CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
PROFILE
Team Of Odugaa Tech:
Software and har dwar e development company
Private Limited company
ISO 9001-2015 Certified company
Established in 2017
Stared as a small company with 2 staff.
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Associate Director: Chitra S
Executive Director: Hari MN
Chief advisors: Mohan Gunasekar an and Sooraj Mur lithar an
Now nearly 20 staff are working for Odugaatech
OdugaaTech is integration, professional service and software
Development Company in Salem that works with Enterprise
systems and companies.
OdugaaTech provides IT Consultancy, software design and
development as well as professional services and har dwar e
deployment and maintenance to the following verticals:
Financial Services (insurance, banking and clearing house)
Telecommunications
Energy and Utilities
Health Care
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OdugaaTech is located in Salem, Tamil Nadu offering fully fledged
services for software development and engineering empowering
effective to its clients.
Infinite's differentiation point comes with three simple principles:
True collaboration with customers and partners
Complete under standing of customers business
Persistence in finishing the job whatever it takes.
We have highly skilled team of Project managers, Consultants and
Developers which are proven projects with more than 1000 users.
We also have special expertise in custom software development -
providing specialized products, IT
services and custom end to end solutions to our enterprise customers.
In this 1 year OdugaaTech worked on more than 30 projects and has a
large customer base of
more than10 customer s particularly created for weavers association and
ID card detector in a low budget.
Odugaa's Support to the young generation:
Do you want to become share partner of OdugaaTech? If yes...
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CHAPTER 2
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Since the invention of computers or machines, their capability to perform
various tasks went on growing exponentially. Humans have developed the
power of computer systems in terms of their diver se working domains, their
increasing speed, and reducing size with respect to time.A branch of Computer
Science named Artificial Intelligence pur sues creating the computers or
machines as intelligent as human beings.
2.1 WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?
According to the father of Artificial Intelligence, John McCarthy, it is
"The science and engineering of making intelligent machines,
especially intelligent computer programs".
Artificial Intelligence is a way of making a computer, a computer-
controlled robot, or a software think intelligently, in the similar manner
the intelligent humans think.
Al is accomplished by studying how human brain thinks, and how
humans learn, decide, and work while trying to solve a problem and
then using the outcomes of this study as a basis of developing
intelligent software and systems.
2.2 PHILOSOPHY OF AI
While exploiting the power of the computer systems, the curiosity of
human, lead him to wonder, "Can a machine think and behave like
humans do?"
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Thus, the development of Al started with the intention of
creating similar intelligence in machines that we find and
regard high in humans.
2.3 WHAT CONTRIBUTES TO AI?
Artificial intelligence is a science and technology based on disciplines such
Computer Science, Biology, Psychology, Linguistics, Mathematics, and
Engineering. A major thrust of Al is in the development of computer
functions
associated with human intelligence, such as reasoning, learning,
and problem solving.
Out of the following areas, one or multiple areas can contribute
to build an intelligent system
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associated with human intelligence, such as reasoning, learning,
and problem solving.
Out of the following areas, one or multiple areas can contribute
to build an intelligent system
2.4 APPLICATIONS OF AI
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Al has been dominant in various fields such as -
Gaming - Al plays crucial role in strategic games such as chess, poker,
tic tac-toe, etc., where machine can think of large number of
possible positions based on heuristic knowledge.
Natural Language Processing - It is possible to interact with the
computer that under stands natural language spoken by humans.
Expert Systems - There are some applications which integrate
machine, software, and special information to impart reasoning and
advising. They provide explanation and advice to the user s.
Vision Systems - These systems understand, interpret, and comprehend
visual input on the computer. For example,
A spying aeroplane takes photographs, which are used to figure
out spatial information or map of the areas.
Doctorsuse clinical expert system to diagnose the patient.
Police use computer software that can recognize the faceof criminal with the
stored portrait made by forensic artist.
Speech Recognition - Some intelligent systemsare capable of hear ing and
comprehending the language in termsof sentencesand their meaningswhile a
human talks to it. It can handle different accents, slang words, noise in the
background, change in human'snoise due to cold, etc.
Handwriting Recognition - The handwriting recognition software readsthe text
written on paper by a pen or on screen by a stylus. It can recognize the
shapesofthe letters and convert it into editable tex
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Intelligent Robots- Robotsare able to perform the tasksgiven by a human. They
have sensorsto detect physical data from the real world such aslight, heat,
temperature, movement, sound, bump, and pressure. They have efficient
processors, multiple sensorsand huge memory, to exhibit intelligence. In addition,
they are capable learning from their mistakesand they can adapt
2.5 PROGRAMMING WITH AND WITHOUT AI
The programming without and with Al is different in following ways -
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CHAPTER 3
INTELLIGENCE SYSTEM
3.1 What is Intelligence?
The ability of a system to calculate, reason, perceive relationships and
analogies, learn from experience, store and retrieve information from memory,
solve problems, comprehend complex ideas, use natural language fluently,
classify, generalize, and adapt new situations.
3.2 TYPES OF INTELLIGENCE
As described by Howard Gardner, an American developmental
psychologist, the Intelligence comes in multifold
Linguistic intelligence
The ability to speak, recognize, and use mechanisms of phonology
(speech sounds), syntax (grammar), and semantics (meaning)
Logical-mathematical intelligence
The ability of use and under stand relationships in the absence of
action or objects. Under standing complex and abstract ideas.
Spatial intelligence
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The ability to per ceive visual or spatial information, change it, and
recreate visual images without reference to the objects, construct 3D
images, and to move and rotate them
Bodily-Kinesthetic intelligence
The ability to use complete or part of the body to solve problems or fashion
products, control over fine and coar se motor skills, and manipulate the objects.
Intra-personal intelligence
The ability to distinguish among one’s own feelings, intentions, and motivations.
Inter personal intelligence
The ability to recognize and make distinctions
among other people's feelings, beliefs, and intentions.
You can say a machine or a systemis artificially intelligent when it is
equipped with at least one and at most all intelligences in it.
3.3 What is Intelligence Composed of?
The intelligence is intangible. It is composed of -
Reasoning
Learning
Problem Solving
Perception
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Linguistic Intelligence
3.4 What is Fuzzy Logic?
Fuzzy Logic (FL) is a method of reasoning that resembles human
reasoning. The approach of FL imitates the way of decision making
in humans that involves all intermediate possibilities between
digital values YES and NO.
The conventional logic block that a computer can understand takes
precise input and produces a definite output as TRUE or FALSE, which
is equivalent to human’s YES or NO.
The inventor of fuzzy logic, Lotfi Zadeh, observed that unlike computers,
the human decision making includes a range of possibilities between
YES and NO, such as
The fuzzy logic works on the levels of possibilities of input to achieve
the definite output.
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Implementation
It can be implemented in systems with various sizes and capabilities
ranging from small micro-controllers to large, net worked, workstation-
based control systems.
It can be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination of both.
3.5 Why Fuzzy Logic?
Fuzzy logic is useful for commercial and practical purposes.
It can control machines and consumer products.
It may not give accurate reasoning, but acceptable reasoning.
Fuzzy logic helps to deal with the uncertainty in engineering.
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It has four main parts as shown
o LP x is Large Positive
o MP x is Medium Positive
o MN x is Small
o LN x is Medium Negative
o S x is Large Negative
Knowledge Base - It stores IF-THEN rules provided by experts.
Inference Engine - It simulates the human reasoning process by
making fuzzy inference on the inputs and IF-THEN rules.
Defuzzification Module - It transforms the fuzzy set obtained by the
infer ence engine into a crisp value.
The member ship functions work on fuzzy sets of variables.
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Member ship functions allow you to quantify linguistic ter mand
represent a fuzzy set graphically. A member ship function for a fuzzy
set A on the univer se of
discourse X is defined as µA:X [0,1].
Here, each element of X is mapped to a value between 0 and 1. It is
called member ship value or degree of member ship. It quantifies the
degree of member ship of the element in X to the fuzzy set A.
x axis represents the universe of discourse.
y axis represents the degrees of member ship in the [0, 1] interval.
There can be multiple member ship functions applicable to fuzzify a
numerical value. Simple member ship functions are used as use of
complex functions does not add more precision in the output.
All member ship functions for LP, MP, S, MN, and LN are shown as below
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The triangular member ship function shapes are most common among
various other member ship function shapes such as trapezoidal,
singleton, and Gaussian. Here, the input to 5-level fuzzifier varies from-10
volts to +10 volts. Hence the corresponding output also changes.
Example of a Fuzzy Logic System
Let us consider an air conditioning system with 5-level fuzzy logic system
This system adjusts the temperature of air conditioner by comparing the
room temperature and the target temperatur e value.
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