NAME: Moksha Anupriya

CLASS: XII-C
ROLL NO:
 CERTIFICATE

It is hereby to certify that original and genuine investigation

work has been carried out to investigate the subject matter
and the related data collection and investigation has been
completed solely, sincerely by Moksha Anupriya of class XII-C
Army Public School Sardar Patel Marg Lucknow.

_______________ _______________
Mr. Lavkush Tiwari External Examiner
(PGT Physics)

______________
Ms. Seema Tara
(Principal)
 Acknowledgment

I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my Physics

teacher, Mr. Lavkush Tiwari for his able guidance and support
in completing my project. I would also like to thank our lab
assistant for providing me with all the required facilities.

________________
Mr. Lavkush Tiwari
(PGT Physics)
Project Overview:

This project aims to explore the fundamental principles of

transformers, their construction, working mechanism, types,
applications, and significance in electrical circuits. The
investigation will include theoretical understanding,
mathematical analysis, and practical demonstrations.

Objectives:

1. To understand the basic principles and construction of

transformers.
2. To study the working mechanism of transformers.
3. To explore different types of transformers and their
applications.
4. To analyze the efficiency and losses in transformers.
5. To conduct practical experiments to demonstrate the
working of a transformer.

Materials Required:
1. Soft iron core
2. Insulated copper wire
3. AC power source
4. Voltmeter
5. Ammeter
6. Load resistor
7. Transformer kit (for practical demonstration)
8. Multimeter
9. Connecting wires
Theoretical Background:

1. Principle of Operation:
o Transformers work on the principle of
electromagnetic induction, discovered by Michael
Faraday. When an alternating current (AC) flows
through the primary coil, it generates a changing
magnetic field, which induces an electromotive
force (EMF) in the secondary coil.
2. Construction:
o A transformer consists of two coils, primary and

secondary, wound around a laminated soft iron core.

The core provides a path for the magnetic flux and
enhances the efficiency of the transformer.
3. Types of Transformers:
o Step-up Transformer: Increases voltage from
primary to secondary coil.
o Step-down Transformer: Decreases voltage from

primary to secondary coil.

o Isolation Transformer: Provides electrical isolation

between circuits.
4. Equations:
o Turns Ratio (N):

o Efficiency (η):

o Power Relation:
5. Losses in Transformers:
 o Copper Losses: Due to resistance in the windings.
o Iron Losses: Due to hysteresis and eddy currents in
the core.

Introduction

Transformers are essential devices in electrical engineering,

widely used for voltage regulation in power transmission.
Understanding the theory behind transformers involves
delving into electromagnetic induction, the core principles of
their operation, and the types and applications of
transformers.

Principle of Operation

Transformers operate on the principle of electromagnetic

induction, a phenomenon discovered by Michael Faraday in
1831. This principle states that a change in magnetic flux
through a coil of wire induces an electromotive force (EMF) in
the wire.

Electromagnetic Induction

• Faraday's Law of Induction:

• Where:
o EMF\text{EMF}EMF is the induced electromotive

force.
o NNN is the number of turns in the coil.
 o dΦdt\frac{d\Phi}{dt}dtdΦ is the rate of change of
magnetic flux.

When an alternating current (AC) flows through the primary

coil of a transformer, it generates a varying magnetic field
around the coil. This changing magnetic field induces a
voltage in the secondary coil through mutual induction.

Mutual Induction

Mutual induction is the process by which a changing magnetic

field in one coil induces a voltage in another nearby coil. The
coils in a transformer are magnetically linked through a
common core, allowing efficient transfer of energy from the
primary to the secondary coil.

Construction of a Transformer
A transformer consists of two main components: the core and
the windings (coils).
1. Core: Made of laminated soft iron or ferrite, the core
enhances the magnetic coupling between the coils and
reduces energy losses due to eddy currents.
2. Windings:
o Primary Coil: Connected to the AC power source, it

creates a magnetic field when current flows through

it.
o Secondary Coil: Induces an EMF due to the

changing magnetic field from the primary coil. The

number of turns in the secondary coil determines the
voltage induced.
Types of Transformers
1. Step-up Transformer: Increases voltage from the
primary to the secondary coil. Used in power plants to
transmit electricity over long distances.
o Turns Ratio: Ns>NpN_s > N_pNs>Np

o Voltage Relation: Vs>VpV_s > V_pVs>Vp

2. Step-down Transformer: Decreases voltage from the

primary to the secondary coil. Commonly used in
household electrical appliances.
o Turns Ratio: Ns<NpN_s < N_pNs<Np

o Voltage Relation: Vs<VpV_s < V_pVs<Vp

3. Isolation Transformer: Provides electrical isolation

between its primary and secondary windings. It is used for
safety purposes to isolate different sections of a circuit.

Working Mechanism

The working mechanism of a transformer can be understood

through the following steps:

1. AC Supply: An alternating current is supplied to the

primary coil.
2. Magnetic Field Generation: The AC in the primary coil
generates a varying magnetic field.
3. Magnetic Flux Linkage: The magnetic field links with the
secondary coil through the core.
4. Induced EMF: The changing magnetic flux induces an
electromotive force (EMF) in the secondary coil.
 5. Voltage Transformation: The voltage induced in the
secondary coil is dependent on the turns ratio of the coils.
o Turns Ratio: VsVp=NsNp\frac{V_s}{V_p} =
\frac{N_s}{N_p}VpVs=NpNs Where:
▪ VsV_sVs is the secondary voltage.

▪ VpV_pVp is the primary voltage.

▪ NsN_sNs is the number of turns in the

secondary coil.
▪ NpN_pNp is the number of turns in the primary

coil.

Efficiency and Losses

Transformers are highly efficient devices, but some energy

losses do occur. These losses can be categorized into:

1. Copper Losses: Due to the resistance of the windings.

The power loss is given by I2RI^2RI2R, where III is the
current and RRR is the resistance of the winding.
2. Iron Losses: Occur in the core due to hysteresis and eddy
currents.
o Hysteresis Loss: Energy loss due to the lagging of

magnetic flux behind the magnetizing force. It

depends on the material of the core.
o Eddy Current Loss: Circulating currents induced in

the core due to the changing magnetic field. These

are minimized by laminating the core.
The efficiency of a transformer is given by:

η=PoutPin×100\eta = \frac{P_{\text{out}}}{P_{\text{in}}} \times

100η=PinPout×100
Where:

• η\etaη is the efficiency.

• PoutP_{\text{out}}Pout is the output power.
• PinP_{\text{in}}Pin is the input power.

Applications of Transformers
Transformers are widely used in various applications:

• Power Transmission: Step-up transformers increase

voltage for efficient long-distance power transmission,
and step-down transformers reduce voltage for safe
domestic and industrial use.
• Electronics: Isolation transformers protect sensitive
electronic equipment by providing electrical isolation.
• Voltage Regulation: Transformers are used in voltage
stabilizers to provide a constant output voltage despite
variations in input voltage.

Practical Uses of Transformers

Transformers are critical components in modern electrical
and electronic systems. Their ability to change voltage levels
efficiently makes them indispensable in numerous
applications. Here are some practical uses of transformers:
1. Power Transmission and Distribution
Step-up Transformers: Increase the voltage from power plants
for long-distance transmission. High voltage transmission
reduces energy loss due to resistance in the wires.
Step-down Transformers: Decrease the voltage at substations
before distributing electricity to homes and businesses,
ensuring safety and compatibility with local electrical
systems.
2. Electricity Supply in Homes
Distribution Transformers: Installed on poles or underground,
these transformers step down high-voltage electricity from the
distribution lines to a lower voltage suitable for household use
(typically 240V or 120V).
3. Industrial Applications
Large Machinery: Industries use transformers to step down
high voltage to the required levels for operating heavy
machinery and equipment.
Arc Furnaces: Used in steel manufacturing, transformers
provide the necessary voltage to electric arc furnaces.
4. Electrical Isolation
Isolation Transformers: Provide electrical isolation between
two circuits, enhancing safety by preventing direct electrical
contact. They are used in medical equipment, sensitive
electronic devices, and industrial control systems to protect
against electrical shocks and surges.
5. Voltage Regulation
Voltage Stabilizers: Transformers in voltage stabilizers regulate
and maintain a constant output voltage level, protecting
electrical appliances from voltage fluctuations and ensuring
optimal performance.
6. Audio Systems
Audio Transformers: Used in audio equipment to match
impedances between different stages, isolate signals, and
reduce noise and hum. They are crucial in high-fidelity sound
systems, microphones, and speakers.
7. Telecommunications
Pulse Transformers: Used in telecommunication devices for
transmitting digital signals. They help in signal processing,
ensuring that data integrity is maintained over long distances.

8. Computing and Electronics

Switching Power Supplies: Transformers in switching power
supplies (like those in computers and chargers) convert high-
frequency AC into the required DC voltage efficiently, providing
stable power to electronic devices.
Chargers and Adapters: Small transformers in chargers step
down mains voltage to lower levels suitable for charging
batteries in devices like smartphones, laptops, and tablets.
9. Renewable Energy Systems
Solar Power Systems: Transformers in solar inverters convert
DC from solar panels to AC and step up the voltage for grid
connection or step down for home use.
Wind Turbines: Step-up transformers at wind farms increase
the voltage for efficient transmission to the power grid.
10. Railway Systems
Traction Transformers: Used in electric trains to convert high-
voltage AC from overhead lines to the lower voltage required
for traction motors, ensuring efficient operation of railway
systems.
11. Testing and Measurement
Instrument Transformers: Current transformers (CT) and
potential transformers (PT) are used in measurement and
protection systems to step down high currents and voltages to
safe levels for metering and relays.
 Conclusion
Transformers are versatile devices that play a crucial role in a
wide range of applications, from power transmission to
everyday electronic devices. Their ability to efficiently change
voltage levels ensures the safe and reliable operation of
electrical systems, making them indispensable in our modern
world.

Understanding transformers involves grasping the concepts

of electromagnetic induction, mutual induction, and the
construction and operation of transformers. By exploring their
types, working mechanisms, efficiency, losses, and
applications, one gains a comprehensive understanding of
their critical role in electrical circuits and power systems.

This investigatory project provides a detailed study of

transformers, combining theoretical insights with practical
experiments to solidify the understanding of this fundamental
electrical device.