Developmental Psychology: even decline through C.

Non-normative Life
Child Psychology - the start of different stages. Influences: Unusual and
development. It is also where the personal based experiences.
most rapid changes occur. 3. Multidimensional Could be sharing an age and
Adult Psychology - changes are still 3 Domains of Development: history with our peers and
there but minimal. a. Physical Development: more also unique experiences may
on the body, brain, sensory shape our development.
capacities, motor skills and
The Study Of Human also health. Cohort: Born at the same period in a
Development: particular society, which travels
- It is a scientific study of b. Cognitive Development: through life and experiences similar
systematic processes of About learning, attention, circumstances.
change and stability memory, language, thinking,
- Wherein there are various reasoning, and even Underlying processes of
creativity.
ways of changes. development:
- The focus is to explain the A. Maturation, growth and
changes in the c. Psychosocial Development:
aging
characteristics. More on emotions,
- Dominant and observable
- To predict and understand personality, and building
changes.
human behavior from and maintaining social
- Genetic factors; normal
conception to death (womb relationships.
development (body).
to tomb). - Body and organ changes
- Universal and stages of 4. Multidisciplinary
take place in an orderly
development. - Various topics, different
pattern.
theories and research
- Subprocesses: growth and
methods based on the
Basic Issues in aging.
development.
Developmental Psychology: - Academic disciplines
1. Nature VS Nurture contribute data. Developmental Trends:
Is it inherited or influenced by the 1. Proximodistal Trend
environment? Center or midline; body to periphery.
5. Plasticity
- Means the ability to learn Proxim means close and distal means
2. Early and Later Experience
from experience and how it far away. Growth especially on the
Whether personality traits that are
can recover and can change. limbs which helps to develop fine
present at birth remain constant or
change throughout the life span motor skills. It is in outward motion.
(Stability-Change Issue). 6. Multicontextual 2. Cephalocaudal Trend
A. Normative Age-graded Cephalo means head. It is the axis or
3. Continuity VS Discontinuity Influence: Biological and increased growth from head towards
Continuity refers to the view that environmental factors that the toe.
development is a gradual, continuous have a strong correlation
process. Discontinuity refers to the with chronological age
view that development occurs in a (puberty, menopause) or
series of distinct stages. age-based social practices
(beginning school or
Paul Baltes Life-span Development entering retirement).
1. Lifelong
- Extending which means there B. Normative History-graded
is no end point in Influence: Vast and long
development and change is term in nature which shapes
apparent (evident). the experiences. Those
influences within the life B. Differentiation and
2. Multidirectional course that are correlated Integration
- Shows gains and losses. with historical time and are a. Differentiation:
- It is unpredictable. There experienced by the majority - Different words that a child
may be no change, stagnant of a culture. might learn.
in nature, may grow and - General to specific, simple to
complex.
 - Differences in - Roots back to ‘good’ kapag
b. Integration: characteristics, magkakasama, bigger
- Combining parts to work influences, or network = increase problems.
together to form a whole. developmental
outcomes. 2. Mechanistic Model (inactive)
C. Learning 2. Heredity - machines
1. Learning by association: - Inborn traits - Predictable to change.
interrelated or connected. generation to - Development is a series of
2. Instrumental Learning: generation. predictable responses to
rewards and punishment - Inherited from stimuli.
based on the elicited biological parents.
behavior. 3. Environment John Locke - blank slate when born
3. Observation and Imitation - Totality of - Tabula Rasa
4. Formal teaching nonhereditary or - Input ->
experiential - Born > no identity >
D. Socialization or influences on environment
Developmental Socialization development.
1. A lifelong process of Theoretical Perspectives
inheriting and disseminating Theory and Research in 1. Psychoanalytic
norms, customs, values, and
Developmental Psychology: - Unconscious emotions and
ideologies. drives
Theory - coherent set of logically
2. Individual with the skills and - Sigmund Freud
related concepts that seeks to
habits necessary. - Topographical and provinces
organize explanation and predict
data. of the mind.
E. Interaction between various - Psychosexual stages
- It is testable to become a
process - Biological in nature
law.
- It is fact-based, yet an - Relies on
The Three Domains of educated guess (hunch). unconsciousness.
Development: - It is science in nature.
A. Physical Development
- The most evident. Hypothesis - possible explanations
- “relates to the growth and used to predict the outcome for
skill of development in the research.
body, including the brain, - There are variables which
muscles, and senses.” can support the research.

B. Cognitive Development
Constitutes a Theory:
- “how children think, explore
1. Describes a behavior Phallus - pointed figure
and figure things out.”
2. Must have evidence Oedipus Complex - opposite gender
- “development of knowledge,
3. Make predictions parents are rivals.
skills, problem solving and
4. Testable Clitoris called by Freud as a stunted
dispositions.”
penis.
Is development active or Human development is shaped by
C. Psychosocial Development
unconscious forces.
- Behavioral patterns and reactive?
environmental aspects. 1. Organismic Model (active)
2. Behaviorism/Learning
- Emotions, feelings, and - Development is internally
- Changes from behavior.
behavior. initiated by an organism and
- Science of observable
- “how a person's personality occurs in a sequence
develops, and how social behavior.
(qualitatively different
skills are learned from - John B. Watson (founder)
stages).
infancy through adulthood.”
- Human nature is good
B.F. Skinner
- Own development in motion
Influences in Development: - Operant Conditioning
- Strays from own world.
- Reinforcement/punishment
1. Individual differences
- Uniqueness related Jean-Jacques Rousseau - children
3. Cognitive
to personality are noble savages.
- Different thought processes
 - Jean Piaget - Larger than a sperm.
- Cognitive Revolution Sperm
- Mental processes - Head contains chromatic
- Cognitive Development (mixture of protein and
DNA).
- Protective barrier is called an
acrosome.

Concept of Twins
1. Monozygotic Twins
(Identical)
- Results from the cleaning of
Sociocultural theory one fertilized egg and
4. Contextual
generally genetically
- Urie Bronfenbrenner
Zone Proximal Development identical.
- Development can be
and Scaffolding 2. Dizygotic Twins (Fraternal)
understood only in its social
- 2 separate eggs being
context.
5. Evolutionary Sociobiological fertilized by 2 different
- Bioecological theory
- E.O Wilson (Edward) sperm to form unique
(environmental influence)
- Explain adaptive or survive individuals.
value of behavior for an
individual or species. Chance of having twins:
- Evolutionary and biological 1. Genetics
basis of behavior. 2. Age - older
- Natural selection; survival of 3. Height - at least 5’7
the fittest. 4. Weight - obese

Fertilization Genetic Codes

- Conception Sequence of bases within the DNA
- Sperm meets the ovum molecule. Governs the formation of
Biological Systems Theory - Produces zygote; one-celled proteins that determine the structure
● Microsystem - everyday organism. and functions of living cells.
environment - From fallopian down to the
● Mesosystem - interacting uterus. 1. DNA
various microsystems. Gametes The double-helix structure of a DNA
● Exosystem - interactions molecule resembles a long, spiraling
- Sex Cells
between a microsystem and ladder whose steps are made of pairs
- Egg Cells and Sperm Cell
an outside system or of chemical units called bases.
- Egg Cell is also known as
institution.
ova, ovum, and oocytes.
● Macrosystem - overarching 2. Chromosome
cultural patterns. Coils of DNA that consist of smaller
Haploid Cells - one carries of each
● Chronosystem - how each segments called genes, the functional
chromosome.
system interacts: adds the units of heredity. The complete
dimension of time. sequence of genes in the human body
Egg Cell
- Specific quantity constitutes the human genome.
Lev Vygotsky
- Production of egg begins at
birth Hereditary
- Human’s Composition of
largest the Zygote:
cell (a) Body cells of
- 1-2 women and men
million contain 23 pairs
cells of chromosomes,
- Made by which carry the
ovaries, which have a genes, the basic
mitochondria vital for units of
development. inheritance. (b)
Each sex cell (ovum and sperm) has Pattern of inheritance in which In humans, the Y chromosome is
only 23 single chromosomes because multiple genes at different sites on smaller and carries far fewer genes
of a special kind of cell division chromosomes affect a complex trait. than the X chromosome. One
(meiosis). (c) At fertilization, the 23 outcome of this is that males receive
chromosomes from the sperm join the Dominant or Recessive only one copy of any gene that
23 from the ovum so that the zygote happens to be carried on the sex
Inheritance of Defects:
receives 46 chromosomes, or 23 chromosomes, whereas females
In incomplete dominance, a trait is
pairs. receive two copies. So, if a woman has
not fully expressed. Pattern of
a “bad” copy of a particular gene,
inheritance in which a child receives
What determines sex? two different alleles, resulting in
she has a backup copy. However, if a
At the moment of conception, the 23 male has a “bad” copy of a particular
partial expression of a trait.
chromosomes from the sperm and the gene, that gene will be expressed.
- Recessive defects are
23 from the ovum form 23 pairs. expressed only if the child is
Twenty-two pairs are autosomes, homozygous for that gene; in Chromosomal
chromosomes that are not related to other words, a child must Abnormalities
sexual expression. The twenty-third inherit a copy of the Chromosomal abnormalities typically
pair are sex chromosomes —one from recessive gene from each occur because
the father and one from the parent. of errors in cell division, resulting in
mother—that govern the baby’s sex. - Defects transmitted by an extra or missing chromosome.
recessive genes tend to be
autosomes lethal at an earlier age, in
In humans, the 22 pairs of contrast to those transmitted
chromosomes are not related to by dominant genes, because
sexual expression. recessive genes can be
transmitted by heterozygous
sex chromosomes carriers who do not
Pair of chromosomes that determines themselves have the Down syndrome
sex: XX in the normal human female, disorder. Thus they are able The most common chromosomal
XY in the normal human male. to reproduce and pass the abnormality, accounts for about 40
genes down to the next percent of all cases of
alleles generation. moderate-to-severe mental
Two or more alternative forms of a
retardation.
gene that occupy the same position
on paired chromosomes and affect
the same trait. Some Birth Defects:
1. Tay-Sachs Disease
homozygous - Rare
Possessing two identical alleles for a - Parent to child
trait. - Toxic levels from spine to the
brain
heterozygous - 3 to 6 months
Possessing differing alleles for a trait. - Absence of an enzyme
(breakdown fatty
dominant inheritance substances)
Pattern of inheritance in which, when - Hexagene in both parents
a child receives different alleles, only - Jewish communities
2. Sickle Cell Anemia
the dominant one is expressed.
- Shape of blood cells which
carries oxygen to all parts of
recessive inheritance
Pattern of inheritance in which a child Sex-linked Inheritance of the body.
3. Diabetes
receives identical recessive alleles, Defects
- Not enough insulin
resulting in expression of a Pattern of inheritance in which certain
- 2 types: autoimmune and
nondominant trait. characteristics carried on the X
common type.
chromosome inherited from the 4. Chromosomal abnormalities:
polygenic inheritance mother are transmitted differently to - Down Syndrome
her male and female offspring. - Mosaic Down Syndrome
 - Translocation Down - Extra Y karyotype
Syndrome - Lives a normal life
- Too much height, problems
Chromosomal in learning and speech.
- Weak muscle bone
Abnormalities
(hypotonia), delay motor
and speech skills.
- Could fall under Autistic
Spectrum Disorder

Hypotelorism
- Abnormal decreased
distance between 2 organs
or body parts.

1. Klinefelter Syndrome (XXY)

- Extra X: physical
abnormalities. Anophthalmia
- Abnormal cell division - One is closed or none at all.
- Problems in testosterone, Microphthalmia
small testicles, low - One small organ and one
testosterone 4. Edward Syndrome (Trisomy big organ.
- Thin hair, fragile bones, 18)
enlarged breast, no cure. - Small: heart defects Prenatal Diagnostic Tests
- Microcephaly: small head 1. Ultrasound Sonography
Testosterone - Small jaw; clenches and - Frequency sound waves for
- Primary male hormone overlapping fist and fingers pregnant women.
- Sex drive and vital role for (webbed). - Thyroid problems
sperm production.
2. Fetal MRI
- Detailed imaging of a
developing fetus.
- Fast sequences are required
due to fetal movement.

3. Chorionic Villus Sampling

- Cervical and abdominal
- Sample of placenta is
extracted
- Seek genetic abnormalities

4. Amniocentesis
5. Patau Syndrome (Trisomy
- Sample of amniotic fluid
13)
2. Turner Syndrome (XO)45 extracted by a syringe.
- Abnormal cell division
- Absence of another X - Tested from chromosomal
- Microcephaly
chromosome and metabolic disorders.
- Constricted
- Small in height, think neck.
- Intellectual/motor
- Underdeveloped Amniotic Fluid - protects fetus from
disabilities
reproductive system. injury and inflection.
- Abnormal or no menstrual
cycle; can’t bear a child. 5. Noninvasive Prenatal
Diagnosis (NPD)
3. Jacob’s Syndrome (XYY) - Blood sample
 - Alternative to amniocentesis Immediate Treatment and
and CVS. Outcomes:
Low-Birth-Weight Baby
6. In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) Isolette - an antiseptic,
- Laboratory dish (gametes) temperature-controlled crib where
- 26-30 years of age (ideal) babies are fed through tubes.

Birth and Physical Development Kangaroo Care - a method of Grasp Development

in Early Childhood skin-to-skin contact in which a
Postpartum Period newborn is laid face down between
(puerperium/postnatal) the time after the mother’s breasts for an hour or so
giving birth that lasts for about six at a time after birth.
weeks, or until the mother's body has
fully adjusted. Postmaturity
A fetus not yet born as of 2 weeks
Physical Adjustments After delivery, a after the due date or 42 weeks after
mother’s body undergoes sudden and the mother’s last menstrual period.
dramatic changes in hormone Hand Control
production. Breast-feeding (chestfeeding) 1. Ulnar Palmar Grasp
● Involution is the process by one of the most effective ways to - 4 months
which the uterus returns to its ensure child health and survival. - wrapping one or two of her
prepregnant size five or six - Ultimate Health Food fingers, excluding the thumb.
2. Palmar Grasp
weeks after birth.
Sensory Capacities infants make a - 5 months
Emotional And Psychological fairly good sense of what they touch, - a full-hand grasp where your
see, smell, taste, and hear. baby has a little more
Adjustments
control of the object,
● Baby Blues begin within the
excluding the thumb.
first 2 to 3 days after Early Sensory Capacities
3. Radial Palmar Grasp
delivery up to 2 weeks. ● Touch first sense to develop.
- 6 months
Symptoms: ● Pain highly sensitive to pain.
- the baby will start using her
● Mood changes/swings ● Vision most poorly
thumb to help hold an object
● Anxiety developed sense at birth with
in her hand.
● Sadness visual acuity of 20/400. 4. Raking Grasp
● Sensitivity ● Hearing ability to hear is - 7-9 months
● Overwhelmed evident as soon as the 7th - reach out and move her arm
● Crying month of prenatal in a raking motion to try to
● Diminished ability to focus development. pull it closer and grab.
● Appetite issues ● Taste can distinguish sour, 5. Pincer Grasp
● Inability to sleep bitter, sweet, and salty - 10 months
flavors and show a - uses the tips of her thumb
● Postpartum depression preference for sweet flavors. and index finger to pick up
which involves a major ● Smell Newborns also prefer and hold objects.
depressive episode that the smell of their mothers. 6. Beginning To Build And Draw
typically occurs about four
- 12-18 months
weeks after delivery. Milestones Of Motor Dev’t - start to twist and turn her
Symptoms: Systems of Action hands and wrists to
● Depressed mood or severe Complex combinations of motor manipulate objects.
mood swings skills, which permit a wider or more 7. Refining Movements
● Crying too much precise range of movement and more - 19-24 Months
● Difficulty bonding with your control of the environment. - can imitate line drawings
baby - stack more blocks, line up
● Withdrawing from family Denver Developmental Screening Test objects.
and friends II (DDST) is used to screen children’s 8. Mastering Grip
● Loss of appetite or eating development - 25-36 months
much more than usual Four areas: Fine motor, Gross motor, - more fine motor
● Inability to sleep Personal-social and Language. improvements
- toddler refines her
 - hand, finger, and wrist Cognitive Development During
movements. The First Three Years: How Language Develops?
Infant Memory infants can recall Frederick II 13TH Century Emperor;
Head Control their own mother’s face and Natural Language.
Lying on their backs: head side to distinguish it from the face of a
side. stranger. Recognizing Language Sounds:
Lying chest down: can lift their heads Schemas These are actions or mental Babbling and Other Vocalization
enough to turn them. representations that organize 1. Crying - babies cry to tell
knowledge. you their needs.
Locomotion a. Assimilation -within Hunger cry: Newborns during their
After 3 months = Begin to roll over. Piagetian theory, this is the first 3 months of life need to be fed
6 months - can sit without support. process of taking new every couple of hours.
information into existing Colic: During the first month after
Motor Development & Perception knowledge structures. birth, about 1 in 5 newborns may cry
Sensory perception newborns can b. Accommodation - this is the because of colic pain.
learn more about their surroundings revision of older knowledge Sleep Cry: May face trouble falling
and themselves, which helps them to structures to take account of asleep when they are sick or if there
make more informed decisions about new information. are any changes in their routine.
how to navigate them. 2. Cooing - baby's way of
What Attracts The Attention Of finding their voice. “Ohh”,
Visual Guidance the use of the eyes to Babies? They prefer red and blue and “ahh”, and “coo”.
guide the movement of the hands. purple to greens and yellows. 3. Babbling - they produce
strings of consonant-vowel
Depth Perception the ability to Measures of Infant Development combinations “ba, ba,ba”
perceive objects and surfaces in three Arnold Gesell
dimensions. “If we use effective tools the child Socioemotional Development in
reveals himself to all who will stop Infancy: Early Emotions
Ecological Theory Of Perception and listen to what he says and
who with seeing eyes will watch 1. Primary Emotions are
by: James and Eleanor Gibson emotions that are present in
what he does.”
The development of locomotion in humans and other animals
infants is contingent upon their in the first 6 months of life.
Gesell Developmental Observation-
heightened sensitivity to the dynamic - Fear, Disgust, Anger,
Revised (GDO-R) multifaceted
interplay between their evolving Sadness, Happiness,
evaluation comprehend how a child
physical attributes and the novel and and Surprise.
behaves in regard to normal
diverse features of their surroundings. 2. Second Emotions or
developmental patterns.
Self-Conscious Emotions
- Ages 2 ½ to 9 years old.
Richard Walk and Eleanor Gibson require self-awareness that
(1961) involves consciousness and a
Five Strands/Domains
6-month-old babies were seated on sense of me.
1. Developmental
top of a plexiglass tabletop.
2. Letter/Numbers
Temperament Styles
3. Language/Comprehension
Visual Cliff is a steep drop down to Chess and Thomas’ Classification
4. Visual/Spatial
the floor. 1. Easy Child - predominantly
5. Social-Emotional/Adaptive
pleasant emotional state,
“Learning to learn” is an outcome of promptly establish
Nancy Bayley
both perception and action. consistent patterns of
American psychologist; Interested in
behavior.
teaching, she eventually gained
Dynamic Systems Theory (Dst) interest in psychology. Examined the
2. Difficult Child - exhibits a
by: Esther Thelen development of cognitive and motor tendency to respond in a
The theory claims that motor functions in children. negative manner and
development is a dynamic displays frequent episodes
phenomenon characterized by the The Bayley-III Cognitive Scale of crying.
active coordination of several systems Ages 1- 42 months 3. Slow-to-warm-up Child -
within the newborn, in conjunction Three main subtests: Exhibits a diminished
with the surrounding environment. Cognitive Scale amount of physical activity,
Language Scale demonstrates a moderately
Motor Scale pessimistic outlook, and
 manifests a reduced degree Show no obvious sign of distress - Authoritative parenting style is
of emotional intensity. during the separation episodes and characterized by the establishment of
show avoidance of proximity upon the norms and the implementation of
Therefore, parenting is bidirectional. parent’s reunion. consequences, while simultaneously
considering the perspectives and
Conceptualization of Attachment: 3. Insecure Resistant Babies Little opinions of their children.
John Bowlby exploration, great separation anxiety, - The parents acknowledge and
“Lasting psychological connectedness and an ambivalent response to the affirm the emotional experiences of
between human beings." mother upon her return. their children, while also establishing
Don't play or explore when their their authority as the primary decision
1. Pre-attachment phase (Birth
mother is there and are clingy to her. makers.
to 6 Weeks)
When the mother departs, they are
At this time, babies naturally do
upset, and when she comes back, they 3. Permissive
things like cry and smile to get the
alternate between clutching and - Permissive parents may take
attention and response of a caregiver,
resentful opposition. satisfaction in assuming the role of
but they don't have a favorite
their child's closest companion. The
caregiver.
4. Insecure Disorganized Babies Little parents exhibit a kind and loving
2. Attachment-in-the-Making
exploration, and a confused response demeanor, fostering an environment
(6 Weeks to 7 Months)
to the mother. of open communication.
Babies start to trust the people who
These babies might look confused, - Parents demonstrate active
take care of their needs during this
scared, or lost. For babies to be engagement in promoting the
time.
considered disorganized, they must emotional wellbeing of their children.
3. Clear-Cut Attachment (7 to
24 Months) either avoid and fight things in strong - Permissive parents tend to assume
patterns or show certain behaviors, a friendlier role rather than a
Infants need to be close to their
like being very scared around the parental function.
caretakers all the time and may act
caretaker. - Parents frequently promote open
up when they are separated, doing
communication with their children on
things like "clinging" and "following."
Diana Baumrind’s : The Four their concerns, although they typically
Types of Parenting Styles exhibit less commitment towards
Attachment Styles in Infants:
Mary Ainsworth’s Strange Situation 1. Authoritarian avoiding unfavorable decisions or
● Stage 1 – Mother and child - Authoritarian parenting is inappropriate conduct.
enter the playroom. characterized by the implementation
of strict rules, increased expectations, 4. Uninvolved/Neglectful
● Stage 2 – The child is
and disciplinary measures in order to - Parents who are not actively
encouraged to explore.
govern the child's conduct. engaged in their children's upbringing
● Stage 3 – Stranger enters
- Authoritarian parents exhibit a have the expectation that their
and attempts to interact.
tendency to hold elevated standards children will assume responsibility for
● Stage 4 – Mothers leaves
for their children and display limited their own upbringing.
while the stranger is present
adaptability in their enforcement. The - There is a lack of significant
● Stage 5 – Mother enters and
youngsters may remain unaware of investment in addressing the
the stranger leaves
the existence of a rule until they fundamental requirements of
● Stage 6 – Mothers leaves
experience disciplinary consequences children.
● Stage 7 – Stranger returns
for violating it. - The phenomenon of uninvolved
● Stage 8 – Mother returns
- Authoritarian parents can choose parenting can be characterized by a
and interacts with the child.
punitive measures in place of lack of parental engagement,
employing disciplinary strategies. although it is important to note that
Four Attachment Styles In Infants:
- Instead of instructing children on this behavior is not always deliberate
1. Securely Attached Babies Free
how to improve their decision-making or intentional.
exploration, and happiness upon the
skills, the focus lies on fostering
mother’s return.
remorse for their errors. Adolescence 13-17 years old
When the mother of a securely
Puberty rapid physical development.
attached baby leaves the room, the
2. Authoritative Primary Characteristics and
baby becomes visibly distressed and
- The authoritative parenting style is Secondary Characteristics:
cries or searches for her.
widely regarded as the most effective
one due to its ability to balance
2. Insecure Avoidant Babies Little
warmth and flexibility, while
exploration, and little emotional
simultaneously establishing parental
response to the mother.
authority.
Age Range: - T. pallidum bacteria Reasons why adolescents tend to
Female - 10-14 years old - Bacteria spreads between engage with risky behaviors.
Male - 12-16 years old people through direct 1. Imaginary Audience
contact with syphilitic sore. conviction that their own
Menarche first menstruation - Fever due to infection, interest is the same as
- Light cramps/blood flow swollen lymph nodes, sore everyone else’s;
- Mood changes or irritability throat, patch hair loss, hyperfocused on themselves.
- No ovulation yet headaches, weight loss, 2. Personal Fable deals with
muscle aches, and fatigue. the feeling of individuality
Precocious Puberty brain signals - Penicillin (intravenously) and invincibility.
puberty too early. - One shot (if had less than a
- Quick onset and year) Dual-Process Model
development of puberty. - 3x a week, for a year. Klacyznski 2001, Reyna and Farley
- Female: 8 y.o, Male: 9 y.o 2006.
- Hormonal imbalance; 3. Gonorrhea - 2 system
nothing serious, not an - Neisseria gonorrhoeae a. Analytical System
illness. bacterium b. Experiential System
- Fast Food (one of the - Watery, creamy, greenish - Decision-making (impact)
factors) discharge
- Pain or burning sensation Forming an Identity
Timing of Adolescent Sexual while urinating. James Marcia
Behaviors - Urinate more frequently
Identity Status Theory
Early Sexually Intimate Behavior - Heavier periods or spotting
- Crisis and commitment
- Alcohol use - 500mg Intramuscular
Crisis - period of identity
- Early menarche ceftriaxone.
development during which the
- Poor parent-child individual is exploring alternatives.
communication -> sex 4. Chlamydia
Commitment - confident in choices,
- STI; men and women
education. personal investment in identity.
Risk Factors: - Cervix, rectum, and throat.
● Unintended or unwanted - Curable; antibiotics
pregnancy - Detrimental effects: damage Four Distinct Stages:
● Sexually Transmitted to reproductive organ, and 1. Identity Diffusion
Infection being susceptible to - Not exploring; not yet
- Contracted miscarriage. experienced a crisis or made
primarily through: - Pain when urinating, unusual any commitments.
a. Sexual contact discharge, pain in the 2. Identity Foreclosure
b. Oral-genital contact tummy/pelvis, pain during - Commitment but not crisis;
c. Anal genital contact sex and blood after. no alternatives.
- 95% are cured. 3. Identity Moratorium
Infections - Going through a crisis but no
1. Human Immunodeficiency 5. Herpes commitments, only vague
Virus (HIV) - Skin to skin contact ones.
- Virus; targets the immune - Blisters 4. Identity Achievement
system. - Undergone the crisis and
- Results to AIDS (Acquired Prevention made a commitment.
Immunodeficiency - Abstinence
Syndrome) if not treated. - Vaccination Emerging Adulthood
Stage 1: Acute HIV Infection - Reduce partners - Peak of physiological
- Fever, chills, rashes, night - Monogamy development.
sweats, muscle aches, sore - Use condoms - 18-25 years old.
throat, fatigue, and swollen (contraceptives) - Experimentation,
lymph nodes. exploration.
- Cannot be cured; can be Adolescent Pregnancy
managed with medication. 8.6% (2017) to 5.4% (2022) Key Features: Jeffrey Arnett
- 6 months; virus under ● Identity Exploration - key
control. (CDC&P) David Elkind changes in identity take
Adolescent Egocentrism place.
2. Syphilis
 ● Instability - residential
changes during early
adulthood.
● Self-focused - sense that
they have little in the way of
social obligations.
● Feeling in-between - don’t
consider themselves as
adolescent or full-pledged
adults.
● The Age of Possibilities - a
time of opportunity to
transform their lives.

Substance Abuse
Addiction pattern by an involvement
with a drug and securing its supply.
Binge Drinking chronic binge
drinking, more common with college
men than women who live away from
home.

Alcoholism long term

Realistic/Pragmatic Thinking
changes in thinking.

Reflective and Relativistic

Thinking view the world in terms of
polarities.
- Right or wrong, good or bad.

Consensual Validation agreement

of two or more perspectives on reality.

Matching Hypothesis choose who

match our own level of attractiveness.