TRANSLATION PROCEDURES
Complicated to fulfill the assignment for the Foundation of Translation Course
Compiled By:
1. Jenivia Arvi Syafa Azzahra 2311040046
2. Syafika Luthfi Mazida 2311040104
Supporting Lecturer:
Sri Suci Suryawati, M.Pd.
ENGLISH EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
TARBIYAH AND TEACHER TRAINING FACULTY
RADEN INTAN LAMPUNG STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY
1446 H/2025 M
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FOREWORD
All praise is due to Allah SWT for His blessings and mercy, which have enabled us
to complete this paper entitled “Translation Procedures” as part of the assignment
for the Foundation of Translation course.
We would like to express our deepest gratitude to Ms. Sri Suci Suryawati, M.Pd.,
as the lecturer of this course, for her continuous support, guidance, and valuable
input throughout the process. Her encouragement and willingness to provide
feedback during each stage of our work have been instrumental in helping us
understand the subject matter more deeply and organize our ideas effectively. We
truly appreciate her dedication to our academic growth and her efforts in fostering
a conducive learning environment.
We are fully aware that this paper is far from perfect, as there may still be limitations
in both content and presentation. Nonetheless, we have done our best to present the
material as clearly and accurately as possible, based on our knowledge and
references. We sincerely hope that this paper can offer valuable insights and
contribute positively to understanding grammatical and lexical features in the
context of translation, especially for fellow students at UIN Raden Intan Lampung
who are studying this field.
Bandar Lampung, 4 Mei 2025
Group 7
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TABLE OF CONTENT
FOREWORD .......................................................................................................... ii
TABLE OF CONTENT ......................................................................................... iii
CHAPTER I ............................................................................................................ 1
A. Background ................................................................................................. 1
B. Problem of formulation............................................................................... 2
C. Objective ..................................................................................................... 2
CHAPTER II .......................................................................................................... 3
A. Translation Procedures ............................................................................... 3
B. Translation Strategy .................................................................................... 6
C. Translation Method ..................................................................................... 7
CHAPTER III ....................................................................................................... 10
A. Conclusion ................................................................................................ 10
B. Suggestion................................................................................................. 10
REFERENCES ..................................................................................................... 11
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background
The translation is very important in today's global life. We can relate to the
outside world with the translation from the source language into the target
language. Different people with our language, it will be helped by the
translation. In addition, a variety of knowledge from different corners of the
world can we know with the translation. The translation is very important in all
areas of life. As we know, the language and the translation involves a fairly
complex linguistic system that must evolve and differ from one language to
another language. Because not all translators know the system prevailing in the
source language, it certainly makes its own difficulties for a translator to
translate.
In addition, the interpreter will face the problem again where the language is
also evolving and it emergence of word, phrases, idioms, ornew linguistic
system in a language system proses a problem of translation. It is clear that the
complixity and development of the language system proses a problem of
translation. However, there will not case entrouble if there is no alternative
solution. To overcome the difficulties mentioned above, we must first
understand the science of translation. After that when we will translet the
information of text from a source language into the target language, we have to
now and learn the language system prevailing in the source language as
uppropriate. Then as a translation, we were required to keep track of the
particular source language. That way atleast the difficulties and problem of
translation would be slightlye reduced. As mentioned earlier the translation is
important in any aspect of life was. However, sometimes translater is difficulties
due to the complexity of the system of a language. Those, a translation also need
to understand very well about it. If a translator has to have a good understanding
in dealing with problem of translation, the translation process will be easier.
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B. Problem of formulation
1. What is the translation procedure ?
2. What is the strategy and method of translation ?
C. Objective
1. To find out about translation procedure
2. To find out about translation strategy and method of translation
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CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
A. Translation Procedures
The translation procedures, as depicted by Nida (1964) are as follow:
1. Technical procedures
Analisis of the source language (SL) and target languages (TL), a
through study of the source language text before making attempts translate
it. Making judgments of the semantic and syntactic apporoximations.
2. Organizational procedures:
Constant reevaluation of the attempt made; contrasting it with the
existing available translations of the same text done by other translators, and
checking the text's communicative effectiveness by asking the target
language readers to evaluate its accuracy and effectiveness and studying
their reactions (pp. 246-47).
Translation Procedures that Newmark (1988b) propose:
1. Transference: it is the process of transferring an SL word to a TL text. It
includes transliteration and is the same as what Harvey (2000:5)
"transcription".
Example:
➤ Fudschijama (German) a Fujiyana (Indonesia)
➤ Serious (Inggris) a Serius (Indonesia)
2. Naturalization: It adapts the SL word first to the normal pronunciation, then
to the normal morphology of the TL. (Newmark, 1988b:82)
Example:
➤ Gear in Indonesia language is gir
➤ Bus in Indonesia language is bis
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3. Cultural Equivalent: It means replacing a cultural word in the SL wiyth a
TL one. However, "they are occurate (Newmark, 1988b:83) not
Example :
➤ Pajamas party (menginap bersama)
➤ Bachelor party (pesta sebelum pernikahan bersama)
4. Functional equivalent: This common procedure, applied to cultural words,
requires the use of a culturefree word, sometimes with a new specific term,
it therefore neutrlises or generalizes the SL word, and sometimes adds a
particular thus.
Example:
➤ Contractor' translated into Persian is 'Moghatekar'
➤ 'Common-law wife' (concubine) à selir
5. Descriptive equivalent: in this procedure the meaning of the SL is explained
in several words. (Newmark, 1988b:83)
Example:
➤ Panettone is the traditional cookies from Italy that we can eat in every
new year party.
➤ Lothek is the traditional foods from Java that's made by peanut sauce and
boiled vegetables.
6. Componential analysis: it means "comparing an SL word with a TL word
which has a similar meaning but is not an obvious one-to-one equivalent,
by demonstrating first their common and then their differing sense
components." (Newmark, 1988b:114)
Example :
➤ Clean air or fresh air which you can breath in.
➤ Sweet talk or nice words in talking.
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7. Synonymy: it is a "near TL equivalent."
Here economy trumps accuracy. (Newmark, 1988b:84)
Example :
➤ Right is have same meaning with true
➤ Handsome is have same meaning with goodlooking.
8. Through-translation: it is the literal translation of common collocations.
names of organizations and components of compounds. It can also be called:
calque or loan translation. (Newmark, 1988b:84)
Example:
➤ First Name in Indonesia language is nama depan
➤ Extra time in Indonesia language is tambahan waktu.
9. Shifts or transpositions: it involves a change in the grammar from SL to TL,
for instance, change from singular to plural, the change required when a
specific SL structure does not exist in the TL, change of an SL verb to a TL
word, change of an SL noun group to a TL noun and so forth. (Newmark,
1988b:86)
Example :
➤ There's a reason for life → Hay una razón para vivir
Contoh: (Ada alasan untuk menjalani hidup).
➤ It's getting dark → comienza a oscurecer
Contoh: (Sudah menjelang malam).
10. Modulation: it occurs when the translator reproduces the message of the
original text in the TL text in conformity with the current norms of the TL,
since the SL and the TL may appear dissimilar in terms of perspective.
(Newmark, 1988b:88)
Example:
➤Youre going to have a son = anda akan jadi ayah
➤ The baby was born premature = bayi itu lahir premature.
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11. Recognized translation: it occurs when the Contoh: translator "normally
uses the official or the generally accepted translation of any institutional
term." (Newmark, 1988b:89)
Example:
➤ United Kingdom = Britannia
➤ UNO PBB
12. Paraphrase: in this procedure, the meaning of the SL is explained. Here the
explanation is much more detailed than. Contoh: that of descriptive
equivalent. (Newmark, 1988b:91)
Example :
➤ Thanks giving= perayaan sebagai wujud rasa terimakasih, biasanya
dilakukan pada kamis terakhir di bulan November di negara Amerika.
➤ Halloween malam pada tanggal 31 oktober dimana anak anak memakai
kostum seram dan mengunjungi rumah rumah untuk mengumpulkan
permen.
13. Couplets: it occurs when the translator combines two different procedures.
(Newmark, 1988b:91)
Example :
➤ data (data) transference and naturalization
➤ menu (menu) naturalization. transference and
B. Translation Strategy
The translation strategy is the procedure used by translators to solve
translation problems. Therefore, the translation strategy starts from the
awareness of the problem by the translator and ends with the problem being
solved or realized that the problem cannot be solved at a certain point in time.
Lorscher (2005).
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Krings (1986) classifies translation strategies into:
a. Understanding strategies (comprehension), which include inferencing and
use of reference books.
b. Searching for equivalents (especially interlingual and intralingual
associations)
c. Equivalent examinations (such as comparing language texts) source and
target language text).
d. Decision making (choosing between two matching solutions).
e. Reduction (for example to a portion of text that is specific or metaphorical).
Gerloff (1986) also gives almost the same classification that the translation
strategy consists of categories:
a. Problem identification.
b. Linguistic analysis.
c. Information retrieval and storage.
d. Search and election information.
e. Drawing conclusions on content text and decision making.
f. Text contextualization.
g. Task monitoring.
C. Translation Method
1. Word for word translation
Word for word translation is a type of translation gthat is basically
stillvery tied to the word level
Example:
➤ Look little guy you all shouldn't be doing that.
➤ Liat kecil anak, kamu semua harus tidak melakukan itu.
2. Literal Translation
The SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL
equivalents but the lexical words are again translated singly, out of context.
As a pre-translation process, this indicates the problems to be solved.
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Example:
➤ the sooner or the later the weather will change
➤ lebih cepat atau lebih lambat cuaca akan berubah
3. Free Translation
Free Translation is a translation that is always bound by a system of
linguistics.
Example:
➤ The flowers in the garden
➤ Bunga-bunga yang tumbuh dikebun.
4. Semantic translation
Semantic translation is the process of using semantic information to
aid in the translation of data model to another representation or data model.
Example:
➤ He is a book-worm
(Dia laki-laki adalah orang yang suka sekali membaca)
5. Communicative translation
Communicative translation seeks to translate contextual meanings
in the text of the source language, both aspects of language and aspects of
its contents so that they can be accepted and undrestood by the reader.
Example:
➤ Awas anjing galak!
It can translate become: (beware of the dog!, then beware of the vicious
dog!)
➤ I would admit a i am wrong
(Saya mau mengakui bahwa saya salah)
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6. Idiomatic translation
Idiomatic translation uses the natural form in the target language text
according to their grammatical construction and lexical choices.
Example:
➤ You look cheery mood
(Kamu terlihat ceria)
7. Adaptive translation
This is the freest form of translation mainly used for plays and
poerty: themes/ characters/ plots preserved source language culture
converted to target language culture and text is rewritten.
8. Faithful translation
In faithful translation, the translator seeks to reproduce the
contextual meaning of the original text within the boundaries of the
grammatical structure of the target text.
Example:
➤ Ben is too well aware that he is naughty
(Ben menyadari terlalu baik bahwa ia nakal)
➤ I have quite a few friends
(Saya mempunyai sama sekali tidak banyak teman)
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CHAPTER III
CLOSING
A. Conclusion
Translation procedure is a series of activities, tasks, steps, or
processes which are carried out through a series of translation jobs, translation
is very important in today's global life. We can relate to the outside world with
the translation from the source language into the target language. Different
people with our language will be helped by the translation. In addition, a variety
of knowledge from different corners of the world can we know with translation.
The translation is very important in all areas of life.
B. Suggestion
The translation is essential for today's global life. However, the
translation process often faces several difficulties. For that, we need to deepen
our knowledge in translation and of course, we need to know and understand
the language system prevailing in the source language.
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REFERENCES
Newmark. Peter. (1998). A textbook of translation. China: Shangai Foreign
Languages Education Pres
http://kitapembelajar.blogspot.com/2016/04/prosedur-penerjemahan-dan-
contohnya.html
https://binekabayu.blogspot.com/2015/01/example-of-translation-
procedure.html?m=1
http://ayun-1677.blogspot.com/2014/12/translation-procedures-by-
newmark.html?m=1
https://translationjournal.net/journal/41culture.htm
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