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Winter – 19 EXAMINATION

Subject Name: Data Structure Using ‘C’ Model Answer Subject Code: 22317
Important Instructions to examiners:
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given
in the model answer scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner
may try to assess the understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more
Importance (Not applicable for subject English and Communication Skills.
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components
indicated in the figure. The figures drawn by candidate and model answer may
vary. The examiner may give credit for any equivalent figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the
assumed constant values may vary and there may be some difference in the
candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner
of relevant answer based on candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program
based on equivalent concept.

Q. Sub Answer Marking

No. Q. Scheme
N.
1. Attempt any Five of the following: 10M
a Write any four operations that can be performed on data structure. 2M
Ans 1. Data structure operations (Non Primitive) 2 M for any 4
2. Inserting: Adding a new data in the data structure is referred as Operation
insertion.
3. Deleting: Removing a data from the data structure is referred as
deletion.
4. Sorting: Arranging the data in some logical order (ascending or
descending, numerically or alphabetically).
5. Searching: Finding the location of data within the data structure
which satisfy the searching condition.
6. Traversing: Accessing each data exactly once in the data structure
so that each data item is traversed or visited.
7. Merging: Combining the data of two different sorted files into a
single sorted file.
8. Copying: Copying the contents of one data structure to another.
9. Concatenation: Combining the data from two or more data
structure.
OR

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Data structure operations (Primitive)

1. Creation: To create new Data Structure
2. Destroy: To delete Data Structure
3. Selection: To access (select) data from the data structure
4. Updating: To edit or change the data within the data structure.
b Define the term overflow and underflow with respect to stack. 2M
Ans Stack overflow: When a stack is full and push operation is performed to 1 M for stack
insert a new element, stack is said to be in overflow state. overflow
and 1M for
stack
underflow

Stack underflow: When there is no element in a stack (stack empty) and

pop operation is called then stack is said to underflow state.

c Define the following term w.r.t. tree: (i) In-degree (ii) out-degree. 2M
Ans In -degree: Number of edges coming towards node is in-degree of node. 1 M for each
correct
For e.g. : In degree of node B is 1 definition
Out -degree: Number of edges going out from node is out -degree of node.
For e.g. Out Degree of is node D is 2

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d Evaluate the following arithmetic expression P written in postfix 2M

notation: P : 4, 2, ^, 3, *,3,-,8,4 ,/,+
Ans 2 M for
correct
Sr. Symbol STACK
answer
No. Scanner
1 4 4

2 2 4, 2

3 ^ 16

4 3 16, 3

5 * 48

6 3 48,3

7 - 45

8 8 45,8

9 4 45,8,4

10 / 45,2

11 + 47

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e Describe directed and undirected graph. 2M

Ans Direct Graph: 1M for each

A directed graph is defined as the set of ordered pair of vertices and edges definition
where each connected edge has assigned a direction. with diagram

Undirected Graph :
An undirected graph G is a graph in which each edge e is not assigned a
direction.
A B

D C

f Give classification of data structure. 2M

Ans 2 M for
diagram

g Define queue. State any two applications where queue is used. 2M

Ans A Queue is an ordered collection of items. It has two ends, front and rear. 1M for
Front end is used to delete element from queue. Rear end is used to insert an definition, 1M
element in queue. Queue has two ends; the element entered first in the queue for
is removed first from the queue. So it is called as FIFO list. applications
(any two)

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APPLICATIONS OF QUEUES
1. Round Robin Technique for processor scheduling is implemented using
queues.
2. All types of customer service (like railway ticket reservation) center
software’s are designed using queues to store customer's information.
3. Printer server routines are designed using queues. A number of users
share a printer using printer server (a dedicated computer to which a printer
is connected), the printer server then spools all the jobs from all the users,
to the server’s hard disk in a queue. From here jobs are printed one-by-one
according to their number in the queue.

2. Attempt any Three of the following: 12M

a Sort the given number in ascending order using Radix sort: 4M
348, 14, 641, 3851, 74.
Ans Pass 1: 4 M for
correct
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 answer
0348 0348
0014 0014
0641 0641
3851 3851
0074 0074

0641,3851,0014,0074,0348

Pass 2:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0641 0641
3851
3851
0014 0014
0074 0074
0348 0348

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0014,0641,0348,3851,0074

Pass 3:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0014 0014
0641 0641
0348 0348
3851 3851
0074 0074

0014,0074,0348,0641,3851

Pass 4:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0014 0014
0074 0074
0348 0348
0641 0641
3851 3851

Sorted Elements are: 14, 74, 348, 641, 3851

b Write an algorithm to insert a new node at the beginning and end of the 4M
singly linked list.
Ans 1. Algorithm for inserting a node at the beginning 2M for
Algorithm for
Insert first(start, item) inserting a
node at the
1. [check the overflow]
beginning
if Ptr=NULL then print ‘Overflow’
2M for
exit Algorithm for
Inserting A
else Node at the
End
Ptr=(node *) malloc (size of (node))
//create new node from memory and assign its address to ptr

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End if
2. set Ptr->num = item
3. set Ptr->next=start
4. set start=Ptr

2. Algorithm for Inserting A Node at the End

insert last (start, item)
1. [check for overflow]
If Ptr=NULL, then print ‘Overflow’
exit
else
Ptr=(node * ) malloc (sizeof (node));
end if
2. set Ptr->info=item
3. set Ptr->next=NULL
4. if start=NULL and if then set start=P
5. set loc=start
6. repeat step 7 until loc->next != NULL
7. set loc=loc->next
8. set loc->next=P

c Explain the concept of circular Queue along with its need. 4M

Ans  Circular queue are the queues implemented in circular form rather 3 M for
than in a straight line. explanation
 Circular queues overcome the problem of unutilized space in linear and & 1M for
queue implemented as an array. need
 The main disadvantage of linear queue using array is that when

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elements are deleted from the queue, new elements cannot be added
in their place in the queue, i.e. the position cannot be reused. After
rear reaches the last position, i.e. MAX-1 in order to reuse the vacant
positions, we can bring rear back to the 0th position, if it is empty,
and continue incrementing rear in same manner as earlier.
 Thus rear will have to be incremented circularly. For deletion, front
will also have to be incremented circularly.
 Rear can be incremented circularly by the following code. If ((rear
== MAX-1) and (front !=0) Rear =0; Else Rear= rear +1; Example:
Assuming that the queue contains three elements.

 Now we insert an element F at the beginning by bringing rear to the

first position in the queue. this can be represented circularly as
shown.

Need of Circular Queue:

 Circular queues overcome the problem of unutilized space in

linear queue implemented as an array.
 The element can be stored efficiently in an array so as to wrap
around so that the end of queue is followed by front of the
queue.
d Draw a binary search tree for the given number. 50, 33, 44, 22, 77, 35, 4M
60, 40.
Ans 4 M for
correct
answer

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3. Attempt any Three of the following: 12M

a Explain time and space complexity with an example. 4M
Ans Time Complexity: Time complexity of program or algorithm is amount of 2M for Time
computer time that it needs to run to completion. To measure time Complexity
complexity of an algorithm we concentrate on developing only frequency and
count for key statements. 2M for space
complexity
Example:
#include<stdio.h>
void main ()
{
int i, n, sum, x;
sum=0;
printf(“\n Enter no of data to be added”);
scanf(“% d”, &n);
for(i=0 ; i<n; i++)

Total computational time= t1+t2+t3+(n+1)t4 +nt6+nt5+t7

T= n(t4+t5+t6)+ (t1+t2+t3+t4+t7)
For large n , T can be approximated to
T= n(t4+t5+t6)= kn where k= t4+t5+t6
Thus T = kn or

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Space Complexity: Total amount of computer memory required by an

algorithm to complete its execution is called as space complexity of that
algorithm. When a program is under execution it uses the computer memory
for THREE reasons. They are as follows...

 Instruction Space: It is the amount of memory used to

store compiled version of instructions.
 Environmental Stack: It is the amount of memory used to
store information of partially executed functions at the
time of function call.

 Data Space: It is the amount of memory used to store all

the variables and constants.
If the amount of space required by an algorithm is increased with
the increase of input value, then that space complexity is said to
be Linear Space Complexity.
Example:
int sum(int A[ ], int n)
{
int sum = 0, i;
for(i = 0; i < n; i++)
sum = sum + A[i];
return sum;}
In the above piece of code it requires
'n*2' bytes of memory to store array variable 'a[ ]'
2 bytes of memory for integer parameter 'n'
4 bytes of memory for local integer variables 'sum' and 'i' (2 bytes
each)
2 bytes of memory for return value.

That means, totally it requires '2n+8' bytes of memory to

complete its execution. Here, the total amount of memory
required depends on the value of 'n'. As 'n' value increases the
space required also increases proportionately. This type of space
complexity is said to be Linear Space Complexity.
OR
Time complexity:- Time complexity of a program/algorithm is the amount
of computer time that it needs to run to completion. While calculating time
complexity, we develop frequency count for all key statements which are
important and basic instructions of an algorithm.
Example: Consider three algorithms given below:-

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Algorithm A: - a=a+1
Algorithm B: - for x = 1 to n step 1
a=a+1
Loop
Algorithm C:- for x=1 to n step 1
for y=1 to n step 1
a=a+1
Loop
Frequency count for algorithm A is 1 as a=a+1 statement will execute only
once. Frequency count for algorithm B is n as a=a+1 is key statement
executes n time as the loop runs n times.
Frequency count for algorithm C is n as a=a+1 is key statement executes n2
time as the inner loop runs n times, each time the outer loop runs and the
outer loop also runs for n times.
Space complexity:- Space complexity of a program/algorithm is the amount
of memory that it needs to run to completion. The space needed by the
program is the sum of the following components:-
Fixed space requirements: - It includes space for instructions, for simple
variables, fixed size structured variables and constants.
Variable time requirements: - It consists of space needed by structured
variables whose size depends on particular instance of variables. Example: -
additional space required when function uses recursion.
b Convert the following infix expression to postfix expression using stack 4M
and show the details of stack in each step.((A+B)*D)^(E-F)
Ans Correct
answer-4M
infix expression:
(((A+B)*D)^(E-F))

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Current Operator Postfix array

Symbol Stack
( ( Empty

( (( Empty

( ((( Empty

A ((( A

+ (((+ A

B (((+ AB

) (( AB+

* ((* AB+

D ((* AB+D

) ( AB+D*

^ (^ AB+D*

( (^( AB+D*

E (^( AB+D*E

- (^(- AB+D*E

F (^(- AB+D*EF

) (^ AB+D*EF-

) EMPTY AB+D*EF-^
STACK

Postfix expression: AB+D*EF-^

c Implement a ‘C’ program to search a particular data from the given 4M

array using Linear Search.
Ans Program:-

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# include<stdio.h> 2M for logic

#include <conio.h> And 2 M for
void main () syntax
{
int a[10], n, key,i,c=0;
clrscr( );
printf (“Enter number of array elements\n”);
scanf (“%d”, &n);
printf (“Enter array elements\n”);
for (i=0; i< n; i++)
scanf (“%d”, &a[i]);
prinntf (“Enter key value\n”);
scanf (“%d”, &key);

for(i=0;i<n-1;i++)
{

if (key == a[i])
{
c=1;
printf (“%d is found at location %d\n”, key, i+1);
break;
}

}
if (c==0)
printf (“%d not present in the list\n”,key);
getch();
}
d Draw an expression tree for the following expression: 4M
(a-2b+5e) 2 * (4d=6e) 5.
Ans Correct
Expression
tree-4M

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4. Attempt any Three of the following: 12M

a Find the position of element 21 using binary search method in array ‘A’ 4M
given below: A=(11,5,21,3,29,17,2,45}
Ans Given Array Each correct
step -2M each

11 5 21 3 29 17 2 45
Sorted Array for input:

2 3 5 11 17 21 29 45
Key element to be searched=21
Step1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2 3 5 11 17 21 29 45

l=0 and u=n-1 =7

mid=(l+u)/2 = 7/2 = 3

a[mid]=11 not equal to 21

and

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21 > 11 l=mid+1 = 4 and u = 7

Step 2:
4 5 6 7
17 21 29 45

l=4 and u =7

mid= 11/2 = 5

a[mid]=21 equal to key element 21

therefore key element 21 is fount un array at position 6

b Difference between tree and graph(Any 4 points) 4M

Ans Any correct 4
Tree Graph points- 4M
Tree is special form In graph there can be
of graph i.e. more than one path i.e.
minimally connected graph can have uni-
graph and having directional or bi-
only one path directional paths (edges)
between any two between nodes
vertices.
Tree is a special case Graph can have loops,
of graph having no circuits as well as can
loops, no circuits and have self-loops.
no self-loops.
Tree traversal is a Graph is traversed by
kind of special case DFS: Depth First Search
of traversal of graph. and in BFS : Breadth
Tree is traversed in First Search algorithm
Pre-Order, In-Order
and Post-Order
Different types of There are mainly two
trees are: Binary types of Graphs: Directed
Tree, Binary Search and Undirected graphs.
Tree, AVL tree,
Heaps.

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Tree applications: Graph applications :

sorting and searching Coloring of maps, in OR
like Tree Traversal (PERT & CPM),
& Binary Search. algorithms, Graph
coloring, job scheduling,
etc.
Tree always has n-1 In Graph, no. of edges
edges. depends on the graph.
Tree is a hierarchical Graph is a network
model. model.
C Construct a singly linked list using data fields 21 25 96 58 74 and show 4M
procedure step-by-step with the help of diagram start to end.
Ans correct
construction -
3M and
Step1: Initially linked is empty explaination-
Start=NULL
1M
Insert node 21

Start

21 NULL

Step2: insert node 25

Start traversing linked list from start till last node of linked list and then add a new node

Start

21 25 NULL

Step3: Insert node 96

Start

21 25 96 NULL

Step 4: Insert node 58

Start

21 25 96 58 NULL

Step 5: nsert node 74

Start

21 25 96 58 74 NULL

d Show the effect of PUSH and POP operation on the stack of size 10. 4M
PUSH(10)
PUSH(20)

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POP
PUSH(30)
Ans Initial Stack empty Each correct
step-1M
stack[9]
stack[8]
stack[7]
stack[6]
stack[5]
stack[4]
stack[3]
stack[2]
stack[1]
stack[0] top= -1
Step 1:
PUSH(0)
top=top+1 stack[0]=10
stack[9]
stack[8]
stack[7]
stack[6]
stack[5]
stack[4]
stack[3]
stack[2]
stack[1]
10 stack[0] top=0
Step 2:
PUSH(0)
top=top+1 stack[1]=20
stack[9]
stack[8]
stack[7]
stack[6]
stack[5]
stack[4]
stack[3]
stack[2]
20 stack[1] top=1
10 stack[0]

Step 3:
POP

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top=top-1 20 is deleted
stack[9]
stack[8]
stack[7]
stack[6]
stack[5]
stack[4]
stack[3]
stack[2]
stack[1]
10 stack[0] top=0

Step 4:
PUSH(0)
top=top+1 stack[1]=30
stack[9]
stack[8]
stack[7]
stack[6]
stack[5]
stack[4]
stack[3]
stack[2]
30 stack[1] top=1
10 stack[0]

e Compare Linked List and Array (any 4 points). 4M

Ans 1M for each
Linked List Array valid difference
Array is a collection of Linked List is an ordered
elements of similar data collection of elements of same
type. type, which are connected to
each other using pointers.
Array supports Random Linked List
Access, which means supports Sequential Access,
elements can be accessed which means to access any
directly using their index, element/node in a linked list;
like arr[0] for 1st we have to sequentially
element, arr[6] for 7th traverse the complete linked
element etc. list, up to that element.

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Hence, accessing To access nth element of a

elements in an array linked list, time complexity
is fast with a constant is O (n).
time complexity of O (1).
In array, Insertion and In case of linked list, a new
Deletion operation takes element is stored at the first
more time, as the memory free and available memory
locations are consecutive
location, with only a single
and fixed.
overhead step of storing the
address of memory location in
the previous node of linked
list. Insertion and Deletion
operations are fast in linked
list.

Memory is allocated as Memory is allocated

soon as the array is at runtime, as and when a new
declared, at compile time. node is added. It's also known
It's also known as Static as Dynamic Memory
Memory Allocation. Allocation.
In array, each element is In case of a linked list, each
independent and can be node/element points to the
accessed using it's index next, previous, or maybe both
value
nodes.

Array can single Linked list can be Linear

dimensional, two (Singly), Doubly or Circular li
dimensional or multidime nked list.
nsional
Size of the array must be Size of a Linked list is
specified at time of array variable. It grows at runtime,
declaration. as more nodes are added to it.

Array gets memory Whereas, linked list gets

allocated in memory allocated
the Stack section in Heap section.

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Linked list presentation

5. Attempt any Three of the following: 12- M

a Implement a ‘C’ program to insert element into the queue and delete 6M
the element from the queue.

Ans #include<stdio.h> Insert logic-

#include<conio.h> 3M, delete
#define max 5 logic-3M
void main()
{
int a[max],front,rear,no,ch,i;
clrscr();
front=rear=-1;
do
{
printf("\n [Link]");
printf("\t [Link]");
printf("\t [Link]");
printf("\n\n ENTER YOUR CHOICE:- ");
scanf("%d",&ch);
switch(ch)
{
case 1:
printf("\n ENTER ITEM TO BE INSERTED :- ");
scanf("%d",&no);
if(rear==max-1)
{
printf ("\n QUEUE IS FULL.");

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break;
}
rear=rear+1;
a[rear]=no;
if(front==-1)
front=0;
break;
case 2:
if(front==-1)
{
printf ("\n QUEUE IS EMPTY.");
break;
}
no=a[front];
printf("\n DELETED ELEMENT IS:- %d",no);
if(front==rear)
front=rear=-1;
else
front=front+1;
break;
case 3:
exit(0);
}
printf("\n\n DO YOU WANT TO CONTINUE:(1 FOR YES/2 FOR NO):-");
scanf("%d",&ch);
}while(ch==1);
getch();
}
b Consider the graph given in following figure and answer given 6M
questions.

1)All simple path from 1 to 5

2)In-degree of and out-degree of 4
3) Give Adjacency matrix for the given graph.
4) Give Adjacency list representation of the given graph.

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Ans i) Nodes: 1-2-5 Simple path: -

Each path ½
ii) Nodes: 1-3-2-5 M
Each degree
2)
½M
In degree of node 4- 1, Out degree of node 4 - 0
Correct
3)Correct adjacency matrix: adjacency
matrix: 2M
Adjacency list
representation
-2M

4) Adjacency list representation

Node Adjacent
nodes

1 2,3

2 5

3 2,4

4 NIL

5 3

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Representation:

c Write an algorithm to search a particular node in the give linked list. 6M

Ans Assumption: Correct steps
of algorithm-
Node contains two fields: info and next pointer 6M
start pointer : Header node that stores address of first node
step 1: start
step 2: Declare variable no, flag and pointer temp
step 3: Input search element
step 4: Initialize pointer temp with the address from start pointer.(
temp=start), flag with 0
step 5: Repeat step 6 till temp != NULL
step 6: compare: temp->info = no then
set flag=1 and go to step 7
otherwise
increment pointer temp and go to step5
step 7: compare: flag=1 then
display "Node found"
otherwise
display "node not found"
step 8: stop

6. Attempt any Three of the following: 12M

a Elaborate the steps for performing selection sort for given elements of 6M
array. A={37,12,4,90,49,23,-19}

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Ans Correct steps:

each pass-1M

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Pass 3

Pass 4

Pass 5

Pass 6

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b Explain the concept of recursion using stack. 6M

Ans Recursion is a process of calling a function by itself. a recursive function Explanation-
body contains a function call statement that calls itself repetitively. 4M & 2M for
Recursion is an application of stack. When a recursive function calls itself Example
from body, stack is used to store temporary data handled by the function in
every iteration.
Example:
function call from main() : fact(n); // consider n=5
Function definition:
int fact(int n)
{
if(n==1)
return 1;
else
return(n*fact(n-1));
}
In the above recursive function a function call fact (n-1) makes a recursive
call to fact function. Each time when a function makes a call to itself, it save
its current status in stack and then executes next function call. When fact ( )
function is called from main function, it initializes n with 5. Return statement
inside function body executes a recursive function call. In this call, first
value of n is stored using push ( ) operation in stack (n=5) and a function is
called again with value 4(n-1). In each call, value of n is push into the stack
and then it is reduce by 1 to send it as argument to recursive call. When a
function is called with n=1, recursive process stops. At the end all values
from stack are retrieved one by one using pop ( ) operation to perform
multiplication to calculate factorial of number.

In the above diagram, first column shows result of push operation after each

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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

recursive call execution. Next columns shows result of pop operation for
calculating factorial.
c Show with suitable diagrams how to delete a node from singly linked list 6M
at the beginning, in between and at the end of the list.
Ans In a linear linked list, a node can be deleted from the beginning of list, from Diagram for
in between positions and from end of the list. beginning-
2M, end-2M,
Delete a node from the beginning:- inbetween-2M

Node to be deleted is [Link] a temporary node as ‘temp’. Set ‘temp’

node with the address of first node. Store address of node 2 in header pointer
‘start’ and then delete ‘temp’ pointer with free function. Deleting temp
pointer deletes the first node from the list.

Delete a node from in between position:-

Node to be deleted is [Link] a temporary node as ‘temp’ and ‘q’. Set

‘temp’ node with the address of first node. Traverse the list up to the
previous node of node 3 and mark the next node (node3) as ‘q’. Store
address from node ‘q’ into address field of ‘temp’ node. Then delete ‘q’
pointer with free function. Deleting ‘q’ pointer deletes the node 3 from the
list.

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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

Delete a node from the end:-

Node to be deleted is node [Link] a temporary node as ‘temp’ and ‘q’. Set
‘temp’ node with the address of first node. Traverse the list up to the second
last node and mark the last node as ‘q’. Store NULL value in address field of
‘temp’ node and then delete ‘q’ pointer with free function. Deleting q pointer
deletes the last node from the list.

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