SUBJECT:

DATA PROCESSING
CLASS:
S.S. 1

TERM: FIRST

©Deeper Life High School. 2023

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 SCHEME OF WORK

WEEKS TOPICS CONTENT

1 HISTORY OF COMPUTING (i)Concrete devices in computing
(ii) Number system

2 HISTORY OF COMPUTING (iii) History of computer development

3 DIGITALIZATION OF (i) Definition of digitalization of data

DATA (iii) Components of computer: Input, Output,
Processor, etc.

4 CLASSIFICATION OF a)By Type

COMPUTERS b)Size

5 CLASSIFICATION OF c)By Functionality

COMPUTERS d) By Generation

6 ICT APPLICATION IN (i) Uses of ICT

EVERYDAY LIFE (ii) ICT and the society

7 MID-TERM BREAK
THE ART OF (i) Definition of information processing
8 INFORMATION (ii) Procedures for information processing: -
PROCESSING
9 CAREER OPTIONS IN (a) Professions in Computer
DATA PROCESSING (b) Qualities of a good Professional

10
11
12
13

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WEEK:1

TOPIC: HISTORY OF COMPUTING

LESSON OBJECTIVES: By the end of this topic, students should be able to:
(i) identify the various computing devices since the beginning of counting/computing until now;
(ii) name the common number systems and their digits
(iii) state the importance of number system to computing.
(iv) convert from one number system to another.

ENTRY BEHAVIOUR: The students have been taught about tally marks in mathematics.

SUB-TOPIC 1: History of Computing

CONTENT:
Computers are affecting every sphere of human life and bringing about many changes in research,
industry, education, government, scientific medicine, law and social sciences and even in arts like
music and painting.
The history of computing is longer than the history of computing hardware and modern computing
technology and includes the history of methods intended for pen and paper or for chalk and slate with
or without the aid of tables.
Concrete Devices in computing
Concrete computing is intimately tied to the representation of numbers. But long before abstractions
like the number arose, there were mathematical concepts to serve the purpose of civilization.
[Link] Stick
This was an ancient memory aid device used to record and document numbers, quantities or even
messages. Tally sticks first appear as notches carved on animal bones, in the Upper Paleolithic Age.
E.g. Ishango Bone
Types /Kinds of Tally Stick
There are two different kinds of tally sticks, the single and the slit tally
i. Single tally: This was an elongated piece of bone, ivory, wood or stone which is marked with a
system of notches (like Tally marks).
ii. Split tally: The split tally was a technique which became common in medieval Europe, which
was constantly short of money (coins) and predominantly illiterate, in order to record
bilateral exchange and debts. A stick (squared Hazelwood sticks were most common) was
marked with a system of notches and then split lengthwise. This way the two halves both
record the same notches and each party to the transaction received one half of the marked
stick as proof.

[Link] Marks or Hash Marks

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They are a form of numerical used for counting. They allow a form of numerical used for counting.
They allow updating written intermediate results without erasing or discarding anything written down.
However, because of the length of large numbers, tallies are not commonly used for static text.

[Link] Rod
This is a tool used to physically measure lengths and survey areas of various sizes. Most measuring
rods are round or square sectioned, however they can be flat boards. Some have markings at regular
intervals.

[Link]
The first calculating deice was probably Abacus. The Chinese invented it. It is still being used in some
countries because of its simple operation. It is made up of a frame divided into two parts by horizontal
bar and vertical threads. It is used for addition and subtraction.

[Link]’s Bones
John Napier, a Scottish Mathematician, invented Napier’s bones. John Napier invented logarithms
which are a technology that allows multiplication to be performed via addition. It comprises of a set
of eleven rods, with four sides each, which was used as a multiplication tool. These rods were made
from bones and were the reason why they were called Napier’s Bones. Products and quotients of
large numbers could be obtained.

[Link] Rule

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Napier’s invention led directly to the slide rule, first built in England in 1632 and still in use in the
1960’s by the NASA engineers of the Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo programs which landed men on the
moon. Slide rule uses two logarithms scales to allow rapid multiplication and division of numbers.

Fill In The Gap Question

1. The two different kinds of tally sticks are ______ and ____.
2. ____ is an ancient memory aid device used to record and document numbers, quantities or
even messages.
3. Tally sticks first appeared in the _____ age.
4. ____is a concrete computing tool used to physically measure lengths and survey areas of
various sizes.
5. Napier’s Bones comprises of a set of eleven rods, with four sides each, which was used as
_______ tool.

Short Answer Questions

1. Discuss Abacus stating amongst others, the year and country of invention, basic
components and the usage .
2. Discuss Napier’s Bones stating amongst others, the inventor, year and country of invention,
basic components and the usage .
3. List any 5 concrete devices in computing.

SUB-TOPIC 2: Number System

CONTENT:
Number system is a way to represent numbers. Is also a way of counting.

Number Representation
A numeral system is a collection of symbols used to represent small numbers, together with a system
of rules for representing larger numbers. Each numeral system uses a set of digits.

The following are different types of number system:

Denary/Decimal = Base 10-0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
Binary = Base 2-0, 1
Octal =Base 8-0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.
Hexadecimal =Base 16- 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A,B,C,D,E,F.

Decimal System
This consists of ten digits ranging from 0 to 9. These digits can be used to represent any numerical
value.

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Binary System
The binary number system is base 2 and therefore requires only two digits, 0 and 1. The binary
system is useful for computer programmers, because it can be used to represent the digital on/off
method in which computer chips and memory work.

Octal System
This consists of eight digits from 0 to 7. Each digit position in this system represents a power of 8.
Octal number system is used as a shorthand representation of long binary numbers.

Hexadecimal System
This consists of 16 digits from 0 to 9 and A to F. The alphabets A to F represent decimal number from
10 to 15. The base of this number system is (16).

Fill In The Gap Question

1. Number system is a way to represent _____.
2. A _____system is a collection of symbols used to represent small numbers, together with a
system of rules for representing larger numbers.
3. In the hexadecimal numbers system, A stands for___, B stands for ____, C stands for -----,
D stands for -------, E stands for _____and F stands for______.
4. Napier’s bones had______ rods.
5. The number of various unique digits, including zero, that a numeral system uses to
represent numbers is called _____.

Short Answer Questions

1. Discus the tally system of counting.
2. List any 5 concrete devices in computing.
3. Discuss the binary system of numbers and state why it is the most preferred in computing.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. The modern definition of a computing machine is based on a concept known as A. circuit
switching B. digital circuit C. packet switching D. stored program. [2019/1]..
2. The octal number system has ____ number of digits. A.2 B.16 C. 7 D.8
3. The base 10 number system is also called ___ system. A. decimal [Link] C. unary D.
hexadecimal
4. The Slide Rule was invented by _____. A. John Napier B. William Oughtred C. Charles
Babbage D. Isaac Newton
5. Napier’s Bones was made from _____ bones. A. ivory B. snake C. fish D. donkey
6. Convert 478 to its binary equivalent A. 101112 B.1100112 C. 100012 D. 11110112 [2015/2].
7. Convert 410 a number in base two. A. 10 B. 11 C. 100 D.110. [2017/2].
8. In hexadecimal system. D is equivalent to A. 15 B.14 C.13 D.10 [2020/2]
9. The sum of 1102 and 1012 is A. 11012 B.11102 C. 11002 D.10112 [2020/4].
10. The number 1011001012 in denary is A. 753 B.357 C.356 [2021/2].

Fill In The Gap Questions

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 1. The binary number system is base 2 and therefore requires only two digits, _____ and
_____.
2. ____ is an ancient memory aid device used to record and document numbers, quantities or
even messages.
3. Napier’s invention led directly to the slide rule, first built in England in the year_____.
4. ____is a concrete computing tool used to physically measure lengths and survey areas of
various sizes.
5. Napier’s Bones comprises of a set of eleven rods, with four sides each, which was used as
_______ tool.
6. The octal number system is used as a shorthand representation of _____ numbers.
7. In the hexadecimal numbers system, A stands for___, B stands for ____, C stands for -----,
D stands for -------, E stands for _____and F stands for______.
8. The Abacus was used for ____ and ______.
9. The alphabets A to F of the base 16 system, represent decimal numbers from ___ to ____.
10. The number of various unique digits, including zero, that a numeral system uses to
represent numbers is called _____.

Essay Question
[Link] CA316 to decimal.
2. Discuss Napier’s Bones.
3. Convert 768 to binary.
4. Discuss the binary system of numbers and state why it is the most preferred in computing.
5. Convert 1101102 to hexadecimal.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS / KEY WORDS / VOCABULARY:

Number Base or Base of a number is the unique of different symbols and notations it uses to
represent a value.
Abacus: a counting device that uses beads arranged on wires to represent numbers.
Napier’s Bones: a calculating device invented by John Napier in the 17th Century.

INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES:
“Education is the passport to the future, for tomorrow belongs to those who prepare for it today” by
Malcolm X.

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WEEK:2

TOPIC: HISTORY OF COMPUTING

LESSON OBJECTIVES: By the end of this topic, students should be able to:
i. discuss Abacus under: year of development, basic components/type of technology, speed
of operation and storage capacity.
ii. discuss Napier’s Bones under: year of development, basic components/type of technology,
speed of operation and storage capacity.
iii. discuss Pascal’s Calculator under: year of development, basic components/type of
technology, speed of operation and storage capacity.

ENTRY BEHAVIOUR: The students have seen Abacus and used calculator and modern day
computers before.

SUB-TOPIC 1: History of Computer Development (ABACUS, NAPIER’S BONE, PASCAL’S

CALCULATOR)

CONTENT:
ABACUS: Abacus is an instrument used in performing arithmetic calculations. It is probably the first
calculating device. The Chinese invented it, and because of its success it spread from China to other
countries. The abacus is also called a counting frame, it consist of a tablet or frame bearing parallel
wires or grooves on which counters or beads are moved. A modern abacus consists of wooden frame
with beads on parallel wires, and a crossbar oriented perpendicular to the wires that divides the
beads into two groups. Each column or wire represents one place in the decimal system. The Abacus
was used for addition and subtraction. It could not carry out complex mathematics operation.

The Abacus

NAPIER’S BONE: Napier's bones is an abacus created by John Napier of Merchiston for calculation
of products and quotients of numbers, in 1600. John Napier was a Scottish mathematician who
invented logarithms and the decimal point. The device consists of a set of graduated rods based on
the principle of logarithms. It was then used as a multiplication aid.
To use Napier’s bones, the rods are moved up and down in a sliding manner against each other,
matching the graduated rods. The device was a fore-runner of the slide rule which emerged in the
middle of 17th century. Formerly used to perform multiplication and division but now taken over by
modern electronic calculator.

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 Napier Bones
PASCAL’S CALCULATOR: Blaise Pascal a French Mathematician, Physicist and a religious
philosopher, invented the Pascal’s calculator in 1642. Pascal’s calculator was first called the
arithmetic machine, Pascal’s calculator and then the Pascaline. This machine was invented as a
result of trying to help his father who was a tax collector and had the need for subtraction, addition,
multiplication and division. Hence the need for this machine.
Pascaline's mechanism was very promising but in practice was very complicated and the weighted
ratchets have a tendency to jam. Except that the ratchets didn't let the gears to rotate in both
directions, so subtraction had to be implemented with nines complements trick, which is not so
elegant way to perform a subtraction.
In addition as you can see from the previous examples, Pascaline is not a calculating machine, but
actually just an adding machine. In fact all similar machines with stylus setting mechanisms should be
called adding machines rather than calculating machines.
Despite all that Pascaline was a historical achievement and it is considered today as the first
calculating device that the human race has discovered.

Fill In The Gap Questions

1. _____the first calculating device.
2. The abacus is also called a ____.
3. The Abacus was invented by the _____.
4. Blaise Pascal a _____ Mathematician.
5. John Napier was a Scottish mathematician who invented logarithms and the ______.

Essay Question
1. Discuss the Pascaline based on the inventor, year and country of invention, basic
components/type of technology and speed of operation.
2. Write a short note on Napier’s Bones clearly stating the inventor, year and country of invention,
basic components/type of technology and speed of operation.
3. Discuss the Abacus based on the inventor, year and country of invention, basic
components/type of technology and speed of operation.

SUB-TOPIC 2: History of Computer Development (JACQUARD LOOM, BABBAGE DIFFERENCE

ENGINE , HOLLERITH CENSUS MACHINE, HARVARD MARK 1, ENIAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC I)
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CONTENT:
JACQUARD LOOM: The Jacquard loom is a mechanical loom, invented by Joseph Marie Jacquard,
first demonstrated in 1801, that simplifies the process of manufacturing textiles with complex patterns
such as brocade, damask and matelasse. The loom was controlled by a "chain of cards", a number
of punched cards, laced together into a continuous sequence. Multiple rows of holes were punched
on each card and each row of punched holes corresponded to one row of the design. Several such
paper cards, generally white in color, can be seen in the images below. Chains, like the much
later paper tape, allowed sequences of any length to be constructed, not limited by the size of a card.

Jacquard’s Loom
Babbage Difference engine is an automatic mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial
functions. It was designed in 1822. The name derives from the method of divided differences, a way
to interpolate or tabulate functions by using a small set of polynomial coefficients. Both
logarithmic and trigonometric functions, functions commonly used by both navigators and scientists,
can be approximated by polynomials, so a difference engine can compute many useful sets of
numbers.
The historical difficulty in producing error free tables by teams of mathematicians and human
"computers" spurred Charles Babbage's desire to build a mechanism to automate the process.

Difference engine
HOLLERITH CENSUS MACHINE: Herman Hollerith (February 29, 1860 – November 17, 1929) was
an American statistician and inventor who developed a mechanical tabulator based on punched
cards to rapidly tabulate statistics from millions of pieces of data. He was the founder of
the Tabulating Machine Company that later merged to become IBM. Hollerith is widely regarded as
the father of modern automatic computation.

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 Herman Hollerith
HARVARD MARK 1
In 1937, Howard A. Aiken of Harvard University, using the techniques already developed for punched
card machinery, began work on the design of a fully automatic machine in collaboration with
International Business Machines Corporation. His aim was to develop a machine that could help in
the solution of difficult differential equations, the large calculations of which would have been unreal
manually.
Seven years later, in May 1944, the designs became a reality. In August of the same year, the now
historically famous Harvard Mark 1 was donated to Harvard University in Cambridge.

ENIAC
In full Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator, the first programmable general-purpose
electronic digital computer, built during World War II by the United States. In the United States,
government funding during the war went to a project led by John Mauchly, J. Presper Eckert, Jr., and
their colleagues at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania; their
objective was an all-electronic computer.

EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) was one of the

earliest electronic computers. Unlike its predecessor the ENIAC, it was binary rather than decimal,
and was a stored program computer.
The EDVAC was a binary serial computer with automatic addition, subtraction, multiplication,
programmed division and automatic checking with an ultrasonic serial memory capacity of 1,000 44-
bit words (later set to 1,024 words, thus giving a memory, in modern terms, of 5.5 kilobytes).

UNIVAC I
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The UNIVAC I (Universal Variable Automatic Computer I) was the second commercial computer
produced in the United States. It was designed principally by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, the
inventors of the ENIAC. Design work was started by their company, Eckert–Mauchly Computer
Corporation, and was completed after the company had been acquired by Remington Rand (which
later became part of Sperry, now Unisys). In the years before successor models of the UNIVAC I
appeared, the machine was simply known as "the UNIVAC".

Fill In The Gap Questions

1. UNIVAC1 was invented by ____ and ____.
2. ENIAC stands for _______.
3. EDAC stands for _______.
4. ______ is the first programmable general-purpose electronic digital computer, built
during World War II in the United States.
5. Herman Hollerith’s machine was used in ____

Essay Question
1. What is punched card?
2. Discuss Charles Babbage’s machines.
3. Write short note on Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which of the following persons invented the punch card machine? A. Blaise Pascal B.
Gottefried Leibniz C. J. Prosper Eckert D. Dr. Herman Hollerith. [2015/1]….
2. Who developed the first digital electrical computer? A. Blaise Pascal B. Joseph Jacquard C.
Mauchly and Eckert D. Von Leibniz. [2016/1].
3. Arrange the following ICT tools in the order of invention from the earliest to the latest: cell
phone, internet, satellite and radio A. cell phone b. internet, satellite, cell phone, radio C. radio,
satellite, internet, cellphone D. radio, cell phone, satellite, Internet. [2018/2]…
4. Jacquard’s loom was used in __ (a) weaving industry (b) machinery industry (c) food
industry (d) cosmetic industry
5. The size of UNIVAC was that of (a) one-car garage (b) Two-room house (c) Two-story
building (d) A block of houses
6. Which of the following is true about digital computers? A. They consist of magnetic core
memory B. they recognize data as continuous measurement [Link] represent numbers
through a string of binary digits D. they are used for scientific purposes [2015/5]
7. Blaise Pascal was a/an ____ mathematician. A. Chinese B. French C. British D. American
8. All are features of Jacquard’s loom except ……….. A. display register B. needle board C.
punched card D. spring box.

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 9. Which of the following is NOT an early computing device? A. Abacus B. Slide rule C. Napier’s
bones D. Palmtop
10. The computing machine used for census n the USA is ____. A. Abacus B. EDVAC C.
Tabulating Machine [Link]

Fill In The Gap Questions

1. _____the first calculating device.
2. The ____ is the first programmable general-purpose electronic digital computer.
3. The Abacus was invented by the _____.
4. Blaise Pascal a _____ Mathematician.
5. John Napier was a Scottish mathematician who invented logarithms and the ______.
6. UNIVAC stands for ____.
7. The ENIAC was invented in the ____School of Electrical Engineering at the University of
Pennsylvania.
8. EDAC stands for _______.
9. ______ is the first programmable general-purpose electronic digital computer, built
during World War II in the United States.
10. The EDVAC initially had an ultrasonic serial memory capacity of _____bit words.

Essay Question
1. Write a short note on Charles Babbage stating his contribution to the history computers.
2 Discuss Charles Babbage’s machines.
3 Write short note on ENIAC.
4 Jacquard’s Loom was used in the weaving industry. Explain why it is included in the history of
computing devices.
5 Write a short note on Philip Emeagwali stating his contribution to the history computers.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS / KEY WORDS / VOCABULARY:

1. Counting Frame: another name for the Abacus.
2. UNIVAC 1- (short for Universal Variable Automatic Computer 1)- the second commercial
computer produced in the United States designed by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.
3. Tabulating Machine: another name for Herman Hollerith’s census machine.

INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES:
“Computing devices are the compasses guiding us through the vast landscape of data, towards the
horizons of knowledge” by anonymous.

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WEEK:3

TOPIC: DIGITALIZATION OF DATA

LESSON OBJECTIVES: By the end of this topic, students should be able to:
(i) define digitalization of data
(ii)state the importance of digitalization of data.
(iii) discuss the components of Computer: Input, Output, Storage devices, Central Processing Unit.

ENTRY BEHAVIOUR: The students have heard of scanning of pictures and documents before.

SUB-TOPIC 1: Digitalization

CONTENT: Digitalization is the process of converting information into a digital format. In this format,
information is organized into discrete units of data (called bits) that can be separately addressed
(usually in multiple-bit groups called bytes).

Digitalization of data is a means or process of converting physical or written records such as text,
images, video and audio into digital form. Digitalization of data gives room for accessing, preservation
and sharing of information.

Digitalized data offers the following benefits:

-Long term preservation of documents,
-orderly archiving of documents,
-easy & customized access to information,
-easy information dissemination through images & text, CD-ROMs, internet, intranets, and extranets.

Fill In The Gap Question

1. ____is the process of converting information into a digital format.
2. When digitalized, information is organized into discrete units of data called ___ that can be
separately addressed in multiple-bit groups called ____.
3. One of the benefits of digitalization of data is ______.
4. Some devices that can be used to digitalize data are _____ and _____.
5. Digitalized data can easily be _____.

Short Answer Questions

1. Define digitalization of data.
2. State any 3 importance of digitalization of data.
[Link] one way you can digitalize your lesson note.

SUB-TOPIC 2: Components of Computer

CONTENT:
A computer system consists of main parts otherwise called components. These are:

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 1. Input devices
2. Central Processing Unit
3. Storage devices
4. Output devices

Any computer, to qualify as a computer, must have internal parts that serve the following five
functions: Input, Output, Processing, Information holding (Memory), Control.

INPUT
In computing, an input device is (a piece of computer hardware equipment) used to provide data and
control signals to an information processing system such as a computer or information appliance.
Examples of input devices include keyboards, mouse, scanners, digital cameras and joysticks.

OUTPUT
An output device is any device used to send data from a computer to another device or user. Most
computer data output that is meant for humans is in the form of audio or video. Thus, most output
devices used by humans are in these categories. Examples include monitors, projectors, speakers,
headphones and printers.

STORAGE DEVICES (MEMORY)

A storage device is any computing hardware that is used for storing, exporting and extracting data
files and objects. It can hold and store information both temporarily and permanently, and can be
internal or external to a computer, server or any similar computing device.

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

A central processing unit (CPU) is the electronic circuitry within a computer that carries out the
instructions of a computer program by performing the basic arithmetic, logical, control and
input/output (I/O) operations specified by the instructions.

READING ASSIGNMENT:
Students are expected to read data and information from the textbook. Textbook of Data
Processing SS 1 Page

Fill In The Gap Question

1. The ____ device is used to provide data and control signals to the computer.
2. A collection of raw facts is called _______.
3. In the I-P-O cycle, ‘I’ stands for _____
4. ALU stands for ______..
5. The CPU is made up of ____ and ____.

Short Answer Questions

1. What does I-P-O mean?
2. Define Input.

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3. List any 4 components of the computer system.

10 Multiple Choice Questions

1. In the I-P-O cycle, P stands for (a) Output (b) memory (c) processing (d) problem
2. Which of the following is a secondary storage device.A. RAM.B. Bubble memory C Floopy
disk C). EPROM [2015/8
3. Which of the following are parts of a computer processor? A. CPU and main memory B.
Control unit and ALU C. Operating system and applicators. D. Main memory and storage.
[2016/8]
4. The device that sends information to the CPU is the A. bus. B. input device. C. output device.
D. processor. [WASSE]
5. The following hardware devices are used for output operations except A. monitor B.
microphone C. plotter D. projector. [2019/8]
6. Which of the following parts of the computer ensures the smooth operation of its hardware? A.
main memory B. control unit C. Auxillary storage D. Arithmetic and logic unit. [2020/8]
7. _____is a device used to send data from a computer to another device or user. A. input B.
Output C. Processing [Link]
8. _______ is is any computing hardware that is used for storing, exporting and extracting data
files and objects. A. input B. Output C. Processing [Link]
9. In the I-P-O cycle, P stands for (a) Output (b) memory (c) processing (d) problem
10. The system unit houses all of the following except [Link] battery B. memory [Link]
[Link]

10 Fill In The Gap Questions

1. Examples of auxiliary storage are _____, _____ and _____.
2. A collection of raw facts is called _______.
3. In the I-P-O cycle, ‘I’ stands for _____
4. ALU stands for ______..
5. The CPU is made up of ____ and ____.
6. ____is the process of converting information into a digital format.
7. When digitalized, information is organized into discrete units of data called ___ that can be
separately addressed in multiple-bit groups called ____.
8. One of the benefits of digitalization of data is ______.
9. Some devices that can be used to digitalize data are _____ and _____.
10. In the I-P-O cycle, O stands for ______.

Essay Questions
1. Discuss and list any 5 components of the computer system unit.
2. Define digitalization of data.
3. State any 4 importance of digitalization of data.
4. Explain one way you can digitalize your lesson note.
5. Explain term “output devices”.
6. List any 4 components of the computer system.

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GLOSSARY OF TERMS / KEY WORDS / VOCABULARY:
[Link] Device: is any device used to give information to computer user. Examples include
monitors, projectors, speakers, headphones and printers.
[Link] Device: is any device used to give the computer data for processing or storage. Examples
are keyboards, mouse, scanners, digital cameras and joysticks.
3.A storage device is any computing hardware that is used for storing, exporting and extracting data
files and objects. Examples are memory card, flash drives, hard disk drives, CD/DVD-ROMs, etc.
4. System Unit: is the enclosure that houses most of the computer’s electronic components like
CMOS battery, motherboard, video card, audio card, etc.

INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES:”The more that you read, the more things you will know, the more you
learn, the more places you’ll go” by Dr. Suess.

WEEK:4

TOPIC: CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS

LESSON OBJECTIVES: By the end of this topic, students should be able to:
i. classify computers by type;
ii. discuss digital computers;
iii. discuss analogue computers;
iv. discuss hybrid computers;
v. classify computers by size;
vi. discuss mainframe computers;
vii. discuss mini computers;
viii. discuss micro computers.

ENTRY BEHAVIOUR: The students have seen and used desktop and laptop computers before.

SUB-TOPIC 1: Classification Computers by type

CONTENT:
When computers are classified according to type, three different groups or classes of computers are
recognized. They are the digital analogue and hybrid computer.

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DIGITAL COMPUTER
This is most common type of computer today. It is used in processing discrete data that have to do
with counting. Digit is a number therefore, digital computers measure physical quantities by counting.
Most applications of computer have to do with data processing. As such, the digital computer is so
much in use. Many modern devices are now using digital system. Examples of such devices are:
calculator, digital wrist watches, digital fuel dispenser etc.

ANALOGUE COMPUTERS
Analogue computer processes continuous data such as speed, temperature, heartbeat etc. They are
mostly used in scientific measurement which may require the processing of continuous data. These
are the type of specialized computers you are likely to see in the hospitals connected to patients.

HYBRID COMPUTER
This type of computer combines the features of digital and analogue computers together. It can count
and as well as measure.

Fill In The Gap Question

1. By type, computers are classified as ___, _____ and _____.
2. ____ are the computers that use continuously changeable physical phenomena to model and
solve problem.
3. _____are computers that use binary digits (of 0s and 1s) to capture, process, store, transmit
and output results.
4. _____are computers that combine the features of both analogue and digital computers in
processing data.
5. Examples of digital computers are ______, _______, and ______.

Short Answer Questions

1. Discuss hybrid computer.
2. Discuss analog computer
3. Discuss digital computer

SUB-TOPIC 2: CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER BY SIZE

CONTENT:
MINICOMPUTER
This is a medium size general purpose digital.
It is a multi-user i.e. it allows many users at once and has the ability to perform many tasks
simultaneously. The distinguished features of mini from micro computers are: memory size, speed of
operation, faster input and output devices and higher cost. They are specially designed to solve and
handle wide variety of commuting problems. It has become a popular and powerful network server to
help manage large internet web sites, corporate intranet and client server networks.

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MAINFRAME COMPUTER
These are multi-user and multi-tasking general purpose computers.
They have large storage capacity and cost more than typical mini computers. They are used by large
organizations such as banks, universities, central bank, national population commission etc.
Mainframe is now known as enterprise server.

SUPER COMPUTER

This can be seen as technological improvement on mainframe computers. It is used in the scientific
environment such as for space studies and weather forecast.
They have higher processing powers and large storage capacities.

TYPES OF MICRO-COMPUTERS
Micro computers came in different sizes ranging from desktop, laptop, palmtop, notebook computers
etc.

DESKTOP
This category of micro computer can be set on the top of a desk “Desktop”. It supports other
peripherals and has a very high storage capacity and speed.

LAPTOP COMPUTER
This type of computer can be placed on the lap and also in a belief case. They can be either AC
powered, battery powered or both. They combine the power of the PC with mobility.

NOTEBOOK COMPUTERS
These are very high PCs but have all the capacities of a PC.
Palm top: They are small enough to be held in the palm of your hand: They are equally as powerful as
the Desktop.

WORK STATIONS
These are more powerful than the PCs. They are used by the engineers and scientists who process a
lot of data. It is a kind of special purpose computer.

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SERVER
A computer that has been optimized to provide services to other computers over a network. Servers
usually have powerful processors, lots of memory and large hard drives.

Fill In The Gap Question

1. _____ is a computer that has been optimized to provide services to other computers over a
network
2. ______ more powerful computers that are used by engineers and scientists who process a lot
of data.
3. Micro computers can be in different sizes ranging from _____, ______, and ______.
4. _____are large powerful computers that handle processing for many users at the same time.
5. _____by size, computers are classified as ____, _____ and _____.

Short Answer Questions

1. Give 2 differences between mainframe and micro computers.
2. Mention any 4 types/forms of micro computers.
3. Explain the term ”server”.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which of the following is true about digital computers? A. They consist of magnetic core
memory B. they recognize data as continuous measurement [Link] represent numbers
through a string of binary digits D. they are used for scientific purposes [2015/5]
2. Which of the following factors is not considered when classifying computer’ A. Location. B.
Size. C. Type D. Purpose. [2016/5]
3. Which of the following is a not characteristic of personal computer? A. Automation [Link]
C. digital D. high speed [12017/5]
4. The type of computer that counts in discrete form only is referred to as A. Analog computer
[Link] computer C. Hybrid C. computer D. Mainframe computer. [2021/5]
5. The factors considered in classifying computers are _____ and size. [Link], weight
[Link], purpose [Link], height [Link],label [Link] friendly, accuracy [NECO
2023/28]

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 6. By size, computers are classified as super, …………, mini and microcomputers? A. laptop B.
desktop C. mainframe D. workstation.
7. 8. Which of these computers has no rechargeable battery? A. Desktop B. Laptop C. Palmtop
D. Tablet PC.
8. 9. …………. is a computer that has been optimized to provide services to other computers
over a network. A. Workstation B. Single unit PC C. Server D. Micro computer
9. The fastest, most powerful and most expensive computer is ……… A. mainframe
[Link] C. supercomputer D. desktop computer.
10. All are analogue computers except………… A. Barometer B. Calculator C. Speedometer D.
Tyre pressure gauge

Fill In The Gap Questions

1. By type, computers are classified as ___, _____ and _____.
2. ____ are the computers that use continuously changeable physical phenomena to model and
solve problem.
3. _____are computers that use binary digits (of 0s and 1s) to capture, process, store, transmit
and output results.
4. _____are computers that combine the features of both analogue and digital computers in
processing data.
5. Examples of digital computers are ______, _______, and ______.
6. _____ is a computer that has been optimized to provide services to other computers over a
network
7. ______ more powerful computers that are used by engineers and scientists who process a lot
of data.
8. Micro computers can be in different sizes ranging from _____, ______, and ______.
9. _____are large powerful computers that handle processing for many users at the same time.
10. _____by size, computers are classified as ____, _____ and _____.

Essay Question
[Link] four classes of computer based on size [2017/1]
[Link] three ways of classifying computers. [2021/3].
3. Differentiate between digital and analog computers. [2021/3]
4. Give 2 differences between mainframe and micro computers.
5. Mention any 4 types/forms of micro computers.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS / KEY WORDS / VOCABULARY:

1. Analogue Computers: are the computers that use continuously changeable physical
phenomena to model and solve problem.
2. Digital Computers: are computers that use binary digits (of 0s and 1s) to capture, process,
store, transmit and output results.
3. Hybrid Computers: are computers that combine the features of both analogue and digital
computers : they both count and measure.
4. Micro Computers: are small sized, less expensive personal computers designed for personal
use.

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 5. Workstation: is a high performance personal computer designed for technical and scientific
applications.

INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES: “The root of education are bitter, but the fruit is sweet” by Aristotle.

WEEK:5

TOPIC: CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS

LESSON OBJECTIVES: By the end of this topic, students should be able to:
i. classify computers by functionality;
ii. discuss special-purpose computers;
iii. discuss general-purpose computers;
iv. classify computer by generations;
v. discuss first computer generation;
vi. discuss second computer generation;
vii. discuss third computer generation;
viii. discuss fourth computer generation;
ix. discuss fifth computer generation.
x.

ENTRY BEHAVIOUR: The students have and have been using their general-purpose computers for
variety of tasks.

SUB-TOPIC 1: CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER BY FUNCTIONLITY

CONTENT:
Classification of computer according to purpose can be grouped into two, namely:
1. General purpose computers
2. Special purposes computers

SPECIAL PURPOSE COMPUTERS

These are computers designed solely to solve a restricted class of problems e.g. computer for
medical diagnosis, weapon guidance, traffic control, wealth study and forecast, control of airplanes
and production control of refinery and guidance etc.

GENERAL PURPOSE COMPUTER

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This class of computers is also called multi-purpose computers and are used for variety of works.
They have the ability to store various programs of instructions and perform variety of operations such
as graphics, database inventory and sales analysis.
Most computers are general purpose computers and they can handles different kind of work.

Fill In The Gap Question

1. _____are computers designed solely to solve a restricted class of problems.
2. _____ class of computers is also called multi-purpose computers and are used for variety of
works.
3. Computer for medical diagnosis will fall under _____ purpose computer.
4. Computer for wealth study and forecast will fall under _____ purpose computer.
5. Your personal computer falls under _____ purpose computer.

Short Answer Questions

1. Compare general purpose and special purpose computers.
2. Define special-purpose computer.
3. Define general-purpose computer.

SUB-TOPIC 2: CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER BY GENERATION

CONTENT:
Generations of Computer
1ST GENERATION COMPUTERS
These include sets of computer built between1940-1956. They employed electronic valves (vacuum
tubes) for their circuits. Examples include Leo Mark III, Atlas Series. Universal Automatics computer
(UNIVAC), Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic computer (EDVAC), Electronic Delay Storage
Automatic computer (EDSAC). This was developed by two engineers Dr. John W. Mauchly and J.
Prespert Eckert.

The IBM 650 Magnetic Drum Calculator

FEATURES
It uses punch card
It relied on machine language
It has valve-based machine and uses vacuum tube for storing and processing of data.
It has limited internal storage
It consumes too much electronic power and thereby generates too much heat.

2ND GENERATION COMPUTERS

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This computer generation existed between (1956 - 1963). They used transistor in place of valve.
William Shockley invented transistors in 1947, but however the effect was not felt until late 1950.
They were smaller in size and faster in operation compared with the 1 st generation. Besides, they
were more reliable and then use English as computer language. High level language like BASIC,
FORTRAN, COBOL etc. Examples are IBM 7000, series 7030, 7090, UNIVAC 1102, LEO MARK
SERIES

FEATURES
- It uses transistors instead of valves therefore more reliable.
- Transistors was far superior to the vacuum tube
- It is faster in operation more than the first generation computers
- It uses magnetic tape as storage medium
- It is smaller in size compared to first generation computer
- It accepts external storage device like magnetic tape or disk.

3RD GENERATIONS COMPUTERS

The third generation computers mark the beginning of keyboards for input and video display unit
(monitor) for output. It came between 1964-1971. Some of the computers, its major component was
integrated circuits (IC) instead of transistor used during second generation. The introduction of
integrated circuit drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computer. They came in three (3)
different sizes ie mainframe, mini, micro computers.

Some of its features includes:

- use of circuits instead of transistors used in second generation
- it is more reliable than the second generation computers
- It has extensive processing storage
- It came in three different sizes – Mainframe, Mini, and Micro computers.

4TH GENERATION COMPUTERS

This generation of electronic computer came into existence (1974-1984). Their technology is based
on the use of semi-conductor device called silicon chips or micro processors. One of the most
important results of large scale integration was the introduction of the micro processors.
Over time, larger units were introduced to generate an improved performance. These were LSI, VLSI
AND ULSI. The arrival of this generation of computer gave rise to more powerful and less expensive
but realistic computers development. Examples IBM 3030 and 7700.

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FEATURES
It uses very large scale integrated circuit.
It has high speed and higher storage capacity
It is faster in operation and cheaper than the earlier ones
It has extensive processing storage

5TH GENERATION
The present day computers are classified into this category. The fifth generation of computers are
capable of performing functions of human experts solving problems that require human intelligent,
judgment, insight and experience.
Fifth generation computers can learn, take decisions and perform other activities exclusive of human
beings. It marks the era of Pentium i.e. Pentium 1 Pentium 2, 3, 4, and M which combine artificial
intelligence with expert system.

Artificial intelligence is the ability of the computer to behave like an intelligent human being while
expert system is the capability of computer to the judgment and decisions like an expert in a
specialized field i.e. Diagnosis and prescription of drugs like a medical doctor.

FEATURES
Artificial Intelligence e.g Robot
It appears to be reasoning in some type of work.
It helps in planning financial management
Speech Synthesis
Expert System – ability of computer system to make judgment and decision like an expert.

Fill In The Gap Question

1. First generation computers were built between ______ and _____.
2. First generation computers relied on ___ language.
3. First generation computers used majorly ___ technology.
4. Second generation computers used majorly ___ technology.
5. Third generation computers used majorly ___ technology.

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Short Answer Questions
1. What is artificial intelligence?
2. What are expert systems?
3. Distinguish between the 1st and the 2nd generations of computers. (Give at least 2
differences).

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which generation of computers made use of integrated circuits? A. Fourth B. third C. second
D. first. [2016/2]..
2. One characteristic feature of the second generation computers is the presence of A. vacuum
tubes B. transistors C. micro-chips D. integrated circuit. [2017/1]..
3. The first generation computers made use of A. low level programming language B. high level
programming language C. object-oriented programming language D. procedural programming
language. [2018/1].
4. Microprocessor was used as the main electronic component of the A. first generation
computers B. second generation computers C. third generation computers D. fourth generation
computers. [2018/2]….
5. The use of transistors in circuits was a major advancement in the A. first generation computers
B. second generation computers C. third generation computers D. fourth generation
computers. [2019/5]..
6. One advantage of the first generation computers is A. processing speed B. portability C.
heating effect D. burglar-proof. [2020/5].
7. The use of Visual Display Unit was a major breakthrough in the A. first generation computers
B. second generation computers C. third generation computers C. third generation computers
[Link] generation computers…
8. The main component of the first generation computers was A. microchip [Link] C.
Integrated Circuit D. Electronic Valve (2021/1)….
9. Fourth generation computer application can execute the following except A. Digging of
drainages B. Drainage channel design C. Management of recreational facilities D. Payroll
management (2021/7).
10. …………. is not a feature of first generation computer? A. They used punched cards B. They
had limited internal storage C. They consumed too much electricity D. They were small in size.

Fill In The Gap Questions

1. Fifth generation computers were built between ______ and _____.
2. Fourth generation computers relied on ___ language.
3. First generation computers used majorly ___ technology.
4. Second generation computers used majorly ___ technology.
5. Third generation computers used majorly ___ technology.
6. _____are computers designed solely to solve a restricted class of problems.
7. _____ class of computers is also called multi-purpose computers and are used for variety of
works.
8. Computer for the control of airplanes will fall under _____ purpose computer.
9. Computer for wealth study and forecast will fall under _____ purpose computer.
10. Your personal computer falls under _____ purpose computer.

[Link] …leadership with distinction

Essay Question
1. What is artificial intelligence?
2. What are expert systems?
3. Distinguish between the 1st and the 5th generations of computers. (Give at least 2 differences).
4. Compare general purpose and special purpose computers.
5. Define special-purpose computer.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS / KEY WORDS / VOCABULARY:

1. Artificial intelligence: is the ability of a computer to learn, adapt and behave like an intelligent
human being .
2. Robotics: is programming computers to see, hear and react to stimuli just like human beings.
3. PDA( Personal Digital Assistant): is a hand-held electronic device that combines computing
communication and organizational features. It has features such as calendar and scheduling,
contacts and address book, note taking, task management, e-mail and messaging, web
browsing, media play back, synchronization, touch screen, etc.
4. Integrated Circuits (ICs): are miniature electronic circuits that are comprised of a vast
number of interconnected electronic components like transistors, resistors, capacitors, and
diodes fabricated onto a single semiconductor substrate usually made of silicon.

INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES: “A person who won’t read, has no advantage over one who can’t read”
by Mark Twain

WEEK:6

TOPIC: ICT APPLICATION IN EVERYDAY LIFE

LESSON OBJECTIVES: By the end of this topic, students should be able to:
i)outline the uses of ICT in the society;
ii)identify the impact of ICT in the society;

ENTRY BEHAVIOUR: The students are conversant with ICT gadgets like TV, radio, computer and
their uses.

SUB-TOPIC 1: Uses of ICT

CONTENT:

[Link] …leadership with distinction

ICT stands for information and communication technologies and are defined, for the purposes of this
primer, as a “diverse set of technological tools and resources used to communicate, and to create,
disseminate, store, and manage information.”

ICT applications are useful in numerous instances to facilitate the development of various aspects of
the society.
[Link] administration is a key aspect of civil society and it includes a range of services to
citizens and industry. It provides various functions that enhance the society, economic and
political developments of the citizenry. Example e-government
[Link] and Rural Development
ICT application are useful in facilitating development programmes in many countries. These
technologies help in supporting economic and social developments. The establishment of tele-
centres in rural communities can facilitate economic empowerment.

[Link]
In the transport sector, ICT applications can be used to improve road, air and rail
transportation. ICT applications are noticeable in the air transport control, monitoring of freight
and the day-to-day transport system.

[Link]
ICT applications are becoming valuable resources in the medical field. They support efficient
exchange of information between health professionals, they enable transfer of patient
records between sites and they can improve clinical effectiveness, continuity, and quality of
care by health professionals.

[Link]
The education sector is arguably one major area that ICT are playing a remarkable role. These
technologies help in facilitating learning and exchange of educational materials. ICT are
helping library professional store and manage academic information.

[Link]
At the micro level, ICT applications can be used to impart information directly to farmers and
the farming community. There are expert system designed to handle agricultural issues such
as water utilization and management, pest control, harvest management and so forth.

[Link] Processing/Management
ICT can be used in the following areas of information processing and management.
(i) Typing letters, notes and other documents.
(ii) Distributing and sharing of information.
(iii) Keeping records and inventory, storing, retrieving and manipulating data and
information.

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 (iv) Transmitting information.

[Link] Industries
This is a platform that can be used on any device that has access to the internet. It helps to
transfer money from someone’s account to any other account and monitor your account.

Fill In The Gap Question

1. ICT stands for _____.
2. In the transport sector, ICT applications can be used to improve road, _____ and
___transportation.
3. In the education industry, ICT is helping ____ professionals store and manage academic
information.
4. Some ICT gadgets I know are ______, _______, _______, _______ and ______.
5. The ICT gadgets that can be used n the banking industry are _____, _____ and ______.

Short Answer Questions

1. Explain the term “ICT”.
2. List any five uses of ICT.
3. Explain how ICT can help Nigeria in conquering food shortages.

SUB-TOPIC 2: ICT and the Society

CONTENT:
The impact of ICT on society (Importance)

i. Faster communication speed

In the past, it took a long time for any news or message to be sent. Now with the internet, news
or messages are sent via e-mail to friends, business partner or anyone efficiently.

[Link] …leadership with distinction

ii. Lower Communication cost
Using the internet is cost-effective in comparison to other modes of communication such as
telephone, mailing or courier service. It allows people to have access to large amounts of data
at a very low cost.

iii. Paperless Environment

ICT technology has created the term paperless environment. This term means the information
can stored and retrieved through the digital medium instead of paper.

iv. Effective Sharing of Information

People can share and exchange opinions, news and information through discussion groups,
mailing list and forums on the internet. The enable knowledge sharing which will contribute to the
development of knowledge based society.

v. Job Opportunities
vi. Voting
vii. Defense, Urban planning, World Government

Effect of ICT

Social Problems
There are some of negative effects of ICT.
- Nowadays, people tend to choose online communication rather than having real-time
conversations.
- People tend to become more individualistic and introvert, prone to theft, hacking pornography
and online gambling. This will result in moral decadent and generate threat to the society.

Health Problem
- A computer may harm the users if they use it for a long hours frequently.
- Computer users are also exposed to bad posture, eyestrain, physical and mental stress.

Fill In The Gap Question

1. Nowadays, people tend to choose online communication rather than having real-time
conversations. This is a ____ effect of ICT.
2. People tend to become more individualistic and introvert, prone to theft, hacking pornography
and online gambling. This is a ____ effect of ICT.
3. People can share and exchange opinions, news and information through discussion groups,
mailing list and forums on the internet. This is a ____ effect of ICT.
4. Using the internet is cost-effective in comparison to other modes of communication such as
telephone, mailing or courier service. This is a ____ effect of ICT.
5. Computer users are exposed to bad posture, eyestrain, physical and mental stress. This is a
____ effect of ICT.
Short Answer Questions
1. State any 3 impact/importance of ICT on society.

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 2. Mention 2 positive effects of ICT on the society.
3. State 2 negative effects of ICT on the society.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Facebook, Twitter and WhatsApp are examples of A. social media B. social communication C.
networking media D. search engines [2015/6]
2. Which of the following is not used for online shopping? A. master card B. credit card C. verve
D. sim card [2016/6]
3. Which of the following is a negative impact of ICT in education? A. plagiarism B. e-library C.
distance learning D. computer-based tests. [2016/7]
4. The gap between ownership, access and benefits from computer and its application is termed
digital A. separation B. divide C. deprivation D. annihilation.
5. Which of these channels would enable business transactions between a buyer from Nigeria
and a seller from Ghana A. e-portal B. e-library C. e-commerce D. podcasting. [2018/6]
6. The ICT application is which helps to resolve road congestion at junctions is A. Automatic
teller machine B. automatic traffic marshal C. street light D. traffic light. [2018/7]
7. An ICT based service that uses telecommunication devices to hold meeting among many
participant two or more locations is known as A. broadcasting B. multimedia C. podcasting D.
teleconference [2019]
8. Internet banking entails A. applying computer networks in banking operations B. applying
computers to automate banking operations C. generating tokens and one-time passwords for
online payments. D. using ATM for banking operations [2020/7]
9. One application of ICT in education is A. Automated Teller machine B. electronic fund transfer
C. magnetic ink character recognition D. optical mark Reader[2022/6]
10. An application of ICT which allows a person to participate in a meeting from a remote location
is called A. blogging B. broadcasting C. podcasting D. tele presence. [2022/7]

Fill In The Gap Questions

1. CAI stands for _____.
2. People tend to become more individualistic and introvert, prone to theft, hacking pornography
and online gambling. This is a ____ effect of ICT.
3. People can share and exchange opinions, news and information through discussion groups,
mailing list and forums on the internet. This is a ____ effect of ICT.
4. Using the internet is cost-effective in comparison to other modes of communication such as
telephone, mailing or courier service. This is a ____ effect of ICT.
5. Computer users are exposed to bad posture, eyestrain, physical and mental stress. This is a
____ effect of ICT.
6. ATM stands for _____.
7. In the transport sector, ICT applications can be used to improve road, _____ and
___transportation.
8. In the education industry, ICT is helping ____ professionals store and manage academic
information.
9. Some ICT gadgets I know are ______, _______, _______, _______ and ______.
10. EFT stands for _____.

Essay Question

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 1. (a) Define the term Information and Communication Technology (ICT).
(b) Highlight three ways (ICT) has impacted on the society. [2017/1)

2. (a) What is teleconferencing?

(b) State four uses of Automated Teller Machine (ATM). [2019/1]

3. Hamza, Emeka, Funsho, Fejiro and Idongesit were friends from secondary school, Now,
Hamza is a Pilot, Emeka is a businessman, Funsho is a banker, Fejiro is a manufacturer while
Idongesit is a teacher. State two ways by which each of these friends can apply ICT in their
respetive professions. [2019/2]

4. Ciroma Chukwuma Adekunle has just opened a computer business centre within a school
environment.
(a) State three computer services that may be provided in the business centre.
(b) List three devices required in the business centre.
(c) Give two applications software needed in the business centre.
(d) Outline two precautions that must be taken by Ciroma Chukwuma Adekune to ensure the
safety of this computer if he accepts documents in movable devices from his
customers.(2020/2]

5. State three positive impacts of ICT on the society. [2021/3]

GLOSSARY OF TERMS / KEY WORDS / VOCABULARY:

1. ATM( Automated Teller Machine): is a banking machne that lets you get cash from your bank
account without visiting the teller.
2. EFT( Electronic Funds Transfer):is the electronic transfer of money from one bank account
to another.
3. CAI(Computer Assisted/Aided Instruction):is an instructional technique whereby a
computer is used to present the instructional materials and to monitor the learning that takes
place.
INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES:”They know enough who know how to learn” by Henry Adams

WEEK:8

TOPIC: THE ART OF INFORMATION PROCESSING

LESSON OBJECTIVES: By the end of this topic, students should be able to:
i)define information processing
ii)List and explain the procedure for information processing.

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ENTRY BEHAVIOUR: The students have been sent on errands before during which they processed
the task and brought back feedback.

SUB-TOPIC 1: Definition of information processing

CONTENT:
Information Processing is the change (processing) of information in any manner detectable by an
observer. As such, it is a process which describes everything which happens (changes) in the
universe, from the falling of a rock (a change in position) to the printing of a text file from a digital
computer system.

Information processing refers to the manipulation of digitized information by computers and other
digital electronic equipment, known collectively as information technology (IT). Information
processing systems include business software, operating systems, computers, networks and
mainframes.

Information processing may be sequential or parallel, either of which may be centralized or

decentralized (distributed).

Procedures for information processing

Information represent digitally in two-state, or binary, form is often referred to as digital information.
Modern information systems are characterized by extensive metamorphoses of analog and digital
information.

1. Collation of Information
Collation is the assembly of written information into a standard order. One common type of
collation is called alphabetization, though collation is not limited to ordering letters of the
alphabet. Collation lists of words or names into alphabetical order is the basis of most office
filling systems, library catalogs and reference books.

Collation defines a total preorder on the set of possible items, typically by defining a total
order on a sort-key.

2. Organization of Information

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 In any collection, physical objects are related by order. The ordering may be random or
according to some characteristic called a key. Such characteristics may be intrinsic properties
of the objects (e.g. size, weight, shape, or colour) or they may be assigned from some agreed-
upon set, such as object class or date of purchase.
In most cases, order is imposed on a set of information objects for two reasons: to create
their inventory and to facilitate locating specific objects in the set.
Possible ways of organizing information are: i. Alphabetical by name ii. Alphabetical by
Title iii. Chronologically iv. Statistically v. Subject (can be organized in alphabetical order)
vi. Geographically vii. Computer Databases (can be searched by subject, keyword, author,
title, etc)

3. Analysis of Information
Information analysis is the science of evaluating information content, and refining
information to build portfolios. Information analysis work both for managers who use a non-
quantitative process and for those who use a quantitative investment process.
Information analysis can work with something as simple as an analyst’s buy and sell
recommendations. Or it can work with alpha forecasts for a broad universe of stocks.
Information analysis can be precise. It can determine whether information is valuable onnthe
upside, the downside, or both.

4. Interpretation of Information
During the interpretation stage, researchers assess the usefulness of their information and
reflect to develop personal meaning. Information requires interpretation to become knowledge.
The interpretation stage engages searchers in the process of analyzing, synthesizing and evaluating
information to determine its relevancy and usefulness to their research question or information need.
Interpretation is another stage in this holistic process that is very important and often neglected.

Fill In The Gap Question

1. ___ is the change (processing) of information in any manner detectable by an observer.
2. Some information processing systems are ______, ______ and _____.
3. _____ is the assembly of written information into a standard order.
4. ______ is the science of evaluating information content, and refining information to build
portfolios.
5. Possible ways of organizing information are ______, ______ and ______.
Short Answer Questions
1. Define the term “information processing”.
2. Outline the stages of information processing.
3. Explain the term “collation of information”.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which of the following is not a procedure for Information processing? A. segregation B.
organization C. interpretation D. collation. [2017/10]
2. The advantages of electronic data processing include the following except A. automatic
processing. B. hacking. C. fast and reliable processing C. storage capacity. [2015/10]
3. The assembling of data according to a predetermined order is known as A. collation B.
interpretation C. organization D. summarization. [2017/10]

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 4. Stages in data processing cycle include the following except data A. collation B. gathering C.
parsing D. processing [2018/10]
5. Which of the following statements explains information processing? A. saving documents in a
device B. Changing information detectable by observer C. Data upload to server D. Transfer
of information between devices [2019/10].
6. One disadvantage of electronic data processing is A. handling complex computation. B.
medium for effective storage. C. processing data at a phenomenal speed D. vulnerability to
attack. [2020/10]
7. The manipulation of digitalized information by computer or other electronic equipment is known
as A. Data collation. B. Data manipulation. C. Information manipulation D. Information
processing. [2021/9].
8. One advantage of information processing is that A. Face-to-face interaction among staff may
be reduced. B. Initial investment cost can be high C. Running cost becomes lower in the long
run D. It encourages the training/retraining of staff . [2021/34].
9. The standard way of arranging information is known as A. classification of information. B.
collection of information. C. organization of information. D. validation of information. [2022/9]
10. One disadvantage of using computer for information processing is A. low productivity. B.
reduced running cost in the long term. C. the increase in processing speed D. the need for
staff retraining. [2022/10]

Fill In The Gap Questions

1. ___ is the change (processing) of information in any manner detectable by an observer.
2. Some information processing systems are ______, ______ and _____.
3. _____ is the assembly of written information into a standard order.
4. ______ is the science of evaluating information content, and refining information to build
portfolios.
5. Possible ways of organizing information are ______, ______ and ______.
6. IT stands for _____
7. One advantage of using computer for information processing is _____.
8. One disadvantage of using computer for information processing is _____.
9. Skim and scan, differentiate and recognize interrelationships are all processes of _____ of
information.
10. During the _____ stage, researchers assess the usefulness of their information and reflect to
develop personal meaning.

Essay Question
1. Define Information Processing.
2. State four steps involved in information processing.
3. Mention three advantages and three disadvantages of using computers for information
processing. [2016/2]

GLOSSARY OF TERMS / KEY WORDS / VOCABULARY:

1. Collation: is to gather information together, examine it carefully and compare it with other
information to find any difference.
2. IT stands for Information Technology. It is use of computers and a number of other electronic
devices to capture, process, store, network and output information.

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INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES: “Learning is like rowing upstream: not to advance is to drop back”-
Chinese proverb.

WEEK:9

TOPIC: CAREER OPTIONS IN DATA PROCESSING

LESSON OBJECTIVES: By the end of this topic, students should be able to:
i. name and explain professions in computer;
ii. state qualities of a good data processing professional;
iii. name some computer professional bodies in Nigeria.

ENTRY BEHAVIOUR: The students belong some clubs (Maths., JET club, etc) in the school and
know classroom, church and some family and friendship ethics.

SUB-TOPIC 1: Professions in Computer

CONTENT:

A Computer professional is one who deals with the computer industry to develop something. They
may design, build, sell, lease, or repair hardware, or they may sell, market or write software. The
definition now extends to those involved in the Internet industry.
The Following are some careers in the computer profession
1. Database Administrator-is in charge of creating, storing, operating, maintaining and
managing an organization’s database.
2. Software Programmer-is someone who designs, writes, tests and releases software that
solves a particular problem.
3. Hardware Engineers-is someone that designs and develops computer hardware and support
peripherals.
4. System Analysts-is someone that carries out feasibility study of computer systems and
organization’s needs and designs systems and programs to meet them.
5. Web Developers-is someone that specializes in designing, coding, publishing and maintaining
web sites.
6. Computer Support Specialist-is someone that specializes in providing technical assistance
to computer users to resolve computer problems.

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 7. Network Administrator-are computer specialists who design, install, configure and maintain
computer networks.
8. Computer Technician-specializes in installing, repairing, upgrading, troubleshooting and
maintain computers and computer installations.
9. Database Analyst-is someone who writes programs used to collect analyze and maintain data
needed by businesses.
10. Computer Educator-is someone who specializes in teaching people how to use the computer
and its related devices.

Qualities of a good Computer Professional

Some of the qualities needed to be a successful computer professional are;
1. Excellent analytical skill: Computer professionals must have excellent analytical skills that can
be applied to solve problems or develop new ideas.
2. An attention to details: Computer professionals must pay close attention to detail to ensure
everything works correctly and efficiently.
3. A commitment to learning: Successful computer professionals should get information about the
latest developments in information technology because it is constantly changing.
4. Good communication skill: Verbal and written communications are important for everyday
business. Understanding a client’s need and the ability to meet those needs depends heavily
on a steady stream of open communication.
5. An aptitude for mathematics: Computer professionals must have strong math’s skills, because
maths is used in many computer applications, such as when dealing with circuits or
programming.
6. Ability to learn new programming language: Computer professionals must know many
programming languages and how to use a wide variety of computer software programs. A good
memory helps one to work efficiently.
7. Ability to multitask: People working with computers are often involved in many tasks at once,
and must be able to manage all their responsibilities simultaneously. Time management skills
and an ability to prioritize is an asset.
8. Troubleshooting capabilities: Computer professionals are called upon to solve problems with
networks, software and other programs. They are expected to solve these problems very
quickly, and having sharp troubleshooting skill is a benefit.
9. Versatility: The most successful computer professionals will be the ones who have skills that
extend beyond information technology, such as skills in business and finance.

Fill In The Gap Question

1. _____is one who deals with the computer industry to develop something.
2. A computer professional may design, _____, ______, _____ or repair hardware, or sell, market
or write software.
3. ____is in charge of creating, storing, operating, maintaining and managing an organization’s
database.
4. ______specializes in installing, repairing, upgrading, troubleshooting and maintain computers
and computer installations.
5. Some of the qualities needed to be a successful computer professional are _____, _____ and
____.

Short Answer Questions

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 1. Mention any 3 qualities of a good computer professional.
2. Name any 2 professions in computer studies.
3. Who is a computer analyst?

SUB-TOPIC 2: Computer Professional Bodies In Nigeria

CONTENT:
1. NIGERIA COMPUTER SOCIETY (NCS): This association monitors the entire
professional
activities in the country.
2. INSTITUTION OF MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM (IMIS): They educate
people on
management information system course and also issue foreign certificates to those
people.
3. COMPUTER PROFESSIONAL REGISTRATION COUNCIL OF NIGERIA (CPRN): They
register any computer professional that wants to join computer society/ group.

4. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ASSOCIATION OF NIGERIA (ITAN): They discover

new
information technology tools and also monitor the existing one .
5. NIGERIA INTERNET GROUP (NIG): They monitor the uses and misuses of the
internet. They
also make laws that guide the establishment and owning of cyber café.

Fill In The Gap Question

1. ____monitor the uses and misuses of the internet in Nigeria.
2. _______monitors the entire professional activities in the country.
3. _____educate people on management information system course and also issue
foreign certificates to those people.
4. _____register any computer professional that wants to join computer society/ group.
5. ____ discover new information technology tools and also monitor the existing one.

Short Answer Questions

What is the full meaning of the following:
1. ITAN;
2. NCS;
3. CPRN?

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which of the following is not a computer professional? A. network administrator B. web master C.
system analyst D. file manager. [2015/31]
2. A computer professional who studies an existing system with a view to evolving a computer-
based system from it is A. system analyst B. system administrator C. computer programmer D.
computer engineer. [2016/32] D. computer engineer. [2016/32]
3. The computer professional responsible for designing and maintaining a database is called
database A. programmer B. operator C. instructor D. administrator. [2018/32]

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 4. Computer professional bodies in Nigeria include the following except A. Internet Service
Providers. Association of Nigeria. B. Nigerian computer Society. C. Nigerian Information
Technology Development Agency D. Nigeria Internet group. [2019/32]
5. Responsibilities of a database administrator includes the following except performing A. database
backup B. data recovery. C. network maintenance D. user authentication. [2020/32]
6. A system analyst is a person who A. Designs flowchart B. Designs and implements new solution
C. Trains computer users D. Writes compIex computer programs. [2021/32]
7. One quality of a computer programmer is A. ability to teach B. excellent analytical thinking C.
friendliness D. punctuality to work. [2022/32]
8. This association monitors the entire professional activities in the country is A. ITAN
[Link] [Link] [Link]
9. This association that monitors the uses and misuses of the internet. A. ITAN [Link]
[Link] [Link]
10. They register any computer professional that wants to join computer society/ group. A.
ITAN [Link] [Link] [Link]

Fill In The Gap Questions

1. ____monitor the uses and misuses of the internet in Nigeria.
2. _______monitors the entire professional activities in the country.
3. _____educate people on management information system course and also issue
foreign certificates to those people.
4. _____register any computer professional that wants to join computer society/ group.
5. ____ discover new information technology tools and also monitor the existing one.
6. _____is one who deals with the computer industry to develop something.
7. A computer professional may design, _____, ______, _____ or repair hardware, or sell,
market or write software.
8. ____is in charge of creating, storing, operating, maintaining and managing an organization’s
database.
9. ______specializes in installing, repairing, upgrading, troubleshooting and maintain computers
and computer installations.
10. Some of the qualities needed to be a successful computer professional are _____, _____ and
____.

Essay Question
1. State one difference between a computer professional and a computer user. [2014/3]
2. List four Computer Professionals. [2014/3]
3. State one function each of the professionals listed in 1(a) above. [2014/3]
4. Mention four qualities of a good computer professional. [2016/4]
5. List four computer professional bodies in Nigeria [2016/4]

INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES: “Learning is nt the product of teaching. Learning is the product of the
activity of learners.” –John Holt

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