Functions & Relations

Monday, 30 October 2023 10:28 am

Functions
- A special type of relations in which each input in the domain (x) is
paired with exactly one output in the range (y)
- Set of ORDERED PAIRS (x, y) such that no two ordered pairs have the
same x-values, but different y-values
- Notation: f(x) = y
Relation
- Rule that relates values from a set of values (domain) to a 2nd set of
values (range)/ set of ordered pair (x, y)
- Correspondence between two sets
- Set of inputs and outputs
Representation of Functions
- Ordered pair
○ (x, y)
- Table of Values
X Y
3 1
○
2 1
1 1
- Mapping Diagram & Types of Relation
○ Many to One

○ One to Many

○ One to One

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- Equations & Graph

○ Tangent Graph (tan)

○ Sine Graph (sinusoidal wave)

○ f(x) = |x| (absolute value of x)

Operations on Functions
Notation Formula
ADDITION (f + g)(x) f(x) + g(x)
SUBTRACTION (f - g) (x) f(x) - g(x)
MULTIPLICATION (f · g) (x) f(x) · g(x)
DIVISION

Composite Function
- Composition of two functions f and g, denoted by "o"
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- Composition of two functions f and g, denoted by "o"
- It is a function within a function within a function
- Example
f(x) = 3x + 3
g(x) = x + 2
(f ∘ g) (x) = f (g(x))
= 3 (g(x)) + 3
= 3 (x + 2) + 3
= 3x + 6 + 3
(f ∘ g) (x) = 3x + 9 or 3 (x + 3)

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Rational Functions
Sunday, 29 October 2023 6:36 pm

Polynomial Functions
- Expressions that may contain variables of varying degrees, non-zero
leading coefficients, positive exponents and constants

Rational Functions
- Function that is the ratio of two (2) polynomials
- Q (x) ≠ 0
-
- Domain is any value of x where the rational function is defined
- Denominator cannot be equal to zero because division by zero is
undefined. Therefore, the restricted domain of a rational function is the
set of values that make the denominator equal to zero
-
Getting the Domain Example

○ Solution
▪
▪
▪
▪ Therefore, the domain of f is all real numbers except 1/4
▪

Graphing a Rational Function

○ Domain
▪ the set of all real numbers, except those that make the

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 ▪ the set of all real numbers, except those that make the
denominator zero
○ Range
▪ Set of all values that f(x) will take
○ Zeroes
▪ Can be determined by solving p(x) = 0
○ x - intercept
▪ If it exists, occurs at f(0), provided that f (x) is defined at x = 0
○ y - intercept
▪ If it exists occurs at the zeroes of the numerator
○ Finding the Vertical Asymptote
▪ Equate the denominator to 0 and solve for x
○ Finding the Horizontal Asymptote
▪ n = degree of the numerator
▪ m = degree of the denominator
▪ a = leading coefficient of the numerator
▪ b = leading coefficient of the denominator
▪ If n < m, y = 0
▪ If n = m, y = a/b
▪ If n > m, no horizontal asymptote
○ Example
f (x) =
▪ Domain
□ x=5
▪ Zeroes
□ p(x) = 3x
□
□ x=0
▪ x - intercept
□ f (x) =

□
□ x=0
▪ y - intercept
□

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 □
□ y=0
▪ Horizontal Asymptote
□

Rational Expression
- Expression that can be written as a ratio of two polynomials

Types of Rational Expression

- Rational Equation
○ Equation involving rational expressions
○
- Rational Inequalities
○ Inequality involving rational expressions
○
- Rational Functions
○ A type of the form
○ p(x) and q(x) are polynomial functions
○ q(x) 0

○
Solving Rational Equations
1. Find the LCD
2. Multiply both sides by the LCD then solve the resulting equation
3. Check the solution
Example

1. LCD = x2
2.

x=6
3.

✓
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 ✓
Shorter Method
1.

x=6
Solving Rational Inequality
1. Rewrite the inequality as a single rational expression on the side of the
inequality symbol and 0 on the other side
2. Determine over what intervals the rational expression takes on positive
and negative values
Example
-

-
- x - 1 = 0; x + 1 = 0
- (-∞, -1) (- , ] [ , ∞

Interva Set Notation Graph

l
Open Interval (a,b) {x | a < x < b}

Closed Interval [a, b] {x | a x b}

Combination [a, b) {x | a b}
Interval
(a, b] {x | a < x b}

Open-Left (a, ∞) {x | a < x}

Closed-Left [a, ∞) {x | a x}

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Closed-Left [a, ∞) {x | a x}

Open-Right (-∞, b) {x | x < b}

Closed Right (-∞, b] {x | x b}

Unbounded (-∞, ∞) R (set of all real

numbers)
Kailan mo naramdaman
Na di mo na 'ko mahal?

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Inverse Function
Monday, 30 October 2023 3:08 pm

One-to-One Function
- Function f is a one-to-one if each element of its domain corresponds to
a unique element (ONLY ONE) in its range, and each element in its
range corresponds to a unique element (ONLY ONE) in its domain

Inverse of a One-to-One Function

- If a function is one-to-one, it has an inverse

- Horizontal Line Test

○ Function is one-to-one if each horizontal line does not intersect
the graph at more than one point

To find the inverse of a given relation

1. Replace f(x) with y
2. Then, interchange x and y
3. Solve for y in terms of x
4. Lastly, replace y with f-1, the notation f-1 (x) for the inverse of f
Example
f (x) = x + 2
1. Replace f(x) with y
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1. Replace f(x) with y

2. Interchange x and y

○
3. Solve in terms of x

4. Replace y with the notation f-1 for the inverse

∴ f-1 (x) = x - 2

Example 2

1. Replace f(x) with y

2. Interchange x and y

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 ○

3. Solve in terms of x

4. Replace y with the notation f-1 for the inverse

∴ f-1 (x) =
Composition of a Function and Its Inverse
- One-to-one function f and its inverse f-1 have the following properties
○ (f-1 ∘ f) (x) = x for all x in the domain of f
○ (f ∘ f-1) (x) = x for all x in the domain of f-1
Example
Use composition to verify if the given pairs are inverse of each other
f (x) = 3x + 1 and g(x) =
Solution A

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 Solution B

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Exponential Functions
Monday, 30 October 2023 6:34 pm

Exponential Expression
- Mathematical expression of the following form
a ⋅ bx-c + d
- Where (b > 0, b ≠ 1)

Exponential Equation
- Equation in which variables occur as exponents

-
Exponential Inequality
- Inequality in which variables occur as exponents

-
Exponential Function
- Function of the form f(x) = bx where b is any number q(x) are such that
b > 0 and b ≠ 1
-

-
- b > 0 and b ≠ 1
- b = numerical value
- x = exponent (can be any real number)

Laws of Exponent
- Aka "exponent rules" or the "properties of exponents"
- Makes the process of simplifying expression involving exponents easier
- Helpful to simplify the expressions that have decimals, fractions,
irrational numbers, and negative integers as their exponents
Zero Exponents Rule
- For any number (other than 0) raised to 0 is 1
- a≠0

Product Rule of Exponent

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Product Rule of Exponent
- To multiply two expression with the same base, add the exponents while
keeping the base the same

Quotient Rule of Exponent

- To divide two expressions with the same base, subtract the exponents
while keeping the base the same

Negative Rule of Exponent

- To convert any negative exponent into positive exponent, the reciprocal
should be taken

Power of a Power Rule of Exponent

- When we have a single base with two exponents, just multiply the
exponents

Power of a Product Rule of Exponent

- When we have more than one base, distribute the exponent to each
multiplicand

Power of a Quotient Rule of Exponent

- Distribute the exponent to both the numerator and the denominator
- b 0

Fractional Rule of Exponent

- When we have a fractional exponent, it results in radicals

Solving Exponential Equations

1. Rewrite both sides with the same base that is non-zero
2. Equate the exponents on both sides of the equation

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2. Equate the exponents on both sides of the equation
3. Solve for x
Example
125x - 1 = 25x + 3
(53)x - 1 = (52) x + 3
5 3x-3 = 52x+6

3x - 3 = 2x + 6
3x - 2 = 6 + 3
x=9

125 9 - 1 = 25 9 + 3
1258 = 2512

Solving Exponential Inequality

Property of Exponential Expressions
1. If b > 1, the direction of the inequality is RETAINED
2. If b < 1, then the direction of the inequality is REVERSED
Example
3 x + 1 > 81
3 x + 1 > 3^4

x+1>4
x>4-1
x>3

{x ∈ R | x > 3}

Graphing Exponential Functions

Properties of Exponential Functions
- Domain is the set of all real numbers (-∞, ∞)
- Range is the set of all positive real numbers (0, ∞)
- On-to-one functions, it satisfies the Horizontal Line Test
- y - intercept is 1, there is no x-intercept
- Horizontal asymptote is the line y = 0 (or the x - axis), there is no
vertical asymptote
- Function is increasing if b > 1, and is decreasing if b < 1

Graphing Transformations of Exponential Function

Reflection
- Sign of the base

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 - Sign of the base
- y = -f(x) is the reflection of the x - axis

- y = f(-x) is the reflection of the y - axis

Effect of the factor b

- b = base
- Value of b increases
○ Part of the graph on the right side of the y-axis gets closer to it
○ Part of the graph on the left side of the y - axis gets closer to
the x - axis
○ Intersection of the curves is at (0, 1)

- Value of b decreases
○ Part of the graph on the left side of the y-axis gets closer to it
○ Part of the graph on the right side of the y-axis gets closer to
the x-axis
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 the x-axis
○ Intersection of the curves is at (0, 1)

Effect of the factor c

- c = constant at the exponent
- As c decreases, the y-intercept adjusts downward by c
- No parts of the graph crosses the x-axis
- c units left if c > 0
- c units right if c < 0

Effect of the factor d

- d = constant at the base
- As d decreases, the y-intercept adjusts upward by d
- The graph crosses the x-axis when d ≤ -1
- d units up if d > 0
- d units down if d < 0

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 -

Application of Exponential Functions

Exponential Growth
- Increase in number or size at a constantly growing rate for each unit of
time
Exponential Growth Formula
f (x) = a (1 + r)x
- a = initial value
- r = rate of growth
- x = time
- Examples
○ Human Population
○ Microorganism in Culture
○ Compound Interest
○ Sales
Exponential Decay
- Half-life is the amount of time it takes the quantity to be reduced by half
Exponential Decay Formula
f (x) = a (1 - r)x
- a = initial value
- 1 - r = decay factor
- x = time

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Logarithmic Functions
Monday, 30 October 2023 7:59 pm

Logarithm
- Special way of writing an exponent
bx = y is the same with logb y = x
- bx = y
○ b = base
○ x = argument
○ y = answer
- logb y = x
○ b = base
○ x = answer
○ y = argument
Logarithmic Functions
- Functions with the form:
f (x) = logb x
- b is any number such that b > 0 and b ≠ 1
- b is called the base and x is a real number such that x > 0
Examples
Find f(x) if 3y-1 = x

Find f(x) if =x

Logarithmic Equation and Inequalities

Logarithmic Equations
- Equations in which variables occur as arguments
Logarithmic Inequalities
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Logarithmic Inequalities
- Inequalities in which variables occur as arguments

Properties of Logarithm
Product Property
- logb (MN ) = logb M + logb N
- Example
○ Log2 15 = log2 3 + log2 5
Quotient Property
- logb = logb M - logb N
- Example
○ log10 = log10 3 - log10 4
Power Property
- logb Mn = n logb M
- Example
○ log3 25 = 2 log3 5
Same Base & Argument Property
- logb b = 1
- Example
○ log100 100 = 1
Argument is 1 Property
- logb 1 = 0
- Example
○ log100 1 = 0

Laws of Logarithmic Functions

- Change of base rule for logarithms

-
Solutions to Logarithmic Equations and Inequalities

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Tinamad naq pls hueu

'Wag kang mag-alala, 'di kita hahayaang mag-isa
Sasamhan nga kita sa dulo ng ligaya

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