INTRO TO ENGLISH LINGUISTIC

MORPHOLOGY AND MORPHEMES

Presented by :

Group 2

1. Zaitun Hayiza (230107040)

2. Risqi Amanda (230107052)
3. Widia Wati (230107038)
4. Aulia Ussolihah (230107050)

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

TARBIYAH AND TEACHER TRAINING FACULTY

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF MATARAM

2024
 PREFACE

All praises to our god Allah SWT who has been giving us some mercies and blessing,.
so,we are be able to compile a working paper entitled “Morphology and Morphemes” is
properly and correctly, and on time.

Additionally, peace and salutation always be given to our beloved prophet

Muhammad SAW, because of him now we are as moslem people,and he has guided us from
the bad characters to the good characters. Hence let’s always salawat to him today until
hereafter.

Alright, this paper is structured and we are as the writers and readers able to know
about the branches of linguistic.

Unforgettable,thank you so much for our Lecturer who has given us this assignment
and the opportunities for us to increase our knowledge especially in this course.

Hopefully, this paper can give a broader insight to the readers. Although this paper has
advantages and disadvantages, and we are acceptable for the critic and suggestion from the
readers and Lecturer.

Mataram, 11 September 2024

Authors

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

PREFACE.................................................................................................................................ii

TABLE OF CONTENT..........................................................................................................iii

CHAPTER I...............................................................................................................................1

INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................1

1. Background.....................................................................................................................1

2. Problem identification.....................................................................................................2

3. Objective..........................................................................................................................2

CHAPTER II............................................................................................................................2

DISCUSSION...........................................................................................................................2

2.1. Definition of Morphology and Morphemes....................................................................3

2.2. Kinds of morphology and Morphemes..........................................................................3

2.3. The difference between morphology and Morphemes..................................................6

2.4. The relationship between morphology and morphemes.................................................7

CHAPTER III...........................................................................................................................9

CLOSING.................................................................................................................................9

3.1 Conclusions......................................................................................................................9

3.2 Suggestions.......................................................................................................................9

REFERENCE...........................................................................................................................9

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 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1. Background
People must understand structure of language and can use it as well as
possible; language is needed by people so far they need to interaction with each other.
Therefore, we must understand it. People not only understand but also how the way
uses a good language to commutate each other. As we see today, communication is
very need by all people because first tool of interaction is language. Wedrana
Mihalicek et al (2011: 7) said “when you use language, you use it to communicate an
idea from your mind to the mind of some else”.

Human life in the world need to interaction with the other people to cover our
need. In addition, we cannot life as individual in this world and we must make
interaction and communication each other. In their interaction and communication, we
must use tool to understand what we want. Language as a toll of communication so if
we understand and be able to use it as well as we can interact and communicate with
each other but if we do not understand and cannot use it as well as, we cannot interact
and communicate with them.

As we know in our interaction, language as tool of communication to express

our need like thoughts and feeling and this fact like A.S Hornby (1995: 662) say
“language is system of sounds and word used by human to express their thoughts and
feeling“. Therefore, we must learn language to understand people’s thoughts and
feeling and to understand and use language we must understand the pattern because
language has some of pattern to construct it sentence, phrase and word, like how to
mike like become dislike. English is one of popular language in this era and English
has some of pattern to construct it word, phrase and sentences.

One of pattern in English language about how a word has same meanings
because of addition some of Alfa bates in beginning or end of word. This pattern
called morphology in English. Morphology in English language has different
processes and some of them make new meaning and part of speech.

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2. Problem identification
Based on the above background, the author would like to take the following question :

2.1. What is the definition of morphology and morphemes?

2.2. What is the kinds of morphology and morphemes?
2.3. What is the difference between morphology and morphems?
2.4. What is the relationship between morphology and morphems?

3. Objective
Based on the formulation of the problem above, the objectives can be formulated as
follows :

2.1. To know the definition of morphology and morphemes.

2.2. To know the kinds of morphology and morphemes.

2.3. To know the difference between morphology and morphems .

2.4. To know the relationship between morphology and morphems.

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 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

2.1. Definition of Morphology and Morphemes.

a. Morphology

Morphology is the study of words and their structure, including the principles by
which words are formed and how they relate to one another within a language. It
investigates the internal structure of words, focusing on how morphemes, the smallest
units of meaning, combine to create different forms and meanings. Morphology also
examines how words function as parts of speech and how they may be inflected to
express grammatical categories such as tense, number, and aspect.

b. On the other hand, Morphemes a morpheme is defined as the smallest meaningful

unit of language that cannot be subdivided further. Morphemes can be classified into
two main types: free morphemes, which can stand alone as words (e.g., "cat"), and
bound morphemes, which must attach to other morphemes (e.g., the suffix "-s" in
"cats"). Morphemes play a crucial role in the formation of words and contribute to
the overall meaning of linguistic expressions.

2.2. Kinds of morphology and morphemes

a. Kind of Morphology :

1. Inflectional Morphology : Inflectional morphology involves adding inflectional

affixes to a word to indicate grammatical information without changing the word's
basic meaning or part of speech.

Examples :

 Adding "-s" to the end of a noun to indicate plurality (e.g., "cat" becomes
"cats").
 Adding "-ed" to the end of a verb to indicate past tense (e.g., "play" becomes
"played").
 Adding "-ing" to the end of a verb to indicate present participle (e.g., "play"
becomes "playing").

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 Types of Inflectional Morphemes: In English, there are eight inflectional
morphemes :

 Possessive: '-s' (e.g., "cat" becomes "cat's")

 Third-person singular: '-s' (e.g., "he eats")
 Plural: '-s' (e.g., "cat" becomes "cats")
 Past tense: '-ed' (e.g., "play" becomes "played")
 Present participle: '-ing' (e.g., "play" becomes "playing")
 Comparative: '-er' (e.g., "big" becomes "bigger")
 Superlative: '-est' (e.g., "big" becomes "biggest").

Characteristics:

Inflectional morphemes do not change the category of the base word but rather suit the
category of its base, expressing grammatical information required in a particular
language.

2. Derivational Morphology : Creation of New Lexemes: Derivational morphology

involves forming new words by modifying an existing word, either by changing its
part of speech or adding significant new meaning.

Types of Modification :

 Affixation: Adding prefixes or suffixes to a base word, such as "un-" or "-ness".

 Reduplication: Repeating parts of a word, like "happy-happy".
 Internal Modification: Changing the internal structure of a word, such as ablaut
or root and pattern derivation.
 Subtraction: Removing parts of a word to form a new one.

Examples :

 Adjective-to-Noun: Adding "-ness" to an adjective, e.g., "slow" becomes

"slowness".
 Adjective-to-Verb: Adding "-en" to an adjective, e.g., "weak" becomes
"weaken".
 Noun-to-Adjective: Adding "-al" to a noun, e.g., "recreation" becomes
"recreational".

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 Characteristics :

 Syntactic Category Change: Derivation can change the part of speech of a word,
such as turning an adjective into a verb or noun.
 Substantial New Meaning: Derivation often adds significant new meaning to the
base word, making it semantically distinct.
 Productivity: The extent to which new words can be created with a given affix
or morphological process is a topic of study in derivational morphology

b. Kind of Morphemes :

A morpheme is the smallest unit of language that carries meaning. It is the basic building
block of words and can be either a single word or a part of a word that conveys a specific
meaning.

Morphemes are typically classified into two main types:

1. Free Morphemes
a. Lexical morphemes
are the meaning-bearing units of a language. They carry the main semantic content
of a word and can stand alone as independent words.
Example : Nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs that convey the primary meaning
of a sentence. Examples include:
 Nouns: "house," "book," "boy"
 Verbs: "run," "eat," "sleep"
 Adjectives: "quick," "nice," "fun"
 Adverbs: "deeply," "fairly," "quietly"
b. Functional Morphemes
Functional morphemes do not carry lexical meaning but serve to connect or relate
lexical morphemes. They are essential for grammatical structure.
Examples: Articles, demonstratives, auxiliary verbs, quantifiers, prepositions,
pronouns, and conjunctions. Examples include:
 Articles: "the," "a," "an"
 Demonstratives: "this," "that," "these," "those"

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  Auxiliary Verbs: "will," "is," "must," "does"
 Quantifiers: "some," "many," "few"
 Prepositions: "under," "over," "to," "by"
 Pronouns: "he," "she," "his," "her"
 Conjunctions: "and," "but," "or"

2. Bound Morphemes
Bound morphemes in English are categorized into two main types:
a. Derivational Bound Morphemes
Derivational bound morphemes change the meaning or the part of speech of a
word. They are used to derive new words by either changing the meaning or the
grammatical class of the word.
Examples:
 Prefixes: Examples include prefixes like "un-" which gives a negative
meaning to the word it is added to, such as "unhappy" from "happy".
 Suffixes: Examples include suffixes like "-y" which turns nouns into
adjectives, such as "city" becoming "city-like," or "-ness" which turns
adjectives into nouns, such as "happy" becoming "happiness."

b. Inflectional Bound Morphemes

Inflectional bound morphemes add grammatical information to the word
without changing its meaning. They are used to indicate tense, number, case,
or other grammatical features.
Examples:
 Verb Tense: Adding "-ed" to a verb changes its tense from present to past,
such as "walk" becoming "walked."
 Plural Nouns: Adding "-s" to a noun indicates plurality, such as "cat"
becoming "cats."
 Possessive Nouns: Adding "'s" to a noun indicates possession, such as
"boy's book."

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2.3 The difference between morphology and morphems
a. Morphology :
Morphology is the study of the structure and formation of words in a
language. It involves the internal analysis of words and how they are formed by
combining units of meaning called morphemes.

b. Morphems :

Morphemes are the smallest units of meaning in a language. They can be

either free morphemes or bound morphemes. Free morphemes are words that can
stand alone and carry their own meaning, while bound morphemes are parts of
words that cannot stand alone and must be attached to another morpheme to have
meaning.

Key Differences :

 Morphology: This is the study of word structure and formation. It involves

analyzing how morphemes are used to create complex words.
 Morphemes: These are the smallest units of meaning in a language. They can
be free or bound.

2.4 The relationship between morphology and morphemes

a. Morphology :
Morphology is the branch of linguistics that deals with the study of words and their
parts. It involves analyzing how words are formed and varied within a language.
Morphology examines the relationship between morphemes, which are the smallest
meaningful units in a word, and how these units can be arranged to create new words
or new forms of the same word.

b. Morphemes :
Morphemes are the smallest units of meaning in a language that can be combined to
form words. They can be either free morphemes or bound morphemes.
 Free Morphemes: These are morphemes that can stand alone as independent
words, carrying their own meaning. Examples include "cat," "run," and
"happy"

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  Bound Morphemes: These are morphemes that must be attached to another
morpheme to have meaning. Examples include prefixes like "un-" in
"unhappy," suffixes like "-s" in "cats," and suffixes like "-ed" in "walked"

Types of Morphemes

Morphemes can also be categorized into inflectional and derivational morphemes.

 Inflectional Morphemes: These morphemes add grammatical information to a

word without changing its core meaning. Examples include the suffix "-s" for
plural nouns (e.g., "cat" to "cats") and the suffix "-ed" for past tense verbs (e.g.,
"walk" to "walked").
 Derivational Morphemes: These morphemes change the meaning or part of
speech of a word. Examples include the suffix "-er" turning a verb into a noun
(e.g., "read" becoming "reader".

Relationship Between Morphology and Morphemes

Morphology studies how words are formed and varied by examining the arrangement
and relationships of morphemes. It provides a framework for understanding how these
smallest meaningful units combine to create complex words. In essence, morphology is the
study of how morphemes function within a language to form meaningful words.

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 CHAPTER III

CLOSING

3.1 Conclusions
The conclusion from the material is that morphology is a crucial branch of
linguistics that examines how words are formed and modified through the
combination of morphemes, the smallest units of meaning in a language. Morphemes
are classified into two main types: free morphemes, which can stand alone as words,
and bound morphemes, which must attach to other morphemes to form meaningful
words. Additionally, morphology encompasses two primary aspects: inflectional
morphology, which adds grammatical information without altering the core meaning
or category of a word, and derivational morphology, which creates new words by
changing the meaning or word class, such as turning adjectives into nouns.
Understanding morphology and morphemes is essential for grasping how languages
evolve, how words are structured, and how various grammatical aspects are expressed
within a language.

3.2 Suggestions
To improve the paper on morphology and morphemes, start by clearly defining
key concepts, particularly the distinction between inflectional and derivational
morphology, as well as free and bound morphemes. Use examples from various
languages to illustrate these concepts and include visual aids like charts to make
complex ideas more accessible. Providing historical context on the evolution of
morphology will add depth. Incorporating linguistic theories can strengthen the
analysis, and discussing practical applications in language teaching or natural
language processing will highlight the relevance of morphology in real-world
contexts.

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 REFERENCE

christy paluti, A. G. (2023, november 11). Retrieved from study.com:

https://study.com/academy/lesson/morphemes-examples-definition-types.html

Elizabeth, B. (2017). Types of Morphemes: free and bound. bolanle arokoyo.

hima. (2022). English Morphology of The Day: Morpheme and its things. sastra inggris.

Martini, I. D. (2016). Derivational of Bound Morpheme. Media Neliti.

Haspelmath, M., & Sims, C. (2010). Understanding morphology. Routledge.

Katamba, F. (2005). Modern linguistics: Morphology. Palgrave Macmillan.

Bauer, L. (2003). Introducing linguistic morphology. Edinburgh University Press

(Elizabeth, 2017) (hima, 2022) (christy paluti, 2023) (Martini, 2016)

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