperature to Barrels at 60F using API
Gravity and Temperature ºF;
Since volume changes with temperature, measured
2. Table 24 gives VCFs for correcting Barrels at
volumes are converted to standard volumes to enable
Observed Temperature to Barrels at 60F using
trading partners to refer to exactly the same volume of
Relative Density and Temperature ºF;
product, no matter what the measured temperatures were.
3. Table 54 gives VCFs for correcting Litres at
Therefore, the basis of these calculations is that a volume
Observed Temperature to Litres at 15C using
measured at a certain temperature must be corrected to a
Density at 15C and Temperature ºC.
standard temperature by means of a Volume Correction
Factor (VCF). This corrected volume is called Standard
Volume. Standard volume can be expressed in:
ASTM Volume Correction Factors
Barrels at 60 oF Tables 6-24-54 A Crude Oils
Cubic meters at 15 oC Tables 6-24-54 B Generalized products,
(Cubic metres at 12 oC) fuel oil, gas oil, kerosene,
(Cubic meters at 20 oC) gasoline, naphtha
Tables 6-24-54 D Lubricating Oils
Barrels are calculated with API Gravity or Relative
Density @ 60/60F; Litres and Cubic Metres are
calculated with Density at 15oC.

Issued: May 01, 2002 Saybolt Inspection Support & Development Group Chapter 13, Page 2 of 12
 Saybolt Global Inspection Manual
CALCULATIONS

Examples:
Calculation Conversion
Gas Oil (metric-vacuo calculation)
Observed Volume to actual volume conversions
o barrels/gallons/cubic feet
Density at 15 C (vacuo) = 0.8421 Kg/l litres/cubic metres
Gross Observed Volume = 6,541,980 litres
to standard volume conversions
Temperature = 16.30 oC Standard Volume
barrels/gallons at 60°F
VCF to 15 oC (Table 54B) = 0.9989 metres/cubic metres at 15°C
Gross Standard Volume = 6,534,784 ltr @ 15oC Mass or Weight to mass/weight corrections:
(6,541,980 x 0.9989) vac / air / long tons
Mass (Weight-in-Vacuo) = 5,502,942 kg
(6,534,784 x 0.8421) 5,502.942 Mtons 13.4.1. Converting Figures from Air to Vacuo
Figures in air must always be compared to other figures
Crude Oil (barrel calculation) in air; and figures in vacuo must always be compared to
API at 60 oF = 32.0 other figures in vacuo. When figures are being compared
Gross Observed Volume : 543,234 Barrels to the Bill of Lading, the Bill of Lading figure may not
Temperature = 68.4 oF be converted; instead, convert the other figure to the
V.C.F. to 60oF (Table 6A) = .9961 same type as the Bill of lading. (If the B/L is in vacuo,
Gross Standard Volume : 541,115 Bbl @ convert the other figures to vacuo for comparison
60oF purposes; if the B/L is in air, convert the other figure to
(543,234 x .9961) its value in air for comparison).

WCF to Long Tons (Table 11) = 0.13512 These conversions should be done by means of the short
LT/bbl @ 60oF tables of Table 56 (Saybolt Petroleum Tables Volume I,
Weight = 73,115.46 Long Tons page 52).
(541,115 x 0,13512)
-or- Table 56 consists of a short table, to be used with conver-
Barrels to Gallons = 22,726,830 sions from vacuo to air or vice versa, and a main table,
WCF to Pounds (Table 8) = 163,769,536 giving the WCF in kg/m3 used to calculate weight in
Pounds to Long Tons = 73,111.40 Long Tons metric tons in air directly from volume [litres or m3]).
(163,769,536 ÷ 2240 lb per LT)
Example:
A vessel arrives with a parcel of 30,000.260 mtons
13.4. CONVERSIONS in VAC. Outturn density 0.8430 at 15 oC. The
Outturn was 29,990.867 mtons in AIR.
Saybolt makes a difference between conversions and Since the outturn is established in AIR, a
calculations. conversion from air to vacuo is needed to make a
A Calculation is the basic calculation from Observed good comparison between Outturn and Bill of
Volume (eventually via Standard Volume) to Mass or Lading. In order to do so a conversion factor is
Weight, depending on local regulations. needed to convert the Outturn from AIR to VAC.
These basic calculations can be followed by This conversion factor can be found in the short
Conversions, if necessary. Conversions must be table of table 56, using the density at 15 oC as entry.
regarded as translations from figures to other systems, In the table a correction factor of 1.00125 is found.
necessary for comparison to other figures. The outturn in VAC can now be calculated by mul-
Conversion factors can be found in ASTM Tables, based tiplying :
on density, API or relative density or fixed factors
(ASTM Table 1). Volume conversions must be based 29,990.867 x 1.00125 = 30,028.356 Mtons in VAC.
on volume! Mass or weight conversions must be based
on mass or weight!

Issued: May 01, 2002 Saybolt Inspection Support & Development Group Chapter 13, Page 3 of 12
 Saybolt Global Inspection Manual
CALCULATIONS

13.4.2. Converting Long tons to Metric Tons Convert cubic meters at 15 oC into Barrels at 60 oF and
These conversions are to be done by means of ASTM Gallons at 60 oF as follows:
Table 1 (Saybolt Petroleum Tables Volume I, page 21). 1. Multiply cubic meters at 15 oC by the correction
factor from table 52 (Barrels 60 F per cubic meter
A Bill of Lading that has been achieved in Barrels and 15 C);
Long Tons points to a Bill of Lading in AIR. When 2. BEFORE rounding the barrel figure, multiply this by
metric tons are converted out of the Long Tons (using 42 in order to get the Gallons at 60F;
ASTM Table 1) this will also be a figure in AIR. 3. Now both the Gallon and the Barrel figure can be
rounded.
(ASTM Table 1; Long Tons x 1.01605 = Metric Tons
AIR).

Whenever figures are compared, it is necessary to make Factors and tables

sure that the figures have the same unit. (e.g.: Metric tons
VAC to Metric tons VAC, Long tons to Long tons, etc.) FROM TO ASTM ENTRY
TABLE ITEM

Long tons can be calculated from metric tons AIR, using Barrels 60oF Gallons 60oF 1 (42)
the fixed factor 0.984206 from ASTM Table 1. Metric Tons Air Longtons 1 (.984206)
Longtons Air Metric Tons Air 1 (1.01605)
Conversion from Metric tons in VAC to Long tons
should be done as follows: API R.D.60/60 & Dens.15oC 3 API
-convert the Metric tons in VAC to Metric tons in Barrels 60oF Litres 15oC 4 API
Rel.density60/60 Density 15oC 21 R.D.60/60
AIR, using the short table 56. Barrels 60oF Litres 15oC 22 R.D.60/60
-now convert the Metric tons in AIR to Long tons Density 15oC API & R.D.60/60 51 Density
using the factor 0.984206 from ASTM table 1. Litres 15oC Barrels 60oF 52 Density
Metric Tons Vac Metric Tons Air 56 Density
Metric Tons Air Metric Tons Vac 56 Density
13.4.3. Converting between API Gravity,
Relative Density and Density
On crude oil shipments, API Gravity is often used to
calculate the Bill of Lading. For calculations in Europe, Example:
Density is often required. A vessel loaded the following Bill of Lading:
This conversion can be done using ASTM Table 3. Enter 16,798,715 Litres at 15 oC
this table with API at 60 oF, and then read the matching 14,772,790 Kg (Mass)
density at 15 oC and if necessary the Relative density density: 0.8794
60/60 oF. Following conversions are asked:
In the same way ASTM Table 51 can be used to convert Litres at 15 oC
Density at 15 oC to Relative density 60/60 oF and API. US Barrels at 60oF
ASTM Table 21 can be used to convert Relative density US Gallons to 60oF
60/60 oF to API at 60 oF or Density at 15 oF. Metric tons in vac and in air
Long tons
13.4.4 Volume Conversions
Conversions from one volume unit to another (e.g., Calculation:
barrels @ 60oF to litres @ 15oC) should be done on US Barrels 60oF: factor table 52 = 6.293
volume basis, e.g.: (16,798,715 : 1000) x 6.293 = 105,714.314
Barrels 60oF x Conversion factor = litres 15 oC. US Gallons 60oF: 42 x 105,714.314 = 4,440,001
US Barrels 60oF (rounded): 105,714
o o
13.4.4.1. Cubic metres 15 C to Barrels 60 F Metric Tons (AIR): Factor table 56 =
ASTM Table 4, 21, 22, or 52, depending on whether 0.99875
calculations are based on density or API Gravity. (14,772,790 x 1000 x 0.99875 = 14,754.324)
Long tons: 14,754.324 x 0.984206 = 14,251.29
o o
13.4.4.2. Barrels 60 F to Gallons 60 F
ASTM Table 1. By definition, 1 barrel = 42 gallons.
o o
13.4.4.3. Cubic metres 15 C to Gallons 60 F

Issued: May 01, 2002 Saybolt Inspection Support & Development Group Chapter 13, Page 4 of 12
 Saybolt Global Inspection Manual
CALCULATIONS

13.5. GROSS & NET CALCULATIONS 13.5.1.2. From Wet to Volume and Weight
There are several ways to calculate dry volume and
Gross Standard Volume (GSV): weight.
The entire volume of all petroleum liquids, including
Sediment and Water but excluding Free water, corrected The ISO advises the following method: Depending on the
by the appropriate volume correction factor for the kind of manipulation (loading, discharging, transfer,
measured temperature and density to a standard reference transhipment, stock measurement) a Gross Standard
temperature (and in case of metering also corrected for Volume is calculated (and eventual gross weight or
the appropriate pressure correction factor and meter mass). Calculation from gross to net is now as follows:
factor).
measurements and manual sampling, first the Gross
Net Standard Volume (NSV): Standard Volume is calculated, followed by the analysis
The entire volume of all petroleum liquids, excluding of the loaded product. These results are then used to
suspended Sediments and Water and Free water, cor- calculate the net figures.
rected by the appropriate volume correction factor for the
measured temperature and density to a standard reference Suspended water content (volume %) (1)
temperature (and in case of metering also corrected for Sediment content (volume %) (2)
Assumed water W.C.F. or density (3)
the appropriate pressure correction factor and meter Assumed sediment W.C.F. or density (4)
factor). (GSV-S&W) Gross Standard Volume (5)
Suspended Water volume (6)=(1) / 100 x (5)
Sediment volume (7)=(2) / 100 x (5)
Net Standard Volume (8)=(5) - (6) - (7)
13.5.1. Net Calculation W.C.F. or Density (9)
Gross Weight or Mass (10)=(5) x (9)
Weight or mass suspended water (11)=(3) x (6)
13.5.1.1 Suspended Water and Sediments (S&W) Weight or mass sediments
Net weight or mass
(12)=(4) x (7)
(13)=(10) -(11)-(12)
S&W can be detected by one or more of the following
analysis:
(Water) Karl Fisher ASTM D 4377 The example below is a calculation of a typical crude oil
(Water) Distillation ASTM D 4006 loading (Shore Tank #123). In this example of static
(Sediment) Sediment / Extraction ASTM D 473
(Sediment) Sediment / Membrane Filtration Example:
Tank No. 123 OPEN CLOSED
Sediment and Water by Centrifuge ASTM D 4007 Innage 16012 994
Total Obs.Volume Ltr. 18,270,264 1,205,462
Water by Karl Fisher is reported in weight percent. This Water dip mm.
Free Water Volume Ltr.
can be converted to volume percentage by the following Line Ltr.
formula: Floating roof Ltr. -64,267
Gross Obs. Volume Ltr. 18,205,997 1,205,462
water vol.% = water weight % x crude density Temperature o
C. 28.70 11.60
V.C.F. .9891 1.0028
Gross Std.Volume Ltr. 18,007,552 1,208,837
For water density, ISO prescribes an assumed density. Density at 15oC. .8794 .8794
This can vary from 1.000 unto 1.03, dependent of the salt Metric Tons (vacuo) 15,835.841 1,063.051
contents of the water. Loaded:
Gross Obs.Vol. Gross Std Vol. Mass (Vacuo)
A similar formula can be used to convert sediment Litres Ltr/15oC. Metric Tons
weight percentage into sediment volume percentage 17,000,535 16,798,715 14,772.790
when sediment is reported in weight percentage.
At the open-gauging the floating roof was floating on the
crude density crude oil. This causes a rise at the measured liquid level.
sediments vol.% = sediments weight % x
2.0 This is corrected by converting the weight/mass of the
floating roof to the actual volume displaced by the
floating roof. At the close-gauging the floating roof was
The value 2.0 is assumed by the ASTM to be the sedi- resting on the tank-bottom, so no correction was needed.
ment density (silicium/silicon & oil residues). Sediment
percentages below 0.01 % are usually not accounted for.

Issued: May 01, 2002 Saybolt Inspection Support & Development Group Chapter 13, Page 5 of 12
 Saybolt Global Inspection Manual
CALCULATIONS

Analysis of the crude

TEST METHOD RESULT Correction /°c density in accordance with GOST method
Density at 15°C Kg/l ASTM D 1298 0.8794 Rel.Density 20/4°C Correction (+ or -) per °C
Water by distillation %vol ASTM D 4006 0.150 0.6900 – 0.6999 0.000910
Salinity ppm IP 265 30 0.7000 – 0.7099 0.000897
Sediments %vol ASTM D 473 <0.01 0.7100 – 0.7199 0.000884
0.7200 – 0.7299 0.000870
The density mentioned in the analysis is the "wet"-den- 0.7300 – 0.7399 0.000857
sity, meaning the density of the oil, including the 0.7400 – 0.7499 0.000844
0.7500 – 0.7599 0.000831
suspended water.
0.7600 – 0.7699 0.000818
0.7700 – 0.7799 0.000805
Net calculation 0.7800 – 0.7899 0.000792
Suspended water content Volume % 0.15 0.7900 – 0.7999 0.000779
Sediment content Volume % <0.01 0.8000 – 0.8099 0.000765
Assumed water density Kg/l 1.0 0.8100 – 0.8199 0.000752
Assumed sediment density Kg/l - 0.8200 – 0.8299 0.000738
Gross standard volume l 16,798,715 0.8300 – 0.8399 0.000725
Suspended water volume l 25,198 0.8400 – 0.8499 0.000712
Suspended sediment volume l - 0.8500 – 0.8599 0.000699
Net standard volume l 16,773,517 0.8600 – 0.8699 0.000686
Density Kg/l 0.8794 0.8700 – 0.8799 0.000673
Gross Mass MT 14,772.790 0.8800 – 0.8899 0.000660
Suspended water Mass MT 25.198 0.8900 – 0.8999 0.000647
Suspended sediment Mass MT - 0.9000 – 0.9099 0.000633
Net Mass MT 14,747,582 0.9100 – 0.9199 0.000620
0.9200 – 0.9299 0.000607
13.5.1.3. Dry Density Determination 0.9300 – 0.9399 0.000594
Dry density is the density of the Net Standard Volume. 0.9400 – 0.9499 0.000581
In most of the cases the dry density, if required is calcu- 0.9500 – 0.9599 0.000567
0.9600 – 0.9699 0.000554
lated by dividing the Net Mass or Weight by the Net 0.9700 – 0.9799 0.000541
Standard Volume. The result will be in Density if Net 0.9800 – 0.9899 0.000528
Mass is used, or in Apparent Density is Net Weight is 0.9900 – 0.9999 0.000515
used.
Example:
Net Mass/Weight (metric tons) Bill of Lading : 26,221,339 kg
Dry density = Density at 20 oC : 0.8384
Net Standard Volume (cubic meters) o
Correction per C : 0.000725
Ship's figures loadport:30,850,000 ltr at 6.0oC
Ship's figures disport :30,841,000 ltr at 5.5oC
13.6. GOST CALCULATIONS
Complete parcel discharged into shore tank 123:
In Russia and most East European countries, Bill of
ASTM Calculation
Lading figures are achieved by means of the GOST Shoretank before: Shoretank after:
Method. Although various GOST methods exist, the one 10,234,567 Ltr/12oC 41,146,752 Ltr/10oC
below is used in most cases. 1.0025 V.C.F.54B 1.0042 V.C.F.54B
10,260,153 Ltr/15oC 41,319,568 Ltr/15oC
0.8400 Dens/15oC 0.8417 Dens15oC
Loaded mass is established in kg-vacuo based on a 8,618,529 Mass kg 34,778,681 Mass kg
reference temperature of 20oC. To calculate in this
method, a density at 20 oC is needed. This density is Discharged according ASTM:
corrected to the actual product temperature, using a 34,778,681 - 8,618,529 = 26,160,152 kg
correction factor per degree Celsius (see Correction
Table on next page). The example is the old Gost table. GOST Calculation
Shoretank before: Shoretank after:
The new table idifferent but still results in a density at 10,234,567 Ltr/12oC 41,146,752 Ltr/10oC
actual temperature, based on an actual temperature and a 0.8364 Dens/20oC 0.8381 Dens20oC
density at 20°C. 0.8422 Dens/12oC 0.8454 Dens10oC
8,619,552 Mass kg 34,785,464 Mass Kg
The result is density at the observed temperature. This
density is then multiplied by the Gross Observed Discharged according GOST:
Volume, resulting in the Mass (in Kg Vac). 34,785,464-8,619,552=26,165,912 kg

Issued: May 01, 2002 Saybolt Inspection Support & Development Group Chapter 13, Page 6 of 12
 Saybolt Global Inspection Manual
CALCULATIONS

The formula for metric units (density):

Comparison:
B/L 26,221,339 26,221,339 S = 2.69x 10 4 C(100 - C )0.819 (1/dL - 1/dH )2.28
Outturn 26,160,152 (ASTM) 26,165,912 (GOST)
Difference 61,187 55,427
0.23 % 0.21 % Examples:
Barrels
Blend 95,000 barrels 30.7 °API crude oil with 5,000
13.7. SHRINKAGE barrels 86.5 °API natural gasoline.

13.7.1. Explanation of Shrinkage Calculate the percentage of light component in the

Since volumetric shrinkage occurs when the molecules of blend (C):
blended components have significantly different C = 5,000 / 100,000 * 100% = 5%
structures, it is an event that occurs when blending a
heavier mineral product with a light mineral component. Calculate the difference in API: (G)
Two examples are (1) condensate blended with crude oil G = 86.5 - 30.7 = 55.8
and (2) butane/propane blended with gasoline. The total
volume after blending will not be equal to the sum of the Calculate the shrinkage factor:
volumes of the individual components. This is loss of S = 0.0972%
volume but because of the increase in density there is no
loss of mass. Physical shrinkage = 0.0972*100,000/100=97 bbl
Mixture volume = 100,000 - 97 = 99,903 bbl
In order to address a loss as 'shrinkage' two conditions
must be exist: Metric tons
1. a volumetric loss must occur; Blend 9,500 m3 of 872.0 kg/m3 crude oil with 500
2. the actual density of the product after blending must m3 of natural gasoline with a density of 648.0
be higher than the calculated theoretical density. kg/m3.

Shrinkage may be positive or negative (increase or Calculate the percentage of light component in the
decrease in volume). A negative discrepancy will result blend (C):
in a decrease of the vapour pressure and a decrease of C = 5,00 / 10,000 * 100% = 5%
volume, caused by an increase of the average attractive
power between the molecules of the components in the Compute (1/dL - 1/dH) * 1000 = 0.3964
blend.
Calculate the shrinkage factor:
13.7.2. Calculating Shrinkage S = 0.0982%
In API chapter 12.3 a new formula has been introduced
to calculate the effect of shrinkage when blending a light Physical shrinkage = 0.0982*10,000/100 = 9.8 m3
component with crude oil. Mixture volume = 10,000 - 9.8 = 9990.2 m3

The formula for customary units (API): Note: For application of this formula see API
chapter 12.3.
S = 4.86x 10 -8 C(100 - C )0.819 x G 2.28
Where:
S = volumetric shrinkage, as a percentage of the
total mixture ideal volume
G = difference between the heavy and the light
component in degrees API Gravity
C = concentration in liquid volume percent of the
lighter component

Issued: May 01, 2002 Saybolt Inspection Support & Development Group Chapter 13, Page 7 of 12
 Saybolt Global Inspection Manual
CALCULATIONS

13.8. PRODUCTS, LPG AND PETRO-

CHEMICALS Liquid Vapour volume
Volume & Temp (100% - liq.vol)
The main difference between foregoing calculations and
the next groups is that the in most cases only the crude
oil calculations are divided into Gross and Net V.C.F.
Calculations. For products, working with Net Table 54 ABS Press/vap.temp/
calculations is not a common procedure. Saturated vap. Press
(MVP)

13.8.1. Products Standard Volume

When calculating petroleum products (gas oil, jet fuel,
gasoline, etc.), Gross Standard Volume = Net Standard Vapour density
Volume since there is no S&W in products.(i.e. NSV is Density
NOT applicable)
Liquid Mass Vapour Mass
Another difference is that instead of the A-tables for
VCF, B and/or D tables are used.

The following examples calculate the Mass and the Total Mass
Weight of two shipments where NSV is not a factor:

Example 1: LPG Calculation sequence

Calculate the Mass of a parcel of gas oil with a density of
0.8421 kg/l. The Gross Observed Volume is 23,763,980 13.8.2.1. Liquid Phase
litres at a temperature of 17.5 oC. The GOV of the liquid phase is corrected to standard
temperature at 15 oC, using the old Table 54 (ISO 91/1).
GOV = 23,763,980 litres (Table 54B, the old Table 54, has to be interpolated.
VCF = 0.9979 x (Table 54B, density .8421 Since the VCF for gases is expressed to three decimals,
and temp 17.5 oC) the interpolated VCF has to be rounded to three decimals.
GSV = 23,714,076 litres at 15 oC
Density = 0.8421 x
Mass = 19,969.623 Mtons (Weight-in-Vac) This standard volume, multiplied by density, results in
the mass of the liquid phase.
Example 2:
Calculate the Weight in Long tons of a parcel of fuel oil 13.8.2.2. Vapour Phase
with an API of 185 The Gross Observed Volume is The vapour phase is calculated according to the
138,344 US barrels at a temperature of 136.5 oF Molecular Mass Formula:
(M.V.P. or Abs.Press) x M.M.
GOV = 138,344 US Barrels V.D.F.= x 12.027
VCF = 0.9689 x (Table 6B, API 18.5 and
temp 136.5 oF)
273.15 + t o C
GSV = 134,042 US Barrels at 60 oF
WCF = 0.14729 x (Table 11, API 18.5) Where:
Weight = 19,743.05 Long tons (Weight-in-Air) V.D.F.= Vapour Density factor (kg/m3)
(dependent on the temperature
13.8.2. Liquified petroleum gas (LPG) of the liquid phase), rounded
The following gas calculations use the Molecular Mass to three decimals.
Formula. This calculation consists out of two parts: M.V.P. = Maximum Vapour Press (bar)
1. Liquid phase calculation, based on ASTM Table 54; Abs.Press= Absolute Tank pressure
2. Vapour phase calculation, based on the molecular M.M. = Molecular Mass (g/mol)
mass formula. t oC = Temperature of the vapour
phase.

Note: When the Absolute pressure is higher than the Max

Vapour Press, the Maximum Vapour Pressure is used.

Issued: May 01, 2002 Saybolt Inspection Support & Development Group Chapter 13, Page 8 of 12
 Saybolt Global Inspection Manual
CALCULATIONS

The vapour mass is now calculated as follows: Together with the density a correction factor should be
given, stating the change in density per degree Celsius.
Mass = V.D.F. (kg/ m3 ) x vapour volume ( m3 ) Using this correction factor, the density is corrected to
the measured temperature, giving a density at actual
temperature.
13.8.2.3. Total Mass of LPG
The total mass is calculated by adding liquid mass and The Gross Observed Volume is then multiplied by either
vapour mass. the density or the apparent density at actual temperature,
giving the Mass (density ) or Weight (app. density).
Example:
Product propene 75%/propane 25% Example:
Liquid phase A parcel of Methanol:
1. Total volume 100% l 226.436 Calculate Weight (in-Air)
2. Liquid level corr. Mm 3350 Observed Volume: 2,398,045 litres
3. Actual volume l 206,307 Temperature : 12.3°C
4. Actual liquid temp oC 21.0 Corr/°C : 0.00095
5. Shrinkage factor - Density at 20°C : 0.7914 kg/l
6. Corr. actual volume l 206,307 (3x5) App dens at 20°C : 0.7903 kg/l
7. VCF ASTM 54 0.983 App dens at 12.3°C: (7.7x0.00095)= 0.7976 kg/l x
8. Volume liquid 15oC l 202,800 (6x7) Weight in Air : 1,912,681 kg
9. Density at 15 oC kg/l 0.5190 1,912.681 MT
10.Mass kg 105,253 (8x9)
Calculated apparent density at 15°C: 0.7951 kg/l
Vapour Phase Calculated standard volume : 2,405,585 l
11.Actual vapour vol l 20,128 (1-3)
12.Actual vapour temp oC 21.0
13.Shrinkage factor -
14.Corr actual vol l 20,128
(11x13)ASTM table 13.10. CALCULATION COMPARISON
15.Absolute pressure bars 10.5
16.Max Vapour Pressure bars 10.001
17.Molecular mass g/mol 42.565 In this paragraph we show you various ways of
18.Vapour density kg/m3 17.405 calculations as used by SAYBOLT, and we show you the
19.Mass (14x18/1000) kg 350 relation and differences between the different systems.
20.Total mass kg 105,603 (10+19)
In these comparisons we use 25,000,000 litres of an oil
(Mol. Mass and M.V.P. from Saybolt LPG tables). with an actual density of 0.8380 kg/l at 25 oC.
The same volume expressed in actual barrels :
25,000,000 x 0.00628981 = 157,245 barrels.
13.9. PETROCHEMICALS
First we convert the actual density and temperature to:
Petrochemical cargoes are calculated in another way. ! density at 15oC,
This correction is based on a correction per degree ! relative density 60/60oF (by means of ASTM
Celsius. Table 51)
! API gravity

Observed At the same time we use this example oil as a Crude Oil,
Volume & Temp
Product, Lube Oil, and we also calculate this oil by
Density at standard temp means of the old table 53/54.
Corr/°C
Mass or
Weight
ASTM table Dens 15/4°C RD 60/60°F API Gravity
Table 51 Table 51
From these products the density can be given as: 53A 0.8451 0.8455 35.85
53B 0.8449 0.8453 35.89
- apparent density (defined in Air) at 15 oC or 53D 0.8441 0.8445 36.09
20 oC 53 0.8447 0.8451 35.93
- density (defined in Vac) at 15 oC or 20 oC Gost Dens20/4=0.8416 Corr/°c=0.000712=0.8452@15C

Issued: May 01, 2002 Saybolt Inspection Support & Development Group Chapter 13, Page 9 of 12
 Saybolt Global Inspection Manual
CALCULATIONS

The volume correction factors will be looked for in the

appropriate table. As equivalent for 25 oC we use 77oF.

54 A 54 B 54 D 54

25oC .9914 .9916 .9925 .9920

6 A 6 B 24 A 24 B
o
77 F .9918 .9921 .9919 .9921

Issued: May 01, 2002 Saybolt Inspection Support & Development Group Chapter 13, Page 10 of 12
 Saybolt Global Inspection Manual
CALCULATIONS

Calculations : Metric, Mass Calculations : Barrels, API gravity, via Table 11

Conversions : Air, Long tons, Barrels 60oF, Gallons 60 oF Conversions : Metric tons Air, Vac, Litres 15oC, Gallons 60 oF

Table 54 A Table 54 B Table 6 A Table 6 B

Calculation: Calculation
Litres at 25oC 25,000,000 25,000,000 US Barrels 157,245 157,245
V.C.F. .9914 .9916 V.C.F. .9918 .9921
Litres at 15oC 24,785,000 24,790,000 US Barrels at 60oF 155,956 156,003
Density at 15oC .8451 .8449 W.C.F. ASTM Table 11 .13201 0.13200
Kilos (vac) 20,945,804 20,945,071 Long tons 20,587.75 20,592.40
Weight Conversions: Weight Conversions:
Kilos (vac) 20,945,804 20,945,071 Long tons 20,587.75 20,592.40
ASTM Table 56 (short table) .99875 .99875 ASTM Table 1 1.01605 1.01605
Kilos (air) 20,919,622 20,918,890 Metric tons (air) 20,918.183 20,922.908
ASTM Table 1 .984206 .984206 ASTM Table 56 (short table) 1.00125 1.00125
Long tons 20,589.22 20,588.50 Metric tons (vac) 20,944.331 20949.062
Volume Conversions: Volume Conversions:
Litres at 15oC 24,785,000 24,790,000 US Barrels at 60oF 155,955.59 156,002.76
ASTM Table 52 6.293 6.293 ASTM Table 4 .15891 .15891
US Barrels at 60oF 155,972 156,003(.47) Litres at 15oC 24,782,903 24,790,399
ASTM Table 1 42 42
US Gallons at 60oF 6,550,824 6,552,146 US Barrels at 60oF 155,955.59 156,002.76
ASTM Table 1 42 42
US Gallons at 60oF 6,550,135 6,552,116
Calculations : Metric, Air
Conversions : Vac, Long tons, Barrels 60oF, Gallons 60 oF
Calculations : Barrels, API gravity, via Table 13
Table 54 A Table 54 B Conversions : Long tons, Vac, Litres 15oC, Gallons 60 oF
Calculation
Table 6 A Table 6 B
Litres at 25oC 25,000,000 25,000,000
V.C.F. .9914 .9916
Litres at 15oC 24,785,000 24,790,000 Calculation
US Barrels 157,245 157,245
W.C.F. ASTM Table 56 .8440 .8438
(Main table) 23,918,540 20,917,802 V.C.F. .9918 .9921
US Barrels at 60oF 155,956 156,003
Kilos (air)
Weight Conversions: 23,918,540 20,917,802 W.C.F. ASTM Table 13 .13412 0.13409
Kilos (air) .984206 .984206 Metric tons (air) 20,916.819 20,918.442
Weight Conversions:
ASTM Table 1 20,588.15 20,587.43
Long tons Metric tons (air) 20,916.819 20,918.442
ASTM Table 1 .984206 .984206
20,918,540 20,917,802
Long tons 20,586.46 20,588.06
Kilos (air) 1.00125 1.00125
ASTM Table 56 (short table) 20,944,688 20,943,949
Metric tons (air) 20,916.819 20,918.442
Kilos (vac)
ASTM Table 56 (short table) 1.00125 1.00125
Volume Conversions: 24,785,000 24,790,000
Litres at 15oC 6.293 6.293 Metric tons (vac) 20,942.965 20944.590
ASTM Table 52 155,792(.00) 156,003(.47) Volume Conversions:
US Barrels at 60oF 42 42 US Barrels at 60oF 155,955.59 156,002.76
ASTM Table 1 6,550,824 6,552,146 ASTM Table 4 .15891 .15891
Litres at 15oC 24,782,903 24,790,399
US Gallons at 60oF
US Barrels at 60oF 155,955.59 156,002.76
ASTM Table 1 42 42
US Gallons at 60oF 6,550,135 6,552,116

Issued: May 01, 2002 Saybolt Inspection Support & Development Group Chapter 13, Page 11 of 12
 Saybolt Global Inspection Manual
CALCULATIONS

Calculations : Barrels, Rel.density 60/60oF, via Table 29 Calculations : Metric, GOST

Conversions : Metric tons air, Vac, Litres 15oC, Gallons 60 oF Conversions : Metric tons air, Long tons, Barrels 60oF, Gallons 60oF

Table 24 A Table 24 B GOST

Calculation Calculation
US Barrels 157,245 157,245 Litres at 25oC 25,000,000
V.C.F. .9919 .9921 Density at 25oC .8380
US Barrels at 60oF 155,971 156,003 Kilos (vac) 20,950,000
W.C.F. ASTM Table 29 .13200 0.13197
Long tons 20,588.17 20,587.72 Weight Conversions:
Weight Conversions: Kilos (vac) 20,950,000
Long tons 20,588.17 20,587.72 ASTM Table 56 .99875
ASTM Table 1 1.01605 1.01605 Kilos (air) 20,923,813
Metric tons (air) 20,918.610 20,918.153 ASTM Table 1 .984206
ASTM Table 56 (short table) 1.00125 1.00125 Long tons 20,593.34
Metric tons (vac) 20,944.758 20,944.301 Volume Conversions:
Volume Conversions: Litres at 15oC 24,784,100
US Barrels at 60oF 155,971.32 156,002.76 ASTM Table 52 6.293
ASTM Table 4 .15891 .15891 US Barrels at 60oF 155,966(.34)
Litres at 15oC 24,785,402 24,790,399 ASTM Table 1 42
US Gallons at 60oF 6,550,586
US Barrels at 60oF 155,971.32 156,002.76
ASTM Table 1 42 42
US Gallons at 60oF 6,550,795 6,552,116

Calculations : Metric, Vacuo Table 54D & Old table 54

Conversions : Metric tons Air, Long tons, Barrels 60oF, Gallons 60 oF

Table 54 D Old Table 54

Calculation
Litres at 25oC 25,000,000 25,000,000
V.C.F. .9925 .9920
Litres at 15oC 24,812,500 24,800,000
W.C.F. ASTM Table 56 (main ta- 0.8441 0.8447
ble) 20,944,231 20,948,560
Kilos (vac)
Weight Conversions: 20,944,231 20,948,560
Kilos (vac) 0.99875 0.99875
ASTM Table 56 20,918,051 20,922,374
Kilos (air) .984206 .984206
ASTM Table 1 20,587.67 20,591.93
Long tons
Volume Conversions: 28,812,500 28,800,000
Litres at 15oC 6.293 6.293
ASTM Table 52 156,145(.06) 156,066(.40)
US Barrels at 60oF 42 42
ASTM Table 1 6,558,093 6,554,789
US Gallons at 60oF

Issued: May 01, 2002 Saybolt Inspection Support & Development Group Chapter 13, Page 12 of 12