NAME: AAYUSH BAGRI

ROLL NO: 23/EN/01

SUBJECT: SOLID WASTE
MAIL : [email protected]
ASSIGNMENT: 01
SEMESTER: 04
Handling and Separation of Solid Waste

ABSTRACT: Solid garbage is the unwanted, harmful, and wasted

substance arising from day-to-day civic events. Management of the
solid wastes can be described as the methodology of managing
solid waste generation, storage, collection, transport, treatment
and disposal. A country's growth status can be defined in several
forms. As regards its effect on solid waste management, the growth
status of this publication is classified according to the availability
of economic capital and the degree of industrialization
development. Economic growth status is more a function of the
new economic environment than of the current economic situation
(recession vs prosperity). The degree of industrialization is
expressed in terms of the extent to which technical tools are
mechanized and usable. The words "developed" and
"industrialization" are often used interchangeably, justifiably or
not. In so far as solid waste management is concerned, it is difficult
to impose a specific structural definition due to regional shifts in
the degree of growth within each region. For example, in a
developed country, a large metropolitan population (typically the
provincial capital and surrounding area) might be at a level of
growth well above that of the rest of the nation. On the other hand,
such groups are not absolutely resistant to the restrictions
enforced by the nation's position. It is important to remember that
while the material provided in this paper refers specifically to
developing nations, some of it can even refer to a transforming
country, or even to an advanced or developed world. The human-
environmental relationships are a dynamic phenomenon. The
ability of the Planet to sustain human beings is determined not
only by the specific food needs, but also by our resource use rates,
the volume of waste production, the technology employed in
various applications. With the population growth and the growing
trend of resource use, we have in effect exceeded the planet's
carrying capacity.
Composition of Solid waste : Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) refers
to the everyday waste generated from households, commercial
establishments, institutions, and, to a limited extent, industries.
It is a heterogeneous mixture comprising various materials. A
significant portion of MSW consists of organic or biodegradable
waste, such as food scraps and garden trimmings, which typically
accounts for 30–50% of the total waste. Additionally, a small
fraction comprises hazardous or special waste, including e-waste
and discarded chemicals. The exact composition of MSW varies
depending on factors such as geographic location, economic
development, consumption patterns, and the effectiveness of waste
segregation practices. Understanding MSW composition is crucial
for planning efficient waste management systems, promoting
recycling, and minimizing environmental impacts.

INTRODUCTION: The natural reserves of the Planet are not

enough now to support human demands and economic activities.
Global warming has demonstrated the risk of overstepping the
ability of the Planet to consume our waste goods. However, the
implications of increasing the sufficient availability of vital
materials and the degree to which we have already advanced in
this chain are not well known, and are instead viewed with an
economic and manufacturing perspective. The ability of the Planet
to consume our waste is a significant factor that drives the
development of waste management technologies [1]. Land-filling is
perhaps the oldest method in coordinated waste management.
Until the 1970s, land-filling was practiced as an unceremonious
waste disposal in any convenient location without taking into
account health, welfare, environmental conservation or cost
efficiency. Yet now the situation has shifted not because of the
understanding and value of the handling of waste, but also other
matters [2]. Availability of landfill capacity in urban environments
is getting frightening and a very bad problem. The problem causes
political incentive to redirect waste to many other methods for
treatment. Currently, the trend of sophisticated waste
management schemes of countries is to reduce waste that ends up
in landfills. In Hong Kong, for example, the initiative's driving force
was the lack of landfill capacity, instead of resource use. In relation
to recycling, the growing waste-to-energy systems and advances in
technologies and emissions reduction tools further decreased the
volumes entering landfills primarily in Europe, while in the future
it may be a model for other nations. It refers in particular to those
regions where seeking suitable landfill capacity is a problem and
those regions where these solutions are still not completely
applied. This should also be anticipated that in the near future,
better and environmentally efficient product design will be possible
and will transform the face of energy harvesting systems. Given
risks, land-filling is unavoidable and the final inert fraction always
has to be buried. The construction, maintenance and management
of landfills is being constantly investigated and new methods are
being implemented to reduce air and water emissions [3The
accumulation of landfill gas offers room for green-house gas (GHG)
reduction. Yet the economics of extracting waste and recycling
electricity remain to be convincingly illustrated. Since, due to
partial oxidation in the landfill, the average methane content of
landfill gas is around fifty percent and most of the gas produced in
landfills is lost to the environment, even with an efficient gas
collection system. This low methane level in the landfill gas
necessitates vital upgrade activities that jeopardize the advantages
of collecting landfill gas. Solid waste management is a term that
refers to the storage and disposal process for solid wastes. This
also provides recycled options for things that don't belong to trash
or waste. As long as humans have lived in villages and rural areas,
the problem has been trash or solid waste. The solid waste
management used in solid, liquid, and gaseous waste disposal [5].
It is known as a realistic method of disposal of certain toxic waste
products (such as medical organic waste). Incineration is a
controversial waste disposal process, owing to concerns including
gaseous pollutant pollution. The most significant justification for
recycling waste is to protect the environment and the public
health. Garbage and waste can pollute the air and water. It is also
recognized that decaying garbage releases poisonous gases that
interact with the atmospheric air and can cause respiratory issues
in people. Categorization and comparison of solid industrial waste
based on the thermo-chemical properties. Municipal solid waste
(MSW) has usually been divided into six categories: food residues,
wood waste, pulp, textiles, plastics, and rubber. Products may be
further divided into subgroups within each grouping [6]. Properly
regulated waste will support the society economically and socially
through recycling and, where possible, reusing waste. Solid waste
treatment main elements include on-site managing, processing
and storing; garbage collection; waste management transfer and
transport, reduction and final disposal. Solid waste involves trash,
building rubble, industrial refuse, sewage or waste disposal sludge
or air quality control plants, among the other recycled items [7].
The practices related to urban solid waste management from the
point of generation before final disposal can be divided into the six
functional components.
• Generation of waste
• Storage of waste
• Collection of waste
• Transportation of waste
• Process of segregation
• Disposal of waste
Solid Waste Collection:
Process of Solid Waste management :
 Integration of waste management: Integrated waste
management is a framework for the design and development of
modern waste management and disposal systems and the study
and optimization of current waste disposal systems. Within this
definition it is important to examine all technological and non-
technical elements of management schemes together [8].
Currently, with the introduction of new legislation, laws, and waste
management sector as an enterprise, nontechnical elements like
public involvement and awareness are necessary and essential to
the successful adoption of many recycling and recovery schemes.
A classic example is the general resistance to incineration services

around the world largely due to the perception that incinerators

are the origin to dioxins, which also underlines the efficiency of
incinerators in reducing waste quantity and waste disposal levels.
Therefore, in managing pollutants reaching the atmosphere,
advances in emissions abatement mechanisms and gasification
techniques [9]. More critically, for the effective implementation of
the new waste treatment systems, engaging the public in such
reviews and informing them about the needs and concerns of waste
treatment and disposal in a specific region or country. Today,
cooperation between the state, business, and informal sectors is
apparent, and it is optimal to coordinate environmental education
and public participation for successful implementation through
one of these networks [10][11]. As stated earlier, the Planet's
carrying capacity is continuously threatened as the environmental
protection is paying the price for economic activities. Therefore,
resources are rising while competition is growing with the
environment and consumption being changed. As the new waste
management elite maintains, the first step to achieving waste
reduction is citizen engagement and improving their view, whereas
recycling and reuse often need technical assistance. Energy and
nutrient regeneration are focused on science though their adoption
may be a target of NIMBY syndrome if not properly tackled .
Modern integrated waste disposal is thus the need for time,
whereas sustainability needs to be incorporated into all materials,
taking into account the material supply and demand. It's
unavoidable that waste is tool now and it's the duty of people if
people use it. As is obvious from past experience, if people really
find the Planet as "our home" it is not convenient, but not difficult.

Disposal of solid wastes:

• COMPOSTING: It is done by vermin composting of any type of
biodegradable waste such as hotel refuse, biodegradable
portion from residences and commercial market, vegetable
waste, leaf litter, etc. The size of each vermin composting rack
is 6.21 m X 1.56 m X 0.62 m, made up of steel. It requires two
months.
• LAND FILLING:-Waste is stored on the top of the hill in almost
bout five acres area. All inorganic material is used for the land
filling and dumping.