1.

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

1.1. Understanding Artificial Intelligence (AI): From Past to Present

Look at this picture of Taj Mahal. It is not taken from any picture gallery or clicked
by a tourist. This picture is generated by an AI powered image generator available
freely on craiyon.com. Websites like ChatGPT, Google’s Gemini, chatbots like
Siri, Cortana and many others available in all the apps we access are powered by
AI. They have become so much a part that we do not realise that we are actually
being helped by machines and not humans.

The term Artificial means an imitation or reproduction of the original that is

created by humans. Intelligence as you know is learning, reasoning,
understanding, and solving problems. Artificial Intelligence, often abbreviated as
AI, refers to the ability of machines or computer systems to perform tasks that
typically require human intelligence. This includes learning from experience,
adapting to new information, reasoning, and problem-solving. Like us machines have started learning on
their own and even recognising emotions! So how are they doing it? Does that mean they can replace
humans one day?

1.2. What is Artificial Intelligence?

Of course not, Computers, Robots even those who look like us can never
replace humans. Artificial Intelligence, the field of computer science is a
genius idea of human mind. It is aimed at developing machines that are
intelligent enough to do specific tasks that would usually be considered
wise enough to be done only by humans. It enables machines to process
large amounts of data, recognize patterns, make decisions, and understand
and respond to human language. These machines are designed to mimic
certain aspects of human intelligence, allowing them to perform tasks
efficiently and accurately.

Artificial Intelligence allows machines to think, learn, and act like humans.
The mental activities a human brain does like reasoning, analysing, making
connections through experiences, senses and thinking is called cognition.
Cognitive processes are functions of out brain that are used together to develop knowledge and
understanding or in other words learn. AI tries to simulate some of these human cognitive functions,
leading to advancements in various fields such as robotics, healthcare, finance, and entertainment.

1.3. History and Evolution of Artificial

Intelligence
A. List any 3 ways in which machines
have changed our daily lives Though AI looks like a cool new generation
invention, its foundation was laid many decades
1. ________________________
ago. In our imagination through Sci-fi movies and
________________________ books and in reality, through small scientific
2. ________________________ breakthroughs by genius scientists.
________________________
3. ________________________ Year 1943: The first work now recognised as AI was
________________________ done by Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts in
1943. They proposed a model of artificial neurons.
The year 1950: Alan Turing was an English mathematician who pioneered Machine learning in 1950. Alan
Turing published "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" in which he proposed a test. The test can check
the machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behaviour equivalent to human intelligence, called the Turing
test.

In 1955, Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon created the "first artificial intelligence program", Logic Theorist.
This program proved 38 of 52 Mathematics theorems and found new and more elegant proofs for some
theorems.

1956, Computer scientist John McCarthy coined the term "Artificial Intelligence" at the Dartmouth
Conference in 1956.

1964 to 1967 - ELIZA (First Chatbot) is an early natural language processing computer program developed
by Joseph Weizenbaum at MIT.

Year 1972: The first intelligent humanoid robot, WABOT -1, was built in Japan. It could communicate with a
person in Japanese and measure distances and directions to objects using external receptors, artificial
ears and eyes, and an artificial mouth.

Year 1997: One such success story is that of IBM's Deep Blue, a supercomputer that defeated chess
grandmaster Garry Kasparov in 1997. This victory showcased AI's potential for complex problem-solving.

2006: AI entered the Business world in 2006. Companies like Facebook, Twitter, and Netflix also started
using AI.

Year 2011: In 2011, IBM's Watson won Jeopardy, a quiz show, where it had to solve complex questions and
riddles. Watson proved they could understand natural language and solve tricky questions quickly.
In 2012, Google launched an Android app feature called Google Now, which could provide information to
the user as a prediction.

2014: Chatbot "Eugene Goostman" won a competition in the infamous "Turing test."

Year 2018: The "Project Debater" from IBM debated complex topics with two master debaters and
performed well. Google has demonstrated an AI program called "Duplex," a virtual assistant, that had taken
a hairdresser appointment on call, and the lady on the other side didn't notice that she was talking with the
machine. The future of Artificial Intelligence is inspiring and will come with high intelligence

Year 2020: Open AI launched the beta version of ChatGPT that uses deep learning to create stories, poems,
write codes and perform logical, language and writing tasks. Several AI image creators and content
generators have emerged revolutionising the way we work and learn!

1.4. Pioneers of AI

Turing Test: The story of AI is incomplete without the groundbreaking

Turing test. A brilliant mathematician and logician named Alan Turing is
famous for his work during World War II. He played a crucial role in
breaking the German Enigma code, secret codes used by enemy forces.
Turing also explored creating machines that could mimic human
thought processes.

The Turing Test tests a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behaviour

equivalent to a human. In the test, an evaluator engages in a natural
language conversation with a human and a machine, without knowing
which is which. If the evaluator cannot distinguish between the two
reliably, the machine is said to have passed the Turing Test.

AI and John McCarthy: John McCarthy is recognized as the father of Artificial Intelligence due to his
astounding contribution to Computer Science and AI. In the mid-1950s, McCarthy coined the term
“Artificial Intelligence,” defined as “the science and engineering of making intelligent machines.” Alan
Turing, Allen Newell, Herbert A. Simon, John McCarthy, and Marvin Minsky are pioneers of AI. Turing
developed the concept of the Turing machine; Newell and Simon created the General Problem Solver;
McCarthy coined "artificial intelligence" and invented Lisp; Minsky co-founded the MIT AI Lab, contributing
extensively to AI theory.

B. make a list of 5 questions you would want to ask an expert who works in the field
of artificial intelligence about the Turning test.
1. ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
4. ________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
5. __________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
1.5. Types of Artificial Intelligence

We have witnessed AI being used in such a variety of tasks. Earlier we said AI helps us do specific tasks as
well as mimic human intelligence. Based on its functions we can categorise AI into Artificial Narrow
Intelligence (ANI), Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) and Artificial Super Intelligence (ASI). They can also
be categorized as Reactive Machines, Limited Memory, Theory of Mind, and Self-aware AI based on their
abilities.

Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI) specializes in a single task, like Siri or facial recognition software.
Artificial General Intelligence. ANI systems are goal-oriented and designed for a specific task or narrow
range of abilities.

Examples:

• Image/ facial recognition

• language translation
• recommendation algorithms like Siri, Alexa, and self-driving cars are examples of Narrow AI

Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) powered machines can understand, learn, and apply knowledge
across various domains, similar to human intelligence. AGI is the concept of AI with the same intelligence
and cognitive abilities as humans. This form of AI could understand and learn any intellectual task a human
would do. This kind of intelligence does not exist and if created would be able to take up any task like the
humans.

Artificial Superintelligence (ASI) surpasses human intellect in all aspects, potentially managing complex
scientific research and innovation autonomously. It is a hypothetical idea of an AI where machines become
self-aware and surpass human intelligence and abilities. A super AI will be capable of thinking, analysing,
performing, planning, deciding, learning, and communicating independently. Achieving Strong AI is a topic
of philosophical debate and speculation.

As we continue to explore the frontiers of AI, remember that our journey isn't just about technology—it's
about shaping a future where intelligence, empathy, and innovation converge for the betterment of
humanity.

Let us see another aspect through which we can categorise or think of AI.

Reactive Machines AI Limited Memory AI Theory of Mind AI Self-aware AI

Basic AI that reacts to AI that can use past Advanced AI that AI with self-
specific inputs without experiences to inform understands emotions, consciousness,
memory or past decisions but has no beliefs, and intentions awareness of its own
experience. long-term memory. of others. existence, and ability to
understand its own
state.
IBM's Deep Blue, a Self-driving cars, which Future AI assistants Highly advanced
chess-playing use past data to that can empathize and autonomous robots
computer. navigate roads. interact socially with self-awareness
(hypothetical). (speculative).
 C. State whether the statements are True or False:

1. General AI, or Strong AI, is a type of AI that possesses human-like cognitive abilities and can
understand, learn, and apply knowledge across various tasks. _______
2. Facial recognition technology used in security systems is an example of General AI. ______
3. Chatbots that provide automated customer support are an example of weak AI
because they can analyze data and make decisions based on predefined rules. ________

QUICK KNOWLWDGE CHECK

1. What significant breakthrough was achieved by IBM's Deep Blue in 1997?

a) It created the first humanoid robot.

b) It defeated chess grandmaster Garry Kasparov.

c) It launched the first AI-powered virtual assistant.

d) It developed the first natural language processing system.

2. Which of the following is an essential consideration in the design process?

a) Minimizing manufacturing costs

b) Incorporating the latest trends in fashion

c) Ensuring accessibility for all users

d) Achieving the desired functionality and performance

3. What is the primary purpose of thorough testing and maintenance?

a) To showcase the machine's advanced features

b) To ensure the machine's safe and reliable operation

c) To increase the machine's production output

d) To reduce the overall manufacturing cost

4. What is one limitation of Weak AI?

a) It can solve complex problems and learn new tasks independently.

b) It possesses general intelligence and human-like cognitive abilities.

c) It is designed for specific tasks and cannot generalize beyond them.

d) It can interact and understand human emotions naturally.

Analyse
 THINK AI
Read the scenario and answer

Imagine using a "Weak AI" chatbot designed as an AI Personality Matchmaker. This chatbot interacts with
you using predetermined rules to find your ideal celebrity best friend based on your personality traits.
Analyse how the Weak AI uses matchmaking algorithms by listing the possible steps it takes. Make
recommendations and list the potential limitations of this approach.

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INNOVATE
Create a simple chatbot conversation that can engage in a conversation and try to pass the Turing test.
Refer: https://umhsapiens.com/are-you-a-robot-pass-the-turing-test/

AI Chat Answers Human Chat answers

Evaluators Questions
 BIRD’S EYE VIEW
After reading this lesson you will be able to

Explain the term AI List Uses of AI

Write a short story on how AI evolved

Identify types of AI
 MULTIMODAL AI LEARNING

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4jmsHaJ7xEA

Answer Key

C: 1. True, 2. False, 3.True

QUICK KNOWLWDGE CHECK

1. b) It defeated chess grandmaster Garry Kasparov.

2. d) Achieving the desired functionality and performance
3. b) To ensure the machine's safe and reliable operation
4. c) It is designed for specific tasks and cannot generalise beyond them.