SOCIAL STUDIES GRADE NINE
JULY/AUGUST: 2019
CONFIDENTIAL
MARKING SCHEME
SECTION A (30 MARKS)
QUESTION 1
1 (a) 24 oc (1 Mark)
(b) Isotherm (1Mark)
(c) Why Lusaka has population increased in recent years. (3 Marks)
– Improved social services like schools and health facilities.
- Many manufacturing industries that create jobs hence population increase as people
move to work in the industries.
- High fertility rates.
- Migration of people.
- Improved nutrition which has reduced high infant mortality rate.
(d) How population can be increased and decreased due to birth rates and death rates. (2
Marks)
- High birth rate increases population.
- High death rates reduce population.
- Low death rates reduce population.
- Low death rates increases population.
(e) Problems faced due to population growth. (3 Marks)
-Shortage of housing.
- Traffic congestion
- Creation of shanty compounds.
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- Shortage of social amenities eg. Schools and hospitals
-Increased crime rates.
2a.Scramble for Africa means the rush by European powers to acquire territories in Africa
b. Short term effects of scramble
-The scramble led to African’s loss of control of their own affairs.
-It brought enormous hardship to most Africans
-Many Africans died as a result of disrupted lifestyles and movement of people and animals
among different disease environments
-Africa’s population suffered from the devastation caused by the Scramble and its aftermath
c. Results of European imperialism in Central Africa
-European imperialism brought social segregation. Africans were not allowed to mix freely
with Europeans
-Europeans imperialism brought oppression. Africans were not allowed to be a part into the
governance of their countries.
-Africa was viewed by Europeans as an important source of raw materials such as minerals
and agriculture.
-European imperialists used Christianity to colonise Africa.
d. Reason for federation
-The idea of the federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland was to form a large and powerful
economic unit in Central Africa.
e. Names of people who contributed towards the struggle for the independence
-Harry Mwanga Nkumbula
-Simon Mwansa Kapwepwe
-Ulia Mulenga Nsofwa
-Mbikusita Lewanika
-Mainza Chona
3a.Fish Eagle
b.- National Flag and Coat of Arm
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c. Like our noble eagle in its flight
d-saluting the flag
-Singing the National anthem at public events
-standing still when singing the national anthem
-Using the coat of arms on official government communication
-Wearing national colours at National events
-Celebrating Independence Day
e. Importance of the Zambian Family
f .Freedom and ability to rise above challenges
1. A. characteristics of traditional farming (5 Marks)
– Use simple tools
-Small farms are used less than 5 hectares
-Depend on family labour
-Artificial fertilizers are usually not used
-Production is usually low.
-Does not require large capital
B. effects of traditional farming on the environment (5 Marks)
–Leads to deforestation
-The ash makes the soil become alkaline
-Increases soil erosion
-Contributes to global warming because of carbon dioxide from burning trees
-Migration of animals and birds
-Leads to rainfall variability.
2. A. causes of deforestation (5 Marks)
-Charcoal burning
-Traditional agricultural practices
-Commercial logging for timber
-Clearing the forest for commercial farming
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- Cutting of trees for firewood
-Expansion of towns
B. effects of deforestation (5 Marks)
–Shortage of wood
-Migration of animals and birds to other areas for shelter
- Destruction of biodiversity
-Leads to desertification
-Soil erosion
-Climate change
3 A. Impact of Mining on the environment. (5 Marks)
- Displacement of people.
- Destruction of vegetation due to clearance.
- Loss of habitants for wildlife.
- Causes air pollution, land pollution, water pollution and noise pollution.
- Impact of blasting by using explosives causes cracks to the buildings.
- Land is disfigured due to hollow.
- Loss of land for agriculture and settlement.
B. reasons for loss of jobs in the mining industry.(1 Mark)
- Low prices at the international market.
- Low production of minerals.
C. Measures by the government to improve the mining industry. (4 Marks)
- More mining industries are being opened.
- Improved efficiency and production has been established through investing heavily in the
Mining industry.
-Deep reserves have been established, e.g. at konkola copper deep mine.
Slag tailing dumps which lie to be processed when finance and technology allow
PART TWO
1 a. Oral traditional
- Oral traditional is referred to as oral history. This is the history passed down
from one generation to another by word of month.
- It always passed over through songs, proverbs, poems hymns, legends
myths and tales by elders of a given society. [2marks]
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a. Written records
- This is documented history. It is in form of diaries, books, journals,
newspapers magazines and other written records
- Written records are also referred to as written history. [2marks]
b. Archaeology
- The term archaeology comes from a Greek word Archalos which means the
beginning of the ancient period.
- Archaeology is the excavation and scientific study of ancient remains of
people, buildings, animals and fossils buried underground. [2 marks]
c. Linguistics
- Is the study and analysis of languages, their sounds structures, grammar,
formation and relationship between various groups of people depending on
their languages? [2 marks]
d. Anthropology
- Is the study of the present and existing social organisations cultural values
and how they are interrelated in order to explain the past? Anthropologists
are people who can identify the relationship between life styles of society’s
studies and explain their evolution. [2 marks]
1. Discuss the origin expansion and decline of Undi’s kingdom.
Origin
- Undi’s kingdom developed as a result of succession dispute between Undiand
Kalonga.
- After being defeated Undi broke away from Kalonga’s kingdom
- Undi migrated westwards taking with him important female members of Kalonga.
- He settled in Chadiza and Katete districts of Zambia where he conquered the Chewa
and declared himself the ruler and built his capital at mano.
Expansion
Undi’s kingdom expanded because of two major factors
i. Conquest
Undi’s kingdom expanded as a result of the systematic conquest of the local
people such as the Chewa, Nsenga and others. These were added to the kingdom
ii. Tribute system and trade
-In Undi’s kingdom had plenty of gold and ivory which attracted the Portuguese for trade.
-To obtain gold and ivory Undi made his subjects pay tribute to him
-Undi sold gold, ivory and slaves to the Portuguese through the Chikundamiddle men and in
return he got guns, beads, cloth and other goods.
-He used this wealth to reward his junior chiefs which made him win loyalty and trust from
them.
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-The availability of gold and ivory made Undi to extend his kingdom in order to control
tribute system over a large area.
-By 1750 Undi’s kingdom greatly grew in size and it included much of Zambia’s eastern
province and Mozambique’s Tete district. It also extended eastwards to include parts of the
present day Malawi
Decline
Undi’s kingdom declined because of both internal and external factors
-The internal factor was that Undi had no permanent police force to maintain law and order
in the kingdom. But the king also lacked a civil service to control the affairs of the kingdom
effectively.
-On external factors, the Portuguese influence had a part to play because as they were given
mining rights in the kingdom by 1750 they started to make secret land agreements without
Undi’s permission. The Chikundawho were used to do this, they also begun illegal mining
and hunting of ivory without paying tribute to Undi. As a result Undi lost control over the
tribute system which he depended on for trade.
-Slave trade too contributed to Undi’s downfall. In 1850 when demand for slaves increased
both the Portuguese and the Arab Swahili traders began to capture many slaves from the
kingdom. This disrupted stability and unity of the kingdom.
-The Ngoni raids of 1870 contributed to the decline of Undi’s kingdom. As the Ngoni under
Zwangendaba crossed the Zambezi river they went to conquer the Nsenga and Chewa
people; Undi’s subjects. Finally in 1870, the Ngoni under Mpezeni arrived and settled among
the Nsenga. These Ngonis conquered most of the subjects to Undi and many of his subject
voluntarily placed themselves under Ngoni protection. Undihimself fled from Mano to take
refuge in the mountains. Therefore, it was the Ngoni who wiped out the Undi kingdom by
1870s [10 marks]
PART TWO
a. Dr David Livingstone’s background
-Dr David Livingstone was born in Blantyre, Scotland in 1813.
-He had difficulties in education such that he started work in a cotton factory at the age of
ten.
-He continued learning through night school which earned him a place at Glasgow University
where graduated as a medical doctor, after which he joined the London Missionary Society
(LMS) in the Northern Cape.
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-He undertook shorter trips through the Northern Cape and what is now Botswana, and
reached the land of the Kololo where he met king Sebitwane. [2 marks]
b. His aims for coming to Africa
-was to open up Central Africa so that white missionaries and traders could come and work
in the area
-to help to abolish slave trade [2 marks]
c. The third journeys he undertook
Third journey (1866-1873)
-Livingstone started his third journey from Zanzibar in March 1866, in search of the source
of the Nile River.
-He travelled up the Ruvuma River, passed through Kota-Kota on the southern top of Lake
Nyasa (now called Malawi) and entered the present day Eastern province of Zambia.
-He crossed the Luangwa River and the Muchinga escarpment. He then entered Lubemba.
-In 1871, he met Henry Morton Stanley at Ujiji, a journalist from the New York Herald to go
back to England, but Livingstone refused.
-After this, Livingstone crossed the Bemba Plateau and entered the Bangweulu Swamps.
Here he caught a terrible fever and finally died on 1st May 1873 at Chitambo Village.
-His African servants Chuma and Susi buried his heart and organs under a tree. They
embalmed his body and carried it to the east coast of Africa. From there his body was
shipped back to England.
-He was buried in Westminster Abbey in London, England. [6 marks]
PART THREE
1A. Discuss any six (6) factors which lead to human rights violation. [6 marks]
-Lack of information; when people lack information they are ignorant of their rights. This
may make them easily be oppressed.
-Poverty; when people are poor their rights are usually violated by the rich
-Corruption; when people are corrupt they do things which are prohibited in the society.
This may result into violation of other people’s rights.
-Conflicts; this leads to wars in a country. When a country experiences wars people do not
enjoy their rights.
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-Selfishness; greed and lack of compassion lead to violation of human rights. E.g. thieves and
robbers.
-Culture: some elements of culture and religion lead to violation of human rights. E.g. in
some cultures girls are denied the right to education in preference to boys.
-Poor governance can also cause violation of human rights. E.g. a bad government cannot
buy medicines in hospital, cannot support education etc.
B. Explain the causes of obstacles to reporting human rights violation (4marks)
-Fear of victimization
-Lack of support and information
-Corruption
-Length of court procedure
-Culture
-poverty
-Repressive governments and lack of press freedom
CORRUPTION
-Corruption involves individuals or companies paying government officials to provide them
with favours of some kind. [2 marks]
Forms of corruption:
-Bribery involves offering a government official a gift of money or goods in return for a
favour. It includes paying a traffic officer not to give you charges when you are caught for a
traffic offence.
-Cronyism involves government officials doing favours for their friends.
-Nepotism involves government officials appointing their relatives in government posts,
even when they do not have the necessary qualifications or experience.
-Abuse and theft of government resources occurs when government officials use resources
such as cars, computers, and stationery supplied to them as part of their official duties to
run private businesses. Such abuse and theft are also called form of corruption [4 marks]
Effects of corruption
1. Poverty
-Corruption leads to government revenue ending up in the pockets of corrupt
officials and companies, instead of being available to spend on the development of
the country. Less money is available for social services to the people in need.
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2. Poor leadership
-Corrupt leaders and government officials are more intent on enriching themselves
than on ensuring effective management of government services.
3. Compromised standards
-Compromised standards mean that corrupt officials accept tenders for goods or services of
poor quality from companies in which they have a financial interest or which paid them
bribes.[4marks]
Types of budget:
1. Individual budget
-A plan on how an individual wants to spend his or her money
2. Family Budget
-Every family plans how to spend the money it earns. Usually, the father and mother plan
the expenditure for the family.
3. National budget
-A national budget show methods used by the government to raise money and plan for
spending it. Therefore a National budget is made of revenues and expenditure.
-Revenue is raised through taxes by the Zambia Revenue Authority (ZRA) [5 marks]
b. Challenges associated with budget
1. Tax evasion
-Tax evasion is a deliberate failure by an individual or company to pay legally due taxes.
2. Smuggling
-Smuggling is the importation or exportation of foreign products by illegal means.
-People smuggle things so as to evade customs duty, as well as the importation of
contraband (goods that are imported or exported illegally)
3. Corruption
-It affects and distorts the budget implementation process. Through the payment of bribes,
some individuals succeed in getting favorable treatment in their economic activities.
4. Fraud
-Sometimes, government money is stolen by those in charge of making payments.
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-They do this by making payments to companies which do not exist.
5. Control Measures
-Overspending the budget means that the government would not be able to meet all its
financial commitments.
-Under spending if the funds are not spent by the end of the fiscal year, the funds may no
longer be available when the ministry is able to carry on with the project later.
-Misspending could result in funds allocated for one purpose being wasted on unnecessary
expenses.
6. Donor dependency
-The Zambian budget is to a large extent dependent on donor aid.
-It is therefore ‘vulnerable to aid shocks’ if donors decided to withdraw funding. [5 marks]
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