University Ins tute of Engineering and

Technology, Kurukshetra University

Kurukshetra

ELECTROMAGMETIC WAVES LAB

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

Mr. Abhishek Choudhary NAME : NIKHIL SAINI
(Assistant Professor) CLASS: ECE_A
ROLL NO. : 252301040
INDEX: REMARK
1.INTRODUCTION TO SIMULATION SOFTWARE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC

(HFSS)

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2. To study the basics of scattering parameters required to characterize

a RF device.

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3. Design and characterization of microstrip line using simulation

Software

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4. Design and characterization of rectangular waveguide using

simulation software.

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5. Design and characterization of circular waveguide using simulation

Software

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6. Design and characterization of dipole antenna.

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7. Design and characterization of monopole antenna

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 EXPERIMENT NO : 1
AIM: Introduction to simulation software for electromagnetic.

TOOL USED: HFSS 13.0 simulation Software.

THEORY: Ansys HFSS is a 3D electromagnetic (EM) simulation software for

designing and simulating high-frequency electronic products such as antennas,
antenna arrays, RF or microwave components, high-speed interconnects, filters,
connectors, IC packages and printed circuit boards. Engineers worldwide use
Ansys HFSS to design high-frequency, high-speed electronics found in
communications systems, radar systems, advanced driver assistance systems
(ADAS), satellites, internet-of-things (IoT) products and other high-speed RF
and digital devices.

Basic Steps in HFSS 13.0 Simulation:

1. Create a New Project: Open HFSS and start a new project in the design
environment.
2. Geometry Modeling: Design the 3D structure using built-in drawing tools
or import CAD models.
3. Assign Materials: Define material properties (permittivity, permeability,
conductivity, etc.).
4. Boundary Conditions & Excitations: Apply wave ports, lumped ports, or
radiation boundaries.
5. Mesh Generation: HFSS automatically refines the mesh to improve
accuracy.
6. Run Simulation: Solve the model using the FEM solver.
7. Post-Processing & Analysis: View results such as field distributions, S-
parameters, and radiation patterns.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF WINDOWS IN HFSS SIMULATION SOFTWARE:

3D Modeler Window
On the 3D Modeler, you can create the objects to be simulated. Depending upon
the type of object you can select a basic solid, sheet, or line type from the Quick
Access toolbar or from the available commands under the Draw menu item. For
example, to create a box with the grid plane XY being active perform these
simple steps:
1. Select the Draw box command from the Quick Access toolbar.
2. Click anywhere in the modeler window to create a point, drag the cursor
along the XY plane and click again to create the point diagonally opposite
to the first point.
3. Drag the cursor along the Z axis and click again to create the box.
4. Select CreateBox in the History tree and edit the fields on the Properties
window to specify the coordinates, and the dimensions of the box.

Fig. 1.1 create a box

Properties Window
The properties window displays the properties of an object or an option that is
selected in the 3D Modeler window, History tree, or Project Manager. For
instance if you select a box object in the 3D Modeler window the Properties
window displays the attributes of the box object such as its name, material, color
etc.

Project Manager Window

The project manager window serves is a important command window that helps
you manage your design and setups for simulation. Within this window, all
pertinent simulation setup information is displayed. All pertinent preprocessing
information is shown, such as boundaries, excitations, solution setup, frequency
sweep, mesh operations, 3D components etc. Information about various
Optimetrics setups appear here. All post-processing items, such as results, field
plots, and antenna setup are also contained in the project manager window.

History Tree
The history tree window contains the model’s structure and grid details. History
of the operations on a geometry right from creating it, performing Boolean
operations etc are recorded in this window. It displays a number of items such as
solids, sheets, lines, points, coordinate systems, planes, Lists, 3D components etc
one below the other.

Message window
The message window displays all messages pertinent to a simulation. They can
be warning messages, error messages, or messages that notify normal completion
of a simulation.

Progress window
The progress window displays the progress of a given simulation being
performed on the local machine, on a remote machine, or on a distributed
network of machines using the Distributed Solve Option available with HFSS. It
displays the number and information about an adaptive pass that is running. It
also displays information about a frequency sweep that is running.

Fig. 1.2 HFSS Software Windows

 EXPERIMENT NO : 2
AIM: To study the basics of scattering parameters required to characterize a RF
device.

S-Parameters Basics :

S-parameters, short for scattering parameters, are numerical values that describe
the electrical behavior of a linear, time-invariant, multi-port network, such as an
RF circuit or system. These parameters quantify the relationship between the
incident and reflected waves at each network port. In simpler terms, S-parameters
provide a comprehensive understanding of how energy is transferred between
different ports within a system.
S-parameters are typically represented in an S-matrix, which is an N x N matrix,
where N represents the number of ports in the network. For a two-port network, the
S-matrix would be a 2×2 matrix; for a three-port network, it would be a 3×3
matrix. Each element of the S-matrix corresponds to a specific S-parameter, and
together, they provide a detailed description of the network's behavior.

Characteristics of S-Parameters :

 S-parameters are frequency-dependent and are complex numbers, meaning

they have both magnitude and phase components.
 S-parameters are inherently reciprocal. This property implies that the S-
parameters are the same when measuring the response from Port A to Port B
or from Port B to Port A.

Fig. 2.1 S-matrix

When reading the S-parameters matrix, S11 is the S-parameter describing the
relationship between port 1 (incident) and port 1 (reflected), S21 between port 2
(incident) and port 1 (reflected), and so on. The S-parameters are determined by
measuring the incident and reflected waves at different ports of the network at a
range of frequencies. The S-matrix is constructed based on these measurements.
The mathematical representation of S-parameters for a two-port network is as
follows:

S11 = (b1/a1) when a2 = 0

S12 = (b1/a2) when a1 = 0
S21 = (b2/a1) when a2 = 0
S22 = (b2/a2) when a1 = 0

Here, a1 and a2 represent the incident waves, and b1 and b2 represent the reflected
waves. For example, when the incident wave at port one and the output are
matched, there are no reflections in the two-port network, so a2 becomes zero. The
S11 parameter becomes the input reflection coefficient, S12 is the reverse
transmission coefficient (from port two to port one)
S21 is the forward transmission coefficient (from port one to port two), and S22 is
the output reflection coefficient.

\
S-Parameters Physical Implementation and Measurement:

In the case of simple two-port systems, S-parameters can be simulated or

calculated by hand or using a set of formulas. In a fully realized system, engineers
use specialized equipment such as vector network analyzers (VNAs) to send and
receive signals at various frequencies to calculate the S-parameters of the system.

1. Before measurements are taken, the VNA and the test setup must be
calibrated (oftentimes with a short, 50-ohm impedance and an open-circuit)
to remove systematic errors, ensuring accurate results.
2. To ensure accurate measurements, it's essential to terminate all unused ports
with appropriate impedance loads.
3. The VNA then sweeps through a range of frequencies, measuring the
magnitude and phase of the signals at each port. This data is used to populate
the S-matrix.
4. After measurements are taken, the data is analyzed to determine the S-
parameters. Software tools and algorithms are often employed to process the
raw data and extract meaningful information.
 EXPERIMENT NO : 3
AIM: Design and characterization of microstrip line using simulation software.

TOOL USED: HFSS 13.0 simulation Software.

THEORY: A microstrip is a type of transmission line that consists of a

conductor fabricated on dielectric substrate with a grounded plane by a
dielectric layer known as the substrate. Microstrip lines are used to convey
microwave-frequency signals. It is easily miniaturized and integrated with
microwave devices making it a popular choice of transmission line.

A microstrip line consists of a conductor of width W, a dielectric substrate of

thickness d and permittivity εr. The presence of the dielectric (commonly thin
with d <<λ) concentrates the field lines in the region between the between the
conductor and the groundplane,with some fraction being in the air region above
the conductor,leadingto quasi-TEM modes of propagation in which dispersion
occurs as a function of wavelength as shown.

The phase velocity and propagation constant is given by:

With the effective dielectric constant, εe of the microstrip line satisfying the
relation:

CALCULATION:

Dielectric Constant (εr): 4.4

Dielectric Height (h) :1.6 mm
Zo :50 Ω
Frequency : 5 GHz
Width (W) :3 mm
Length (L) :40 mm
Microstrip Line

Table 1. Dimensions of microstrip line in mm

Parameters Dimensions (mm)

W 3
h 1.6
L 40

Fig. 3.1 Design of Microstrip Line

Results

Fig. 3.2 S11/22 (db) of Microstrip Line

 Fig. 3.3 S12/21 (db) of Microstrip Line

Fig. 3.4 Electric Field of Microstrip

Fig. 3.5 Magnetic Field of Microstrip Line

 EXPERIMENT NO : 4
AIM: Design and characterization of rectangular waveguide using simulation
software.

TOOL USED: HFSS 13.0 simulation software.

THEORY:A rectangular waveguide is a hollow metallic tube with a

rectangular cross-section.The conducting walls of the waveguide confine the
electromagnetic fields and thereby guide the electromagnetic wave. The
rectangular waveguide is basically characterized by its dimensions i.e., length a
and breadth b.

HOWTODESIGN A RECTANGULARWAVEGUIDE:
To design a rectangular waveguide,we need to follow some steps which are given
as:

• Create a new project>>Open 3D area>>Draw a rectangular box.

• Adjust its dimensions as per ease.
• Select two faces respectively and assign them an excitation i.e., Assign
Excitation>> Wave Port and define its vectorial direction.
• Assign boundaries to the rest of the faces such that Assign
Boundaries>>PerfectE
• Now goto Analysis and create Set up of the schematic(Analysis>>Setup).
• Now goto,Setup1>>Add Frequency Sweep.
• Analyses the Setup for detecting errors(ifany) (AnalysesAll).
• Now, for visualizing the behavior of the electric field in a rectangular
waveguide: Select Object and select entire object (rectangular waveguide) the
Plot Fields >> E >> Vector_E >> Done. If wants to animate then just go to Field
Overlay >> Vector_E >> Animate.
• Similarly, select face i.e., Select Faces >> Plot Fields >> E >> Mag_E. We
can animate this also as following same above procedure.
• For Results,go to Results>>Model Data Report>>Rectangular Plot>>select
S(x,y)
>>New report. Got the result . Here are some experimental diagrams is
shown.
CALCULATIONS

Waveguide Dimension "a": 23.4

Waveguide Dimension "b": 10
Integer Mode Number "m" (m = 0, 1, 2, 3... - If m = 0, then n ≠ 0.):1
Integer Mode Number "n" (n = 0, 1, 2, 3... - If n = 0, then m ≠ 0.): 0
The Calculated Cutoff Frequency (GHz) for this Rectangular Waveguide
TEm,n Mode is: 6.405

Rectangular waveguide

Table 4.1 Dimensions of rectangular waveguide in mm

Parameters Dimensions (mm)

L 100
a 23.4
b 10

Fig. 4.1 Design of Rectangular Waveguide

Results

Fig. 4.2 S11/22 (db) of rectangular waveguide

Fig. 4.3 S12/21 (db) of rectangular waveguide

Fig. 4.4 Electric Field of rectangular waveguide

Fig. 4.5 Magnetic Field of rectangular waveguide

 EXPERIMENT NO : 5
AIM: Design and characterization of circular waveguide using simulation
software.

TOOL USED: HFSS 13.0 simulation software.

THEORY: A waveguide is a hollow metal tube (rectangular or circular in cross

section) that transmits electromagnetic energy from one place to another. A
waveguide with a circular cross-section is called as Circular Waveguide. It
supports both transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) modes.
TE11 is the dominant mode in a circular waveguide i.e., a signal in this mode
propagates with the minimum degradation.
The circular waveguide is easier to manufacture than rectangular waveguides
and is relatively easy to install. It is usually used to connect a horn antenna with
a reflector in tracking radars and for long distance waveguide transmission
above 10 GHz. The cut-off frequency of a circular waveguide is inversely
proportional to its radius.

HOW TO DESIGN A CIRCULAR WAVEGUIDE:

Now to design a circular waveguide we need to follow some recognized steps:
• Create a new project >> Draw a Cylindrical shape >> Adjust its dimension.
• Now, select a face (Cross-sectional circular faces). Assign excitation to those
circular cross-sectional faces such that Assign Excitation >> Wave Port and
define their direction
• On the same way, assign boundaries to rest cylindrical faces. Assign
Boundaries >> Perfect E.
• Now, develop the schematic setup. Analyses >> Solution Setup and adjust the
required frequency value.
• Now, adjust the frequency sweep. Setup1 >> Add Frequency Sweep.
• Now, to detect error and/or correctness of Solution Setup use Analysis All.
• Now, for visualizing the behavior of electric field in circular waveguide we
follow: Select Object and select entire object (circular waveguide) the Plot
Fields >> E >> Vector E >> Done. If wants to animate then just go to Field
Overlay >> Vector E >> Animate.
• Similarly, select face i.e., Select Faces >> Plot Fields >> E >> Mag_E. We
can animate this also as following same above procedure.
• For Results, go to Results >> Model Data Report >> Rectangular Plot
>>select S (x, y) >> New report. Got the result.

CALCULATIONS

Here, r is the radius of the circular

waveguide and C is the speed of light.

Radius of circular cross section (r) : 13.5 mm

Cutoff frequency : 6.5 GHz

Circular waveguide

Table 5.1 Dimensions of circular waveguide in mm

Parameters Dimensions (mm)

r 13.5
h 50

Fig. 5.1 Design of Circular Waveguide

Results

Fig. 5.2 S11/22 (db) of circular waveguide

Fig. 5.3 S12/21 (db) of circular waveguide

Fig. 5.4 Electric Field of circular waveguide

Fig. 5.5 Magnetic Field of circular waveguide

 EXPERIMENT NO : 6
AIM: Design and characterization of dipole antenna.

TOOL USED: HFSS 13.0 simulation software.

THEORY: A dipole antenna is a type of RF antenna that includes two

conductive elements like wires or rods where the metal wire length is half of
the highest wavelength approximately in free space at the operation of
frequency. At the center of the antenna, the conductive materials are separated
through an insulator which is called an antenna section.
Once the RF voltage source is applied to the center of the two sections in the
antenna then the flow of voltage & current throughout the two conductive elements
can generate an electromagnetic or radio wave signal to be radiated outside of the
antenna.
At the center of this antenna, the voltage is minimum and the current is maximum.
In opposition, the current is minimum & the voltage is maximum at the antenna’s
ends. This is the current distribution of dipole antenna.
The dipole antenna radiation pattern diagram is shown below which is vertical to
the axis of the antenna. The radiation pattern is the graphical depiction of the
antenna’s radiation properties. The antenna’s radiation pattern will describe how
the antenna will emit energy into space.
Radiation Pattern
So, this antenna converts the signals from electrical to RF electromagnetic & emits
them at the transmitting end & changes RF electromagnetic signals into electrical
at the receiving side.

CALCULATIONS:
The wavelength of an antenna can be calculated from the frequency formula.
Frequency (f) = C/λ
From the above equation, the wavelength can be derived , λ = C/f
Where: ‘C’ is the light speed = 3×108 m/s.
‘f’ is the frequency = 1 GHz = 109 Hz.
ʎ = 3×108 m/s = 300 mm
109 Hz
The metal wires’ length is half of the highest wavelength that is λ/2 within free
space at the frequency of operation.

Dipole Antenna

Table 6.1 Dimensions of dipole antenna in mm

Parameters Dimensions (mm)
rd 1
pg 0.5
dl 70.5

Fig. 6.1 Design of dipole antenna

Results
XY Plot 1 HFSSDesign1 ANSOFT

0.00
-2.50
-5.00
Curve Info
-7.50
S11(dB)

dB(S(1,1))
-10.00 Setup1 : Sweep

-12.50
-15.00
-17.50
-20.00
0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50
Frequency [GHz]
Fig. 6.2 S11(dB) of dipole antenna
 Fig. 6.3 Z11(im/re) of dipole antenna

Fig. 6.4 Gain Total(dB) of dipole antenna

Fig. 6.5 current of dipole antenna

 EXPERIMENT NO : 7
AIM: Design and characterization of monopole antenna.

TOOL USED: HFSS 13.0 simulation software.

THEORY: A type of radio antenna that includes a straight rod shape conductor
that is perpendicularly mounted above a ground plane is known as a monopole
antenna. This antenna is a simple and single-wire antenna, mainly used for both
transmitting & receiving signals, so broadly used in wireless communication
systems. In a monopole antenna, the conductor rod works like an open resonator
mainly for radio waves & oscillates by standing voltage & current waves through
its length. The antenna’s length is simply determined depending on the desired
radio wave wavelength. The monopole antenna frequency range is from 1.7- 2
GHz, with a 3.7 dBi average gain .The working principle of a monopole antenna is:
when the power is fed to a monopole then it is radiated similarly in all directions
vertical to the antenna’s length above the ground plane on which it is mounted. The
radiation pattern of this antenna is omnidirectional, so it radiates with equivalent
power within all directions at right angles to the antenna. The radiated power from
the antenna changes with elevation angle through the radiation dropping off to zero
at the peak on the axis of the antenna. A monopole antenna is ½ (one-half) of a
dipole antenna which is nearly mounted on top of some type of ground plane. So,
this antenna is mounted on an infinite ground plane with an ‘L’ length. By image
theory, the fields on the ground plane can be found through the antenna within free
space.
CALCULATIONS:
The wavelength of an antenna can be calculated from the frequency formula.
Frequency (f) = C/λ
From the above equation, the wavelength can be derived, λ = C/f
Where: ‘C’ is the light speed = 3×108 m/s.
‘f’ is the frequency = 1 GHz = 109 Hz.
λ = 3×108 m/s = 300 mm
109 Hz
For practical monopole length of monopole ‘dl’ should be 0.47 λ,
2×dl = 0.47×300 mm = 141 mm
dl = 70.5 mm
Dipole Antenna

Table 7.1 Dimensions of monopole antenna in mm

Parameters Dimensions (mm)
rd 1
pg 0.5
dl 70.5
gndr 100

Fig. 7.1 Design of monopole antenna

Results
XY Plot 1 HFSSDesign1 ANSOFT

0.00
Curve Info

-2.50 dB(S(1,1))
Setup1 : Sweep
S11(dB)

-5.00

-7.50

-10.00

-12.50
0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50
Frequency [GHz]
Fig. 7.2 S11(dB) of monopole antenna
Fig. 7.3 Z11(im/re) of monopole antenna

Fig. 7.4 Gain Total(dB) of monopole antenna

Fig. 7.5 current of monopole antenna