CHAPTER -2

Fundamental of Fuzzy Logic System

For Electrical and computer

engineering department
Prepared by : Hayleyesus
Girma(Msc)
 Introduction
Normal Crisp logic
Where everything must be either
True or False
Leads to PARADOXES

“I shave everyone who does not shave himself”

But who shaves the barber?
 Introduction
Plato: He defined human as
featherless bipeds in a class
Diogenes: I brought a
plucked chicken into the
Classroom, saying “Behold!
I’ve brought you a man!
Introduction
Introduction: Classical Logic
Introduction: Classical Logic
 Classical Logic: Definition
Classical Logic
Logic: is defined as the study of human thinking and its principles.

Classical logic (or binary logic) : deals only with propositions that have
a truth value of either true or false as a result.
 Fuzzy Logic: Definition
Fuzzy Logic
Fuzzy Logic is described in the form of sentences, as classical logic, but
by using ambiguous words and ambiguous sentences, the result can
not be either true or false.
for example
p: john is a handsome boy.
q: He is tall.
r: Lake Langano is beautiful.
 Fuzzy Logic: Definition
Fuzzy Logic
oFuzzy Logic is a precise logic of imprecision and approximate
reasoning.
oFuzzy Logic may be viewed as an attempt at formalization of two
human capabilities:
- The capability to converse and make rational decisions in an environment
of imperfect information.
- The capability to perform a wide variety of physical and mental tasks
without any measurements and any computations.
 Fuzzy Logic: Definition
• Examples of sentences used in everyday life:
- Go to the market and buy some eggs.
- The weather so hot today, isn't it?
- This student is handsome.
- That car ran fast.
- University tuition is expensive.

Despite the use of ambiguous expressions in everyday life, we

don't feel any difficulty in understanding.
Fuzzy Logic: Definition
 Fuzzy Logic: Definition
Terminology
oFuzzy is blurred, indistinct, confused, vague, and imprecisely defined.
(Oxford Dictionary)
oFuzzy theory is a theoretical framework that enables us to effectively
deal with ambiguous and inaccurate knowledge of the real world.
oFuzzy inference is what mimics human reasoning in deriving certain
conclusions in dealing with rough information and uncertainty.
Fuzzy Logic: History
Fuzzy Logic: Application
Fuzzy Logic: Application
 Classical set theory
• A classical set is a set with a crisp boundary. For example, a
classical set A of real numbers greater than 6 can be expressed as

A = {x | x > 6}

where there is a clear, unambiguous boundary 6 such that if x is

greater than this number, then x belongs to the set A; otherwise x
does not belong to the set.
 Fuzzy Set theory
oReal-life situations do not always assume two crisp states T and F. Also,
linguistic descriptors such as “fast”, “warm”, “Hot”, and “large” are not
crisp quantities and tend to be quite subjective, approximate, and
qualitative.
oThen, a statement such as “The water is Hot” may have a truth
value that is partially true and partially false. Conventional, crisp logic is
inadequate to handle such situations.
o Although classical sets are suitable for various applications and have
proven to be an important tool for mathematics and computer science,
they do not reflect the nature of human concepts and thoughts, which
tend to be abstract and imprecise.
oFuzzy logic provides an approximate yet practical means of
representing knowledge regarding a system (e.g., describing the
behavior of the system) that is too complex or ill-defined and not easy
to tackle using precise mathematical means.
 Classical set

• All elements in a universal set(or a universe of

discourse or shortly universe) are divided into two
groups: members or non-members.

• A set is described by a list expression if the number

of elements is finite, or a condition expression if it
is infinite.
For example, A = 'capital cities’= {Addis Abba, Seoul, London...}
B= 'real numbers'= {r | −  r  }
 Crisp set: membership function
• Membership function : A function that indicates whether or not it
belongs to the set A, usually denoted by  A (u ) or A(u ).
It assigns 0 or 1 to each element u.
Crisp set
 Crisp Set: operation
• In order to generate new sets from existing sets, three operations are
defined:
- Complement
- Union
- Intersection
• They are analogous to subtraction, addition, and multiplication in
certain respects.
Crisp Set: operation
Crisp Set: operation
Crisp Set: operation
Crisp Set: operation
 Fuzzy Set
oIn contrast to a classical set, a fuzzy set, as the name implies, is a set
without a crisp boundary.
oThat is, the transition from “belong to a set” to “not belong to a set”
is gradual, and this smooth transition is characterized by membership
functions that give fuzzy sets flexibility in modeling commonly used
linguistic expressions, such as “the water is hot” or “the temperature
is high.”
oAs Zadeh pointed out in 1965 in his seminal paper entitled “Fuzzy
Sets”, such imprecisely defined sets or classes “play an important role
in human thinking, particularly in the domains of pattern recognition,
communication of information, and abstraction.”
o Note that the fuzziness does not come from the randomness of the
constituent members of the sets, but from the uncertain and imprecise
nature of abstract thoughts and concepts.
 Fuzzy Set
• A crisp set is a two-valued distinction between members and non-
members.
• A fuzzy set is based on the degree of membership and the degree of
authenticity (multi-valued).
• The fuzzy set uses the number between 0 (completely false) and 1
(completely true) as a membership grade.
 Membership Function
• A fuzzy set may be represented by a membership function. This
function gives the grade (degree) of membership within the set, of any
element of the universe of discourse.
• The membership function maps the elements of the universe onto
numerical values in the interval [0, 1].

 A ( x) : X → [0,1]
 Membership Function
• The membership function represents the grade of possibility that an
element x belongs to the set A. It follows that the membership function
is a possibility function and not a probability function.
• A membership function value of zero implies that the corresponding
element definitely is not an element of the fuzzy set.
• A membership function value of unity means that the corresponding
element is definitely an element of the fuzzy set.
 Fuzzy Set and Membership Function
• If X is a collection of objects denoted generically by x, then a fuzzy
set A in X is defined as a set of ordered pairs:
A = {( x,  A ( x)) | x  X }
• Where is called the membership function (or MF for short) for the
fuzzy set A. The MF maps each element of X to a membership grade
(or membership value) between 0 and 1.
• X is referred to as the universe of discourse, or simply the universe.
• Obviously, the definition of a fuzzy set is a simple extension of the
definition of a classical set in which the characteristic function is
permitted to have any values between 0 and 1.
• If the value of the membership function is restricted to either 0 or 1,
then A is reduced to a classical set.
 Fuzzy Set and Membership Function
• For simplicity of notation, we now introduce an alternative way of
denoting a fuzzy set. A fuzzy set A can be denoted as follows:
 x  A ( xi )/ xi ,
If X is a collection of discrete objects.
A =   ( x )/ x ,
i X


 X A If X is a continuous space.

• The summation and integration signs in the above Equation stand

for the union of ( x,  A ( x) ) pairs; they do not indicate summation or
integration.
Fuzzy Set: Representation
Fuzzy Set: Representation
Fuzzy Set: Representation
Fuzzy Set: Representation
Fuzzy Set: Representation
Features of MFs
Features of MFs
Features of MFs
Features of MFs
Features of MFs
Features of MFs
Features of MFs
Properties of Fuzzy Set
Properties of Fuzzy Set
Properties of Fuzzy Set
Properties of Fuzzy Set
Properties of Fuzzy Set
Properties of Fuzzy Set
Fuzzy Set operation
Fuzzy Set operation
Fuzzy Set operation
Fuzzy Set operation
Fuzzy Set operation
Fuzzy Set operation
Fuzzy Set operation
Fuzzy Set operation
Fuzzy Set operation
Fuzzy Set operation
Fuzzy Set operation
Fuzzy Set operation
Fuzzy Set operation
Fuzzy Set operation
Fuzzy Set operation
Fuzzy Set operation
Fuzzy Set operation
Fuzzy Set operation
Fuzzy Set operation
Fuzzy Set operation
Fuzzy Set operation
Fuzzy Set operation
Fuzzy Set operation
Fuzzy Set operation
Fuzzy Set operation
Fuzzy Relation
Fuzzy Relation
Fuzzy Relation
Fuzzy Relation: representation
Fuzzy Relation: representation
Fuzzy Relation: representation
Fuzzy Relation: representation
Fuzzy Relation: representation
Fuzzy Relation: representation
Fuzzy Relation: operation
Fuzzy Relation: operation
Fuzzy Relation: operation
Fuzzy Relation: operation
Fuzzy Relation: operation
Fuzzy Relation: operation
Fuzzy Relation: operation
Fuzzy Relation: operation
Fuzzy Relation: operation
Fuzzy Relation: composition
Fuzzy Relation: composition
Fuzzy Relation: composition
Fuzzy Relation: composition
Fuzzy Relation: composition
Fuzzy Relation: composition
Fuzzy Relation: composition
Fuzzy Relation: − cut
Fuzzy Relation: − cut
Fuzzy Relation: − cut
Fuzzy Relation: − cut
Linguistic Variable
Fuzzy Proposition
Compound Proposition
Compound Proposition
Compound Proposition
Compound Proposition
Compound Proposition
Compound Proposition
Compound Proposition
Compound Proposition
Compound Proposition
Compound Proposition
Compound Proposition
Compound Proposition
Compound Proposition
Compound Proposition
 Fuzzy If then Rule
• A Fuzzy if Then rule (also known as a fuzzy rule) assumes the form if
x is A then y is B where A and B are linguistic values defined by fuzzy
sets on universes of discourse X and Y, respectively. Often “x is A ” is
called the antecedent or premise, while “y is B ” is called the
consequence or conclusion.
• Fuzzy if-then rule examples:
✓If pressure is high, then the volume is small.
✓If the road is slippery, then driving is dangerous.
✓If a tomato is red, then it is ripe.
✓If the speed is high, then apply the brake a little.
 Fuzzy If then Rule
• An if-then statement (a rule) is called an “implication”. In a
knowledge-based system, the knowledge base is commonly
represented using if-then rules. In particular, a knowledge base in
fuzzy logic may be expressed by a set of linguistic rules of the if-
then type, containing fuzzy terms. In fact, A fuzzy rule is a fuzzy
relation.
• Consider a fuzzy set A defined in a universe X and a second fuzzy
set B defined in another universe Y then the fuzzy implication “If
A then B” is denoted A→ B.
• Note that in this fuzzy rule, A represents some “fuzzy” situation,
and is the condition or the antecedent of the rule. Similarly, B
represents another fuzzy situation, and is the action or the
consequent of the fuzzy rule.
Fuzzy Implication
Fuzzy Implication
Fuzzy Implication
Fuzzy Implication
Fuzzy Implication
Fuzzy Implication
Fuzzy Implication
Fuzzy Implication
Fuzzy Implication
Fuzzy Implication
Fuzzy Implication
Fuzzy Implication
Fuzzy Implication
Fuzzy Implication
Fuzzy Implication
Fuzzy Implication
Fuzzy Implication
Fuzzy Implication