






• A natural number is called a perfect square if it is the square of
some natural number.

i.e., if m = n 2, then m is a perfect square where m and n are natural

numbers.
• A natural number is called a perfect cube if it is the cube of some
natural number.
i.e., if m = n 3, then m is a perfect cube where m and n are natural
numbers.
• Number obtained when a number is multiplied by itself is called
the square of the number.
• Number obtained when a number is multiplied by itself three times
are called cube number
number.
• Squares and cubes of even numbers are even.
• Squares and cubes of odd numbers are odd.
• A perfect square can always be expressed as the product of pairs of
prime factors.
• A perfect cube can always be expressed as the product of triplets
of prime factors.

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• The unit digit of a perfect square can be only 0, 1, 4, 5, 6 or 9.

• The square of a number having:
1 or 9 at the units place ends in1.
2 or 8 at the units place ends in 4.
3 or 7 at the units place ends in 9.
4 or 6 at the units place ends in 6.
5 at the units place ends in 5.
• There are 2n natural numbers between the squares of numbers n
and n+1.
• A number ending in odd numbers of zeroes is not a perfect square.
• The sum of first n odd natural numbers is given by n 2.
• Three natural numbers a, b, c are said to form a pythagorean
triplet if a2 + b2 = c 2.
• For every natural number m > 1, 2m, m 2–1 and m 2 + 1 form a
pythagorean triplet.
• The square root of a number x is the number whose square is x.
Positive square root of a number x is denoted by x.
• The cube root of a number x is the number whose cube is x. It is
denoted by 3
x.
• Square root and cube root are the inverse operations of squares
and cubes respectively.

n
• If a perfect square is of n digits, then its square root will have
2
n +1
digit if n is even or   digit if n is odd.
 2 
• Cubes of the numbers ending with the digits 0, 1, 4, 5, 6 and 9
end with digits 0, 1, 4, 5, 6 and 9 respectively.

  

 Describe what is meant by a perfect square. Give an example.

 Explain how many square roots a positive number can have. How are
these square roots different?

  

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  

SQUARE ROOTS
 A square root of a number n is a number m which, when
multiplied by itself, equals n.
 The square roots of 16 are 4 and – 4 because 42 = 16 and (– 4)2 =
16.
 If m 2 = n, then m is a square root of n.

  

 Which type of number has an exact square root?

 Which type of number has an approximate square root?
 How can we use perfect squares to estimate a square root, such as 8 ?

• Cube of the number ending in 2 ends in 8 and cube root of the

number ending in 8 ends in 2.
• Cube of the number ending in 3 ends in 7 and cube root of the
number ending in 7 ends in 3.

  

In examples 1 to 7, out of given four choices only one is correct. Write

the correct answer.
Example 1 : Which of the following is the square of an odd number?
(a) 256 (b) 361 (c) 144 (d) 400
Solution : Correct answer is (b).
Example 2 : Which of the following will have 1 at its units place?
(a) 192 (b) 172 (c) 182 (d) 162
Solution : Correct answer is (a).
Example 3 : How many natural numbers lie between 182 and 192?
(a) 30 (b) 37 (c) 35 (d) 36
Solution : Correct answer is (d).

 

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Example 4 : Which of the following is not a perfect square?

(a) 361 (b) 1156 (c) 1128 (d) 1681
Solution : Correct answer is (c).
Example 5 : A perfect square can never have the following digit at
ones place.
(a) 1 (b) 6 (c) 5 (d) 3
Solution : Correct answer is (d).

Example 6 : The value of 176 + 2401 is

(a) 14 (b) 15 (c) 16 (d) 17

Solution : Correct answer is (b).

( 176 + 2401 = 176 + 49 = 225 = 15 )

Example 7 : Given that 5625 =75, the value of 0.5625 + 56.25 is:
(a) 82.5 (b) 0.75 (c) 8.25 (d) 75.05
Solution : Correct answer is (c).
If ( 5625 = 75, then 0.5625 = 0.75 and 56.25 = 7.5)

In examples 8 to 14, fill in the blanks to make the statements true.

Example 8 : There are __________ perfect squares between 1 and 50.
Solution :6
Example 9 : The cube of 100 will have __________ zeroes.
Solution :6
Example 10 : The square of 6.1 is ____________.
Solution : 37.21

 Squaring a number and taking a square root are inverse operations.

What other inverse operations do you know?
 When the factors of a perfect square are written in order from the least
to greatest, what do you notice?
 Why do you think numbers such as 4, 9, 16, ... are called perfect
squares?
 Suppose you list the factors of a perfect square. Why is one factor
square root and not the other factors?

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Example 11 : The cube of 0.3 is ____________.

Solution : 0.027



here are some ways to tell whether a number is a square number.

 If we can find a division sentence for a number so that the quotient is
equal to the divisor, the number is a square number.
For example, 16 ÷ 4 = 4, so 16 is a square number.
↑ ↑ ↑quotient
dividend divisor
 We can also use factoring.
Factors of a number occur in pairs.
These are the dimensions of a rectangle.

1 and 16 are factors of 16

16 unit

2 unit 2 and 8 factors is of 16 4 is factor

of 16
It occurs 4 unit
8 unit
twice.
4 unit

Sixteen has 5 factors: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 A factor that occurs twice

Since there is an odd number of factors, is only written once in the
one rectangle is a square. list of factors.

The square has side length of 4 units.

We say that 4 is a square root of 16.
We write 4 = 16
When a number has an odd number of factors, it is a square number.

  

 Discuss whether 9.5 is a good first guess for 75 .

 Determine which square root or roots would have 7.5 as a good first
guess.

 

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Example 12 : 682 will have __________ at the units place.

Solution : 4
Example 13 : The positive square root of a number x is denoted by
__________.
Solution : x
Example 14 : The least number to be multiplied with 9 to make it a
perfect cube is _______________.
Solution : 3

In examples 15 to 19, state whether the statements are true (T) or false (F)
Example 15 : The square of 0.4 is 0.16.
Solution : True
Example 16 : The cube root of 729 is 8.
Solution : False
Example 17 : There are 21 natural numbers between 102 and 112.
Solution: False
Example 18 : The sum of first 7 odd natural numbers is 49.
Solution : True
Example 19 : The square root of a perfect square of n digits will have
n
digits if n is even.
2
Solution : True
Example 20 : Express 36 as a sum of successive odd natural numbers.
Solution : 1+3+5+7+9+11 = 36

A rectangle is a quadrilateral with 4 right angles.

A square also has 4 right angles.
1cm
A rectangle with base 4 cm and height 1cm is the same as
a rectangle with base 1cm and height 4 cm.
4cm

These two rectangles are congruent.

Is every square a rectangle?
Is every rectangle a square?

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Copy this diagram on grid paper.

Then estimate the value of 7 to one decimal place.

Example 21 : Check whether 90 is a perfect square or not by using

prime factorisation.
Solution : Prime factorisation of 90 is
2 90
3 45
3 15
5 5
1
90 = 2 × 3 × 3 × 5
The prime factors 2 and 5 do not occur in pairs. Therefore,
90 is not a perfect square.
Example 22 : Check whether 1728 is a perfect cube by using prime
factorisation.
Solution : Prime factorisation of 1728 is
1728 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3
Since all prime factors can be grouped in triplets.
Therefore, 1728 is a perfect cube.

Apply
Use square tiles. Make as many different rectangles
as you can with area 28 square units.
Draw your rectangles on grid paper.
Is 28 a perfect square? Justify your answer.

 

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Example 23 : Using distributive law, find the square of 43.

Solution : 43 = 40 + 3
So 432 = (40 + 3)2 = (40 + 3) (40 + 3) = 40 (40 +3) + 3(40 + 3)
= 40 × 40 + 40 × 3 + 3 × 40 + 3 × 3
= 1600 + 240 + 9
= 1849
So, 432 = 1849
Example 24 : Write a pythagorean triplet whose smallest number is 6.
Solution : Smallest number is 6
2m = 6 or m = 3
m 2 + 1 = 32 + 1 = 9 + 1 = 10
m 2 – 1 = 32 – 1 = 9 – 1 = 8
So, the pythagorean triplet is 6, 8, 10.



Here is one way to estimate the value of 20 :

 25 is the square number closest to 20, but greater than 20.
On grid paper, draw a square with
area 25. 9 square units
7 square units
Its side length: 25 = 5
4 square units
 16 is the square number closest to 9
20, but less than 20. 7
4
Draw a square with area 16
Its side length: 16 = 4
Draw the squares so that they overlap.

A square with area 20 lies between these two squares.

Its side length 20 .
20 is between 16 and 25, but closer to 16.
So, 20 is between 16 and 25 , but
closer to 16 .

So, 20 is between 4 and 5, but closer to 4.

An estimate of 20 is 4.4 to one decimal place.

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    

A couple wants to install a square glass window that has
an area of 500 square cm. Calculate the length of each side
and the length of trim needed to the nearest tenth of cm.

Understand the problem

First find the length of a side. Then you can use the length of the
side to find the perimeter – the length of the trim around the window.

Make a Plan
The length of a side, in cm, is the number that you multiply by
itself to get 500. Find this number to the nearest tenth.
Use guess and check to find 500 .
Solve
Because 5000 is between 222 (484) and 232 (529), the square root
of 500 is between 22 and 23.
The square root is between 22.3 and 22.4. To round to the nearest tenth,
consider 22.35.
22.352 = 499.5225 low
Guess 22.5 Guess 22.2 Guess 22.4 Guess 22.3
2 2 2
22.5 506.25 22.2 492.84 22.4 501.76 22.32 497.29
high low high low
Square root is Square root is Square root is Square root is
between 22 and between 22.2 between 22.2 between 22.3
22.5 and 22.5 and 22.4 and 22.4

The square root must be Guess

greater than 22.35, so you 2 4 3 1
can round up.
22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 22.6 22.7 22.8
To the nearest tenth,
500
500 is about 22.4.
Now estimate the length around the window. The length of a side of the
window to the nearest tenth of an inch is 22.4 inches.
4 × 22.4 = 89.6 (Perimeter = 4 × side)
The trim is about 89.6 cm long.
Look Back
The length 90 cm divided by 4 is 22.5 cm. A 22.5 cm square has an
area of 506 square cm, which is close to 500, so the answers are
reasonable.

 

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Example 25 : Using prime factorisation, find the cube root of 5832.

Solution : The prime factorisation of 5832 is
2 5832
2 2916
2 1458
3 729
3 243
3 81
3 27
3 9
3 3
1
5832 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3
Therefore, 3
5832 = 3
2×2×2×3×3×3×3×3×3
=2×3×3
= 18

Take It Further
a) Find the square root of each palindromic number.
A palindromic number is a number that reads the same – forward and
backward.
(i) 121
(ii) 12 321
(iii) 1 234 321
(iv) 123 454 321
b) Continue the pattern.
Write the next 4 palindromic numbers in the pattern and their square
roots.

  

 Is 1 a square number? How can you tell?

 Suppose you know the area of a square. How can you find its perimeter?
 Suppose you know the perimeter of a square. How can you find its area?

  

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Example 26 : Evaluate the square root of 22.09 by long division

method.
Solution : 4.7
4 22.09
16
87 609
609
0 Therefore, 22.09 = 4.7

Example 27 : Find the smallest perfect square divisible by 3, 4, 5 and 6.

Solution : The least number divisible by 3, 4, 5 and 6 is their LCM.
The LCM of 3, 4, 5 and 6 is 60. Now, 60 = 2 × 2 × 5 × 3.
We see that prime factors 5 and 3 are not in pairs.
Therefore 60 is not a perfect square. So, 60 should be
multiplied by 5 × 3 = 15 to get a perfect square.
Thus, the required least square number = 60 × 15 = 900.
Example 28 : A ladder 10m long rests A
against a vertical wall. If the
ladder
foot of the ladder is 6m away
from the wall and the ladder 10m
wall

just reaches the top of the

wall, how high is the wall?
Solution : Let AC be the ladder. B 6m C
Therefore, AC = 10m
Let BC be the distance between the foot of the ladder
and the wall.
Therefore,BC = 6m
∆ABC forms a right angled triangle, right angled at B.
By Pythagoras theorem,
AC2 = AB2 + BC2
102 = AB2 + 62
or AB2 = 102 –62 = 100 – 36 = 64
or AB = 64 = 8m
Hence, the wall is 8m high.

 

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Example 29 : Find the length of a diagonal of a rectangle with

dimensions 20m by 15m.
Solution : Using Pythagoras theorem, we have
Length of diagonal of the rectangle
= (l 2 + b 2 ) units

= (202 + 152 ) m

= 400 + 225 m

= 625 m
= 25 m
Hence, the length of diagonal is 25m.



Work with a partner.

You will need grid paper and 20 square tiles.
Use the tiles to make as many different rectangles as you can with each
area.
4 square units 12 square units
6 square units 16 square units
8 square units 20 square units
9 square units
Draw the rectangles on grid paper.
 For how many areas given above were you able to make a square?
 What is the side length of each square you made?
 How is the side length of a square related to its area?

  

Compare your strategies and results with those of another pair of

classmates.
Find two areas greater than 20 square units for which you could use tiles
to make a square.
How do you know you could make a square for each of these areas?

  

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Example 30 : The area of a rectangular field whose length is twice its

breadth is 2450 m2. Find the perimeter of the field.
Solution : Let the breadth of the field be x metres. Then length of
the field is 2x metres.
Therefore, area of the rectangular field = length × breadth
= (2x)(x) = (2x2) m 2
Given that area is 2450 m 2.
Therefore, 2x2 = 2450

2450
x2 =
2

x = 1225 or x = 35m

Hence, breadth = 35m and length 35 × 2 = 70m

Perimeter of the field = 2 (l + b)
= 2(70+35)m = 2×105m = 210m

Example 31 : During a mass drill exercise, 6250 students of different

schools are arranged in rows such that the number of
students in each row is equal to the number of rows. In
doing so, the instructor finds out that 9 children are left
out. Find the number of children in each row of the square.
Solution : Total number of students = 6250
Number of students forming a square = 6250 – 9
= 6241
Thus, 6241 students form a big square which has number
of rows equal to the number of students in each row.
Let the number of students in each row be x, then the
number of rows = x
Therefore, x × x = 6241

or x= 6241 = 79
Hence, there are 79 students in each row of the square
formed.

 

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Example 32 : Find the least number that must be added to 1500 so as

to get a perfect square. Also find the square root of the
perfect square.
Solution : 38
3 1500
9
68 600
544
56
We observe that 382 < 1500 < 392
Hence the number to be added = 392 – 1500
= 1521 – 1500
= 21
Therefore, the perfect square is 1500 + 21 = 1521
1521 = 39
Hence the required number is 21 and the square root is 39.

Tsunamis, sometimes called tidal waves,

move across deep oceans at high speeds with
barely a ripple on the water surface. It is
only when tsunamis hit shallow water that
their energy moves them upward into a huge
destructive force.
 The speed of a tsunami, in metre per
second, can be found by the formula r =
Tsunamis can be caused by
9.7344d , where d is the water depth earthquakes, volcanoes,
in metre. Suppose the water depth is landslides, or meteorites.
6400m . How fast is the
tsunami moving?
 The speed of a tsunami in
km per hour can be found
As the wave
using r = 4.4944d where approaches the
d is the water depth in beach, it slows,
metre. Suppose the water builds in height
and crashes on
depth is 8100 metre
shore
a) How fast is the tsunami
moving in km per hour?
b) How long would it take
a tsunami to travel
3000 km if the water depth was a consistent 3000 m?

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Example 33 : Application of problem solving strategies

• Find the smallest number by which 1620 must be
divided to get a perfect square.
Solution : Understand and Explore
• What information is given in the question? – A number
which is not a perfect square.
• What are you trying to find? – The smallest number
by which 1620 must be divided to get a perfect square.
Plan a strategy
• You have already learnt prime factorisation. Use it to
find the product of prime factors of 1620.
• Pair the prime factors to see if any factor is left unpaired.
• This unpaired factor will be the smallest number that
must be divided to get a perfect square.
Solve
Prime factorisation of 1620 is
2 1620
2 810
5 405
3 81
3 27
3 9
3 3
1
The product of prime factors = 2 × 2 × 5 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3
Pair these prime factors = 2 × 2 ×5× 3 × 3×3 × 3
The factor 5 is left unpaired.
Hence, the required smallest number is 5.
Revise
Divide 1620 by 5 and check if it is a perfect square.
1620 ÷ 5 = 324
We see that 324 is a perfect square, hence our answer is
verified.

 

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  

1. Find the square root of the number obtained in step IV.

2. Can you find the smallest number that can be multiplied to 1620
to get a perfect square?
3. Find the square root.

 
In each of the questions, 1 to 24, write the correct answer from the
given four options.
1. 196 is the square of
(a) 11 (b) 12 (c) 14 (d) 16
2. Which of the following is a square of an even number?
(a) 144 (b) 169 (c) 441 (d) 625
3. A number ending in 9 will have the units place of its square as
(a) 3 (b) 9 (c) 1 (d) 6

 

A magic square is a square with numbers

arranged so that the sum of the numbers
in each row, column and diagonal is the
same.
Complete each magic square below.

Use the numbers – 4, – 3, – 2, –1, 0, 1, 2,

3 and 4 to make a magic square with
row, column and diagonal sums of 0.

  

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4. Which of the following will have 4 at the units place?

(a) 142 (b) 622 (c) 27 2 (d) 352
5. How many natural numbers lie between 52 and 62?
(a) 9 (b) 10 (c) 11 (d) 12
6. Which of the following cannot be a perfect square?
(a) 841 (b) 529 (c) 198
(d) All of the above
7. The one’s digit of the cube of 23 is
(a) 6 (b) 7 (c) 3 (d) 9
8. A square board has an area of 144 square units. How long is each
side of the board?
(a) 11 units (b) 12 units (c) 13 units (d) 14 units

9. Which letter best represents the location of 25 on a number line?

(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D
A B C D
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
10. If one member of a pythagorean triplet is 2m, then the other two
members are
(a) m, m 2+1
(b) m 2+1, m 2–1
(c) m 2, m 2–1
(d) m 2, m+1
11. The sum of successive odd numbers 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 and 15 is
(a) 81 (b) 64 (c) 49 (d) 36
12. The sum of first n odd natural numbers is
(a) 2n+1 (b) n2 (c) n 2–1 (d) n 2+1
13. Which of the following numbers is a perfect cube?
(a) 243 (b) 216 (c) 392 (d) 8640
14. The hypotenuse of a right triangle with its legs of lengths 3x × 4x is
(a) 5x (b) 7x (c) 16x (d) 25x
15. The next two numbers in the number pattern 1, 4, 9, 16, 25 ... are
(a)35, 48 (b) 36, 49 (c) 36, 48 (d) 35,49

 

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16. Which among 432, 672, 522, 592 would end with digit 1?
(a) 432 (b) 672 (c) 522 (d) 592
17. A perfect square can never have the following digit in its ones place.
(a) 1 (b) 8 (c) 0 (d) 6
18. Which of the following numbers is not a perfect cube?
(a) 216 (b) 567 (c) 125 (d) 343

19. 3
1000 is equal to
(a) 10 (b) 100 (c) 1
(d) None of these
20. If m is the square of a natural number n, then n is
(a) the square of m
(b) greater than m
(c) equal to m

(d) m
21. A perfect square number having n digits where n is even will have
square root with

n n n +1
(a) n+1 digit (b) digit (c) digit (d) digit
2 3 2
22. If m is the cube root of n, then n is

m
(a) m3 (b) m (c) (d) 3
m
3

23. The value of 248 + 52 + 144 is

(a) 14 (b) 12 (c) 16 (d) 13

24. Given that 4096 = 64, the value of 4096 + 40.96 is

(a) 74 (b) 60.4 (c) 64.4 (d) 70.4

In questions 25 to 48, fill in the blanks to make the statements true.

25. There are _________ perfect squares between 1 and 100.
26. There are _________ perfect cubes between 1 and 1000.
27. The units digit in the square of 1294 is _________.

  

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28. The square of 500 will have _________ zeroes.

29. There are _________ natural numbers between n 2 and (n + 1)2
30. The square root of 24025 will have _________ digits.
31. The square of 5.5 is _________.
32. The square root of 5.3 × 5.3 is _________.
33. The cube of 100 will have _________ zeroes.
34. 1m2 = _________ cm2.
35. 1m3 = _________ cm3.
36. Ones digit in the cube of 38 is _________.
37. The square of 0.7 is _________.
38. The sum of first six odd natural numbers is _________.
39. The digit at the ones place of 572 is _________.
40. The sides of a right triangle whose hypotenuse is 17cm are _________
and _________.

41. 1.96 = _________.

42. (1.2)3 = _________.
43. The cube of an odd number is always an _________ number.
44. The cube root of a number x is denoted by _________.
45. The least number by which 125 be multiplied to make it a perfect
square is _____________.
46. The least number by which 72 be multiplied to make it a perfect
cube is _____________.
47. The least number by which 72 be divided to make it a perfect cube
is _____________.
48. Cube of a number ending in 7 will end in the digit _______________.

In questions 49 to 86, state whether the statements are true (T) or false (F).
49. The square of 86 will have 6 at the units place.
50. The sum of two perfect squares is a perfect square.
51. The product of two perfect squares is a perfect square.
52. There is no square number between 50 and 60.

 

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53. The square root of 1521 is 31.

54. Each prime factor appears 3 times in its cube.
55. The square of 2.8 is 78.4.
56. The cube of 0.4 is 0.064.
57. The square root of 0.9 is 0.3.
58. The square of every natural number is always greater than the number
itself.
59. The cube root of 8000 is 200.
60. There are five perfect cubes between 1 and 100.
61. There are 200 natural numbers between 1002 and 1012.
62. The sum of first n odd natural numbers is n 2.
63. 1000 is a perfect square.
64. A perfect square can have 8 as its units digit.
65. For every natural number m, (2m –1, 2m 2 –2m, 2m 2 – 2m + 1) is a
pythagorean triplet.
66. All numbers of a pythagorean triplet are odd.
67. For an integer a, a3 is always greater than a2.
68. If x and y are integers such that x2 > y2, then x3 > y3.
69. Let x and y be natural numbers. If x divides y, then x3 divides y3.
70. If a2 ends in 5, then a3 ends in 25.
71. If a2 ends in 9, then a3 ends in 7.
 n +1
72. The square root of a perfect square of n digits will have   digits,
 2 
if n is odd.

73. Square root of a number x is denoted by x.

74. A number having 7 at its ones place will have 3 at the units place of
its square.

What’s the Error? A student said that since the square roots of a certain
number are 1.5 and –1.5, the number must be their product, –2.25. What
error did the student make?

  

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75. A number having 7 at its ones place will have 3 at the ones place of
its cube.
76. The cube of a one digit number cannot be a two digit number.
77. Cube of an even number is odd.
78. Cube of an odd number is even.
79. Cube of an even number is even.
80. Cube of an odd number is odd.
81. 999 is a perfect cube.
82. 363 × 81 is a perfect cube.
83. Cube roots of 8 are +2 and –2.

84. 3
8 + 27 = 3
8 + 3 27 .
85. There is no cube root of a negative integer.
86. Square of a number is positive, so the cube of that number will also
be positive.
Solve the following questions.
87. Write the first five square numbers.
88. Write cubes of first three multiples of 3.
89. Show that 500 is not a perfect square.
90. Express 81 as the sum of first nine consecutive odd numbers.
91. Using prime factorisation, find which of the following are perfect
squares.
(a)484 (b) 11250 (c) 841 (d) 729
92. Using prime factorisation, find which of the following are perfect
cubes.
(a)128 (b) 343 (c) 729 (d) 1331
93. Using distributive law, find the squares of
(a)101 (b) 72
94. Can a right triangle with sides 6cm, 10cm and 8cm be formed? Give
reason.
95. Write the Pythagorean triplet whose one of the numbers is 4.

 

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96. Using prime factorisation, find the square roots of

(a)11025 (b) 4761
97. Using prime factorisation, find the cube roots of
(a)512 (b) 2197
98. Is 176 a perfect square? If not, find the smallest number by which it
should be multiplied to get a perfect square.

99. Is 9720 a perfect cube? If not, find the smallest number by which it
should be divided to get a perfect cube.

100. Write two Pythagorean triplets each having one of the numbers as 5.

101. By what smallest number should 216 be divided so that the quotient
is a perfect square. Also find the square root of the quotient.

102. By what smallest number should 3600 be multiplied so that the

quotient is a perfect cube. Also find the cube root of the quotient.

103. Find the square root of the following by long division method.

(a)1369 (b) 5625

104. Find the square root of the following by long division method.

(a)27.04 (b) 1.44

105. What is the least number that should be subtracted from 1385 to get
a perfect square? Also find the square root of the perfect square.

106. What is the least number that should be added to 6200 to make it a
perfect square?

107. Find the least number of four digits that is a perfect square.

108. Find the greatest number of three digits that is a perfect square.

109. Find the least square number which is exactly divisible by 3, 4, 5, 6

and 8.

110. Find the length of the side of a square if the length of its diagonal is
10cm.

111. A decimal number is multiplied by itself. If the product is 51.84, find

the number.

112. Find the decimal fraction which when multiplied by itself gives 84.64.

  

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113. A farmer wants to plough his square field of side 150m. How much
area will he have to plough?
114. What will be the number of unit squares on each side of a square
graph paper if the total number of unit squares is 256?
115. If one side of a cube is 15m in length, find its volume.
116. The dimensions of a rectangular field are 80m and 18m. Find the
length of its diagonal.
117. Find the area of a square field if its perimeter is 96m.
118. Find the length of each side of a cube if its volume is 512 cm3.
119. Three numbers are in the ratio [Link] and the sum of their cubes is
4500. Find the numbers.
120. How many square metres of carpet will be required for a square room
of side 6.5m to be carpeted.
121. Find the side of a square whose area is equal to the area of a rectangle
with sides 6.4m and 2.5m.
122. Difference of two perfect cubes is 189. If the cube root of the smaller
of the two numbers is 3, find the cube root of the larger number.
123. Find the number of plants in each row if 1024 plants are arranged
so that number of plants in a row is the same as the number of rows.
124. A hall has a capacity of 2704 seats. If the number of rows is equal to
the number of seats in each row, then find the number of seats in
each row.
125. A General wishes to draw up his 7500 soldiers in the form of a square.
After arranging, he found out that some of them are left out. How
many soldiers were left out?
126. 8649 students were sitting in a lecture room in such a manner that
there were as many students in the row as there were rows in the
lecture room. How many students were there in each row of the lecture
room?
127. Rahul walks 12m north from his house and turns west to walk 35m
to reach his friend’s house. While returning, he walks diagonally
from his friend’s house to reach back to his house. What distance
did he walk while returning?

 

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128. A 5.5m long ladder is leaned against a wall. The ladder reaches the
wall to a height of 4.4m. Find the distance between the wall and the
foot of the ladder.

129. A king wanted to reward his advisor, a wise man of the kingdom. So
he asked the wiseman to name his own reward. The wiseman thanked
the king but said that he would ask only for some gold coins each
day for a month. The coins were to be counted out in a pattern of one
coin for the first day, 3 coins for the second day, 5 coins for the third
day and so on for 30 days. Without making calculations, find how
many coins will the advisor get in that month?

130. Find three numbers in the ratio [Link], the sum of whose squares is
608.
131. Find the smallest square number divisible by each one of the numbers
8, 9 and 10.

1
132. The area of a square plot is 101 m2. Find the length of one side
400
of the plot.
133. Find the square root of 324 by the method of repeated subtraction.

134. Three numbers are in the ratio [Link]. The sum of their cubes is
0.334125. Find the numbers.

135. Evaluate : 3
27 + 3 0.008 + 3 0.064
3
 2 2 2 
1

136.  5 + ( ) 
12
 
3
 2 1

137.  6 + ( 8 ) 2  
2

 

138. A perfect square number has four digits, none of which is zero. The
digits from left to right have values that are: even, even, odd, even.
Find the number.
139. Put three different numbers in the circles so that
when you add the numbers at the end of each line
you always get a perfect square.

  

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140. The perimeters of two squares are 40 and 96 metres respectively.

Find the perimeter of another square equal in area to the sum of the
first two squares.
141. A three digit perfect square is such that if it is viewed upside down,
the number seen is also a perfect square. What is the number?
(Hint: The digits 1, 0 and 8 stay the same when viewed upside down,
whereas 9 becomes 6 and 6 becomes 9.)
142. 13 and 31 is a strange pair of numbers such that their squares 169
and 961 are also mirror images of each other. Can you find two other
such pairs?

    

1. Quick Tricks.

Let me teach you

Alright Geeta.
a trick, Karan.

Pick any 2-digit

45
number ending
in 5.

Take the tens part Tens part of 45 is 4.

of the number and Its successor is 5,
multiply it with so 4 × 5 = 20.
its successor.

Now prefix this Square of 5 is 25, so

number to the number obtained
square of 5. is 2025.

 

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98 EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS

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 UNIT-3

Good. Check it by
actual The square is correct.
multiplication.

Friends, you can also

try this trick for 425 or
705 or any other 3-digit
number ending in 5.
You will definitely
enjoy it. Geeta, now let me
teach you one
trick.

This trick can help

1
Sure you to find the cube root n
of any 4, 5 or 6-digit
perfect cube orally.

Alright. But what do

we have to
Pick any 4, 5 or 6 n1
do for it?
digit perfect cube.

From the right put a

91125 comma after 3
digits.

91, 125 See the digit at the units

place and find the
units place of its cube.

SQUARE-SQUARE ROOT AND CUBE-CUBE ROOT 99

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MATHEMATICS

Digit at units Good! This number is

place is 5 and digit the digit at units place
at ones place of of the cube root. Now
its cube see the digits before
is also 5. the comma.

Ascertain which
91 number's cube is
less than this
number.

The cube of 4 is Absolutely. This is the

64 which is less digit at the tens place
than 91. of the cube root.

So it means You are right.

that the cube
root is 45.

Friends, you can

also try the same for
Fascinating! 13824, 2197, 50653 or
any other perfect cube
of 4, 5 or 6 digit.

Bye for now!

100 EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS

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 

2. Cross Number Puzzle

Down
1. Cube of 9.
2. Missing number to make 12, ____, 37, a pythagorean triplet.
4. Smallest number by which 248 be multiplied to make the resultant
a perfect cube number.
5. Square of 75.
6. Smallest square number that is divisible by each of 5 and 11
9. Without adding, find the sum of 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11.
10. Smallest number which when added to 7669 makes the resultant a
perfect square.

Across
2. Square of 19.
3. Look at the numbers given below and find the number which cannot
be a perfect square.
81, 100, 144, 25000
7. Square root of 4489
8. Smallest natural number other than 1 which is a perfect square as
well as a perfect cube number.
10. Cube root of 357911.
11. Smallest number which when subtracted from 374695 makes the
resultant a perfect square number.

 

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Rough Work

102 EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS

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 UNIT-3

Rough Work

SQUARE-SQUARE ROOT AND CUBE-CUBE ROOT 103

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Rough Work

104 EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS

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
 
p
• A number that can be expressed in the form , where p and q are
q
integers and q ¹ 0, is called a rational number.
p
• Lowest form of a rational number – A rational number is said
q
to be in the lowest form or simplest form if p and q have no common
factor other than 1 and q ¹ 0.

Addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of rational

numbers are done in the same way as we do for fractions.
• Rational numbers are closed under the operations of addition,
subtraction and multiplication.
• The operations of addition and multiplication for rational numbers
are
(i) commutative, (ii) associative
• The rational number 0 is the additive identity for rational numbers.
• The rational number 1 is the multiplicative identity for rational
numbers.

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a –a
• The additive inverse of the rational number is and vice-versa.
b b

a
• The reciprocal or multiplicative inverse of the rational number
b
c a c
is if × = 1.
d b d
• Distributivity of rational numbers – For all rational numbers a,
b and c
a (b + c) = ab + ac
a (b – c) = ab – ac
• Rational numbers can be represented on a number line.
• Between any two given rational numbers there are infinitely many
rational numbers. The idea of mean helps us to find rational
numbers between two given rational numbers.



In examples 1 to 3, there are four options out of which one is correct.

Choose the correct answer.
Example 1 : Which of the following is not true?
2 5 5 2 2 5 5 2
(a) + = + (b) − = −
3 4 4 3 3 4 4 3
2 5 5 2 2 5 2 4
(c) × = × (d) ÷ = ×
3 4 4 3 3 4 3 5

Solution : The correct answer is (b).

0
Example 2 : Multiplicative inverse of is
1
(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) 0 (d) not defined
Solution : The correct answer is (d).
−3 1
Example 3 : Three rational numbers lying between 4 and are
2

1 3 –1 1 3
(a) − , 0, (b) , ,
2 4 4 4 4

 

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–1 1 –5 1
(c) ,0, (d) ,0,
4 4 4 4
Solution : The correct answer is (c).

In examples 4 and 5, fill in the blanks to make the statements true.

Example 4 : The product of a non-zero rational number and its
reciprocal is ________.
Solution : 1

1 6 y
Example 5 : If x = and y = then xy − = _______.
3 7 x

−16
Solution :
7

In examples 6 and 7, state whether the given statements are true or

false.
Example 6 : Every rational number has a reciprocal.
Solution : False
−4 −5
Example 7 : 5
is larger than 4 .

Solution : True
4 14 2
Example 8 : Find × ÷ .
7 3 3

4 14 2 4  14 3 
Solution : × ÷ = × × 
7 3 3 7  3 2

4
= ×7 = 4
7

2 −5 7 2 −2
Example 9 : Using appropriate properties, find 3 × + + × .
7 3 3 7

2  −5  7 2  −2 
Solution : ×  + + × 
3  7  3 3  7 

−5 2 2 2 7
= × − × +
7 3 7 3 3

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 −5 2  2 7
=  − × +
 7 7 3 3

2 7 5
= − + =
3 3 3
Example 10 : Let O, P and Z represent the numbers 0, 3 and -5
respectively on the number line. Points Q, R and S are
between O and P such that OQ = QR = RS = SP.
What are the rational numbers represented by the points
Q, R and S. Next choose a point T between Z and O so
that ZT = TO. Which rational number does T represent?
Z O P
Solution : –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
As OQ = QR = RS = SP
and OQ + QR + RS + SP = OP
therefore Q, R and S divide OP into four equal parts.
0+3 3
So, R is the mid-point of OP, i.e. R= =
2 2

1  3 3
Q is the mid-point of OR, i.e. Q= 0 +  =
2  2 4

1 3  9
and S is the mid-point of RP, i.e. S=  + 3 =
2 2  4

3 3 9
therefore, Q = , R = and S=
4 2 4
Also Z T = TO
0 + (–5) –5
So, T is the mid-point of OZ, i.e. T= =
2 2

  

1. Explain the first step in solving an addition equation with fractions
having like denominators.
2. Explain the first step in solving an addition equation with fractions
having unlike denominators.

 

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4
Example 11 : A farmer has a field of area 49 ha. He wants to divide it
5
equally among his one son and two daughters. Find the
area of each one’s share.
(ha means hectare; 1 hectare = 10,000 m2)
4 249
Solution : 49 ha = ha
5 5
1 249 83 3
Each share = × ha = ha = 16 ha
3 5 5 5
2 4
Example 12 : Let a, b, c be the three rational numbers where a = , b =
3 5
5
and c = −
6
Verify:
(i) a + (b + c) = (a + b) +c (Associative property of addition)
(ii) a × (b × c) = (a × b) × c (Associative property of
multiplication)
Solution : (i) L.H.S = a + (b +c)

2  4  −5  
+ 
3  5  6  
= +

2  24 − 25 
3  30 
= +

2  −1 
= + 
3  30 
20 − 1 19
= =
30 30
R.H.S. of (i) = (a + b) + c
 2 4   −5 
=  + + 
3 5  6 
 10 + 12   −5 
=  + 
 15   6 
22 5 44 − 25 19
= − = =
15 6 30 30
2  4  −5    2 4   −5 
+  = + + 
3  5  2    3 5   6 
So, +

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Hence verified.
(ii) L.H.S = a × (b × c)
2  4  −5  
× 
3  5  6  
= ×

2  −20  2  −2 
= ×  = × 
3  30  3  3 

2 × ( −2) −4
= =
3×3 9
R.H.S. = (a × b) × c
 2 4   −5 
=  × × 
3 5  6 
2 × 4 −5
= ×
3×5 6
8  −5 
= × 
15  6 
8 × ( −5) − 40 − 4
= = =
15 × 6 90 9

2  4  −5    2 4   −5 
×  = × 
3  5  6    3 5   6 
So, × ×

Example 13 : Solve the following questions and write your observations.

5 −2 3
(i) +0=? (ii) +0=? (iii) +0=?
3 5 7
2 −6 9
(iv) ×1=? (v) ×1=? (vi) ×1=?
3 7 8
5 5 −2 −2 3 3
Solution : (i) +0= (ii) +0= (iii) +0=
3 3 5 5 7 7

Rational Numbers

Integers

Whole Numbers

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2 2 −6 −6 9 9
(iv) ×1= (v) ×1 = (vi) ×1=
3 3 7 7 8 8
Observation
From (i) to (iii), we observe that: (i) When we add 0 to a rational number we
get the same rational number.
From (iv) to (vi), we observe that: (ii) When we multiply a rational number
by 1 we get the same rational number.
(iii) Therefore, 0 is the additive identity of rational numbers and 1 is the
‘multiplicative identity’ of rational numbers.
−5 7
Example 14 : Write any 5 rational numbers between and .
6 8
−5 −5 × 4 −20
Solution : = =
6 6×4 24
7 7 × 3 21
and = =
8 8 × 3 24
−19 −18 −17 20
Thus, rational numbers , , ,..... lie
24 24 24 24
−5 7
between and .
6 8
Example 15 : Identify the rational number which is different
2 −4 1 1
from the other three : , , , . Explain your reasoning.
3 5 2 3
−4
Solution : 5 is the rational number which is different from the
other three, as it lies on the left side of zero while others
lie on the right side of zero on the number line.
Example 16 : Problem Solving Strategies
Problem : The product of two rational numbers is –7. If one of the
number is –10, find the other.
Solution : Understand and explore
• What information is given in the question?
One of the two rational numbers
Product of two rational numbers
• What are you finding?
The other rational number

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Plan a strategy
• Let the unknown rational number be x. Form an
equation with the conditions given. Then solve the
equation.
Solve
Let the other rational number be x
–10 × x = –7
–7 7
x= ,x=
–10 10
Check
7
–10 × = –7. Hence, the result is correct.
10

  

Some other easier ways to find the answer.

Is the product greater than both the rational numb or less than both the
rational numbers?



Focus on Graphic Organisers

You can use an information frame to organize information about a
mathematical concept or property, such as the commutative property of
addition.

WORDS
The order in which you add two
numbers does not change the sum

EXAMPLE COMMUTATIVE PROPERTY ALGEBRA

3+5=5+3 OF ADDITION a+b=b+a

VOCABULARY HELP
The word commute means travel
to move

Make an information frame for the distributive property.

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 
In questions 1 to 25, there are four options out of which one is correct.
Choose the correct answer.
p
1. A number which can be expressed as where p and q are integers
q
and q ≠ 0 is
(a) natural number. (b) whole number.
(c) integer. (d) rational number.
p
2. A number of the form is said to be a rational number if
q
(a) p and q are integers.
(b) p and q are integers and q ≠ 0
(c) p and q are integers and p ≠ 0
(d) p and q are integers and p ≠ 0 also q ≠ 0.
3 ( −5) −19
3. The numerical expression + = shows that
8 7 56
(a) rational numbers are closed under addition.
(b) rational numbers are not closed under addition.
(c) rational numbers are closed under multiplication.
(d) addition of rational numbers is not commutative.
4. Which of the following is not true?
(a) rational numbers are closed under addition.
(b) rational numbers are closed under subtraction.
(c) rational numbers are closed under multiplication.
(d) rational numbers are closed under division.
3 1 1  −3 
5. − + = +  is an example to show that
8 7 7  8 
(a) addition of rational numbers is commutative.
(b) rational numbers are closed under addition.
(c) addition of rational number is associative.
(d) rational numbers are distributive under addition.
6. Which of the following expressions shows that rational numbers are
associative under multiplication.

2  −6 3 2 −6  3
(a) × ×  =  × ×
3  7 5 3 7  5

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2  −6 3 2 3 −6 
(b) × ×  = × × 
3  7 5 3 5 7 
2  −6 3 3 2  −6
(c) × ×  =  × ×
3  7 5 5 3 7

 2 −6  3  −6 2  3
(d)  × × =  × ×
3 7  5  7 3 5
7. Zero (0) is
(a) the identity for addition of rational numbers.
(b) the identity for subtraction of rational numbers.
(c) the identity for multiplication of rational numbers.
(d) the identity for division of rational numbers.
8. One (1) is
(a) the identity for addition of rational numbers.
(b) the identity for subtraction of rational numbers.
(c) the identity for multiplication of rational numbers.
(d) the identity for division of rational numbers.
−7
9. The additive inverse of is
19
−7 7 19 −19
(a) (b) (c) (d)
19 19 7 7
10. Multiplicative inverse of a negative rational number is
(a) a positive rational number.
(b) a negative rational number.
(c) 0
(d) 1
11. If x + 0 = 0 + x = x, which is rational number, then 0 is called
(a) identity for addition of rational numbers.
(b) additive inverse of x.
(c) multiplicative inverse of x.
(d) reciprocal of x.
8
12. To get the product 1, we should multiply by
21
8 −8 21 −21
(a) (b) (c) (d)
21 21 8 8

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13. – (–x) is same as

1 −1
(a) – x (b) x (c) (d)
x x
1
14. The multiplicative inverse of −1 is
7
8 −8 7 7
(a) (b) (c) (d)
7 7 8 −8
15. If x be any rational number then x + 0 is equal to
(a) x (b) 0 (c) – x (d) Not defined
16. The reciprocal of 1 is
(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) 0 (d) Not defined
17. The reciprocal of –1 is
(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) 0 (d) Not defined
18. The reciprocal of 0 is
(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) 0 (d) Not defined
p
19. The reciprocal of any rational number , where p and q are integers
q
and q ≠ 0, is
p q
(a) (b) 1 (c) 0 (d)
q p
20. If y be the reciprocal of rational number x, then the reciprocal of y
will be
x y
(a) x (b) y (c) (d)
y x
−3  −7 
21. The reciprocal of ×  is
8  13 
104 −104 21 −21
(a) (b) (c) (d)
21 21 104 104
22. Which of the following is an example of distributive property of
multiplication over addition for rational numbers.
1  2  − 4    1 2   1  − 4 
× + = − × + − × 
4  3  7    4 3   4  7 
(a) −

1 2  − 4   1 2   − 4 
× +  = − 
4  3  7    4 3   7 
(b) − ×

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1 2  − 4   2  1  − 4
(c) − × +   = + − ×
4 3  7   3  4  7

1  2  − 4    2  − 4  1
(d) − × +   =  +  −
4  3  7    3  7  4

23. Between two given rational numbers, we can find

(a) one and only one rational number.
(b) only two rational numbers.
(c) only ten rational numbers.
(d) infinitely many rational numbers.

Plan a strategy
• Some problems contain a lot of information. Read the entire
problem carefully to be sure you understand all the facts.
You may need to read it over several times, perhaps aloud so
that you can hear yourself and understand it well.
• Then decide which information is most important (prioritise).
Is there any information that is absolutely necessary to solve
the problem? This information is most important.
• Finally, put the information in order (sequence). Use
comparison words like before, after, longer, shorter, and so on
to help you. Write down the sequence before you try to solve
the problem.
Read the problem given below, and then answer the questions
that follow
• Five friends are standing in line for the opening of a show.
They are in line according to their arrival. Shreya arrived 3
minutes after Sachin. Roy took his place in line at 9:01 P.M.
He was 1 minute behind Reena and 7 minutes ahead of Shreya.
The first person arrived at 9:00 P.M. Babu showed up 6
minutes after the first person. List the time of each person’s
arrival.
(a) Whose arrival information helped you determine each
person’s arrival time?
(b) Can you determine the order without the time?
(c) List the friends’ order of arrival from the earliest to the
last.

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x +y
24. is a rational number.
2
(a) Between x and y
(b) Less than x and y both.
(c) Greater than x and y both.
(d) Less than x but greater than y.
25. Which of the following statements is always true?
x −y
(a) is a rational number between x and y.
2
x +y
(b) is a rational number between x and y.
2
x ×y
(c) is a rational number between x and y.
2
x ÷y
(d) is a rational number between x and y.
2

In questions 26 to 47, fill in the blanks to make the statements true.

5
26. The equivalent of , whose numerator is 45 is ___________.
7
7
27. The equivalent rational number of , whose denominator is 45 is
9
___________.
15 35
28. Between the numbers and , the greater number is __________.
20 40
29. The reciprocal of a positive rational number is ___________.
30. The reciprocal of a negative rational number is ___________.
31. Zero has ___________ reciprocal.
32. The numbers ___________ and ___________ are their own reciprocal.
33. If y be the reciprocal of x, then the reciprocal of y2 in terms of x will
be ___________.
2  –4
34. The reciprocal of ×  is ___________.
5  9 
35. (213 × 657)–1 = 213–1 × ___________.
36. The negative of 1 is ___________.

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Writing Strategy:

  any
Write a Convincing Argument
   
 2 and 210 . Fo a l l y
Your ability to write a convincing r
argument proves that you have 0 su
are 1 hat u r,
understanding of the concept. An Comp m b e r s , w r n u m b e
n u t e a s
effective argument should include the two t h e g r e a number
g i v e s he greate
r t?
following four parts: t e exponen
(1) A goal using e or as th exception.
as one
the b least
a t
(2) A response to the goal Give
(3) Evidence to support the response
(4) A summary statement

Step 1 : Identify the goal

For any two numbers, explain whether using the greater number as the
base will generally result in a greater number or using it as the exponent.
Find one exception.
Step 2 : Provide a response to the goal
Using the greater number as the exponent usually gives the greater
number.
Step 3 : Provide evidence to support your response
rs
he n umbe r
for t reate
2 x ce ption sing the g ent
E on
1 0 and r, d 3.
U
e exp
mb e r be 2 an r, 3, as th a greater
o r t he nu eater num w i l l e
numb t result in
F r
the g t
o n e n ber. n o
Using t h e e x p will
s r num numb
er.
1 0 , a n a greate
t i
resul 32 = 9
100
10 =
2
23 = 8
1024
21 =
0
9>8
1024
100 < 0
3
32 > 2
21
10 <
2

Step 4 : Summarise your argument

Generally, for any two numbers, using the greater number as the exponent
instead of as the base will result in a greater number.

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a c e a c e 
37. For rational numbers , and we have ×  +  = _________ +
b d f b d f 
________.
−5
38. is ________ than –3.
7
39. There are ________ rational numbers between any two rational
numbers.
1 −1
40. The rational numbers and are on the ________ sides of zero on
3 3
the number line.
41. The negative of a negative rational number is always a ________ rational
number.
42. Rational numbers can be added or multiplied in any __________.
−5
43. The reciprocal of is ________.
7
4
44. The multiplicative inverse of is _________.
3
p
45. The rational number 10.11 in the from is _________.
q
1 2 3  1 2 
46. ×  +  =  ×  + _________.
5 7 8  5 7 
47. The two rational numbers lying between –2 and –5 with denominator
as 1 are _________ and _________.

In each of the following, state whether the statements are true (T) or
false (F).
x
48. If is a rational number, then y is always a whole number.
y
p
49. If is a rational number, then p cannot be equal to zero.
q
r
50. If is a rational number, then s cannot be equal to zero.
s
5 2
51. lies between and 1.
6 3

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5 1
52. lies between and 1.
10 2

−7
53. lies between –3 and –4.
2

9
54. lies between 1 and 2.
6

a b
55. If a ≠ 0, the multiplicative inverse of is .
b a

−3 5
56. The multiplicative inverse of is .
5 3

1
57. The additive inverse of is –2.
2

x c x c
58. If is the additive inverse of , then + = 0.
y d y d

59. For every rational number x, x + 1 = x.

x c x c
60. If is the additive inverse of , then − = 0
y d y d

q
61. The reciprocal of a non-zero rational number is the rational
p
q
number .
p
62. If x + y = 0, then –y is known as the negative of x, where x and y are
rational numbers.
63. The negative of the negative of any rational number is the number
itself.
64. The negative of 0 does not exist.

65. The negative of 1 is 1 itself.

66. For all rational numbers x and y, x – y = y – x.

67. For all rational numbers x and y, x × y = y × x.

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68. For every rational number x, x × 0 = x.

69. For every rational numbers x, y and z, x + (y × z) = (x + y) × (x + z).

70. For all rational numbers a, b and c, a (b + c) = ab + bc.

71. 1 is the only number which is its own reciprocal.

72. –1 is not the reciprocal of any rational number.

73. For any rational number x, x + (–1) = –x.

74. For rational numbers x and y, if x < y then x – y is a positive rational
number.

75. If x and y are negative rational numbers, then so is x + y.

76. Between any two rational numbers there are exactly ten rational
numbers.
77. Rational numbers are closed under addition and multiplication but
not under subtraction.
78. Subtraction of rational number is commutative.
3
79. − is smaller than –2.
4
80. 0 is a rational number.

81. All positive rational numbers lie between 0 and 1000.

82. The population of India in 2004 - 05 is a rational number.

5 8
83. There are countless rational numbers between and .
6 9
1
84. The reciprocal of x –1 is .
x
57
85. The rational number lies to the left of zero on the number line.
23
7
86. The rational number lies to the right of zero on the number line.
−4
−8
87. The rational number lies neither to the right nor to the left of
−3
zero on the number line.

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1
88. The rational numbers and –1 are on the opposite sides of zero on
2
the number line.
89. Every fraction is a rational number.
90. Every integer is a rational number.
91. The rational numbers can be represented on the number line.

92. The negative of a negative rational number is a positive rational

number.

93. If x and y are two rational numbers such that x > y, then x – y is
always a positive rational number.

94. 0 is the smallest rational number.

95. Every whole number is an integer.

96. Every whole number is a rational number.

97. 0 is whole number but it is not a rational number.

1 5
98. The rational numbers and − are on the opposite sides of 0 on
2 2
the number line.

99. Rational numbers can be added (or multiplied) in any order

−4 −6 −6 −4
× = ×
5 5 5 5

100. Solve the following: Select the rational numbers from the list which
are also the integers.

9 8 7 6 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 3 1 0 –1 –2 −3 −4 −5 −6
, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2

101. Select those which can be written as a rational number with

denominator 4 in their lowest form:

7 64 36 − 16 5 140
, , , , ,
8 16 − 12 17 − 4 28

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102. Using suitable rearrangement and find the sum:

4  − 4  3  −13 
(a) + + + 
7  9  7  9 

7 3 5 −4
(b) −5 + + + ( −3) + +
10 7 14 5
103. Verify – (– x) = x for
3 −7 13
(i) x = (ii) x = (iii) x =
5 9 −15

104. Give one example each to show that the rational numbers are closed
under addition, subtraction and multiplication. Are rational numbers
closed under division? Give two examples in support of your answer.
105. Verify the property x + y = y + x of rational numbers by taking
1 1 −2 −5
(a) x = , y= (b) x = , y=
2 2 3 6
−3 20 −2 −9
(c) x = , y= (d) x = , y=
7 21 5 10
106. Simplify each of the following by using suitable property. Also name
the property.

1 1  1   1 2  1 2  −3  3  −5  
(a)  ×  +  × 6  (b)  × × + 
 5 15   5 5 
− × (c)
2 4  2  5  7  6 
107. Tell which property allows you to compute
1 5 7  1 5  7
×  ×  as  ×  ×
5 6 9 5 6  9
108. Verify the property x × y = y × z of rational numbers by using
1 2 9
(a) x = 7 and y = (b) x = and y =
2 3 4
−5 14 −3 −4
(c) x = and y = (d) x = and y =
7 15 8 9
109. Verify the property x × (y × z) = (x × y) × z of rational numbers by
using
−1 1 2 −3 1
(a) x = 1, y = and z = (b) x = , y= and z =
2 4 3 7 2

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−2 −5 1 1
(c) x = , y= and z = (d) x = 0, y =
7 6 4 2
and What is the name of this property?
110. Verify the property x × (y + z) = x × y + x × z of rational numbers by
taking.
−1 3 1
(a) x = , y= , z=
2 4 4
−1 2 3
(b) x = , y= , z=
2 3 4
−2 −4 −7
(c) x = , y= , z=
3 6 9
−1 2 −3
(d) x = , y= , z=
5 15 10
111. Use the distributivity of multiplication of rational numbers over
addition to simplify
3  35 10  −5  8 16 
5  24 1  4  5 15 
(a) × + (b) × +

2  7 21  3 8 
×  − 40 
7 16 4 
×
(c) − (d)
4 9 
112. Simplify
32 23 22 3 28 14
(a) + × (b) × ÷
5 11 15 7 15 5
3 −2 −5 7 1 1
(c) + × (d) + −
7 21 6 8 16 12
113. Identify the rational number that does not belong with the other
three. Explain your reasoning
−5 −1 −4 −7
, , ,
11 2 9 3
19 171
114. The cost of metres of wire is Rs. . Find the cost of one metre
4 2
of the wire.
1445 17
115. A train travels km in hours. Find the speed of the train in
2 2
km/h.

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116. If 16 shirts of equal size can be made out of 24m of cloth, how much
cloth is needed for making one shirt?
7
117. of all the money in Hamid’s bank account is Rs. 77,000. How
11
much money does Hamid have in his bank account?
1 1
118. A 117 m long rope is cut into equal pieces measuring 7 m each.
3 3
How many such small pieces are these?

1 1
119. of the class students are above average, are average and rest
6 4
are below average. If there are 48 students in all, how many students
are below average in the class?
2 1
120. of total number of students of a school come by car while of
5 4
students come by bus to school. All the other students walk to school
1
of which walk on their own and the rest are escorted by their
3
parents. If 224 students come to school walking on their own, how
many students study in that school?
121. Huma, Hubna and Seema received a total of Rs. 2,016 as monthly
1
allowance from their mother such that Seema gets of what Huma
2
2
gets and Hubna gets 1 times Seema’s share. How much money do
3
the three sisters get individually?
122. A mother and her two daughters got a room constructed for
3
Rs. 62,000. The elder daughter contributes of her mother’s
8
1
contribution while the younger daughter contributes of her
2
mother’s share. How much do the three contribute individually?
123. Tell which property allows you to compare
2 3 5 2 5  3
×  ×  and  ×  ×
3 4 7 3 7  4

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124. Name the property used in each of the following.

7 −3 −3 −7
(i) − × = ×
11 5 5 11
2  3 −1   −2 3   −2 −1 
3  4 2   3 4   3 2 
(ii) − × + = × + ×

1  4  − 4   1 4   − 4 
+  =
3  9  3    3 9   3 
(iii) + + +

−2 −2 2
(iv) +0 =0+ =−
7 7 7
3 3 3
(v) ×1 = 1 × =
8 8 8
125. Find the multiplicative inverse of
1 1
(i) −1 (ii) 3
8 3
1 13 5
126. Arrange the numbers , , in the descending order.
4 16 8
−14
127. The product of two rational numbers is . If one of the numbers
27
7
be , find the other.
9
−15
128. By what numbers should we multiply so that the product may
20
−5
be ?
7
−8
129. By what number should we multiply so that the product may
13
be 24?

130. The product of two rational numbers is –7. If one of the number
is –5, find the other?

131. Can you find a rational number whose multiplicative inverse is –1?

132. Find five rational numbers between 0 and 1.

1
133. Find two rational numbers whose absolute value is .
5

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134. From a rope 40 metres long, pieces of equal size are cut. If the length
10
of one piece is metre, find the number of such pieces.
3
1
135. 5 metres long rope is cut into 12 equal pieces. What is the length
2
of each piece?
136. Write the following rational numbers in the descending order.
8 −9 −3 2
, , , 0,
7 8 2 5

2 1 −5 −21
137. Find (i) 0÷ (ii) × ×
3 3 7 10
138. On a winter day the temperature at a place in Himachal Pradesh
was –16°C. Convert it in degree Fahrenheit (0F) by using the formula.
C F – 32
=
5 9
139. Find the sum of additive inverse and multiplicative inverse of 7.
1
140. Find the product of additive inverse and multiplicative inverse of – .
3
141. The diagram shows the wingspans of different species of birds. Use
the diagram to answer the question given below:

(a) How much longer is the wingspan of an Albatross than the

wingspan of a Sea gull?
(b) How much longer is the wingspan of a Golden eagle than the
wingspan of a Blue jay?

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1
142. Shalini has to cut out circles of diameter 1 cm from an aluminium
4
3 1
strip of dimensions 8 cm by 1 cm. How many full circles can
4 4
Shalini cut? Also calculate the wastage of the aluminium strip.

1
143. One fruit salad recipe requires cup of sugar. Another recipe for the
2
same fruit salad requires 2 tablespoons of sugar. If 1 tablespoon is
1
equivalent to cup, how much more sugar does the first recipe
16
require?
144. Four friends had a competition to see how far could they hop on one
foot. The table given shows the distance covered by each.

Name Distance covered (km)

1
Seema
25
1
Nancy
32
1
Megha
40
1
Soni
20

(a) How farther did Soni hop than Nancy?

(b) What is the total distance covered by Seema and Megha?
(c) Who walked farther, Nancy or Megha?

145. The table given below shows the distances, in kilometres, between
four villages of a state. To find the distance between two villages,

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locate the square where the row for one village and the column for
the other village intersect.

(a) Compare the distance between Himgaon and Rawalpur to

Sonapur and Ramgarh?
(b) If you drove from Himgaon to Sonapur and then from Sonapur
to Rawalpur, how far would you drive?
146. The table shows the portion of some common materials that are
recycled.

Material Recycled
5
Paper
11
5
Aluminium cans
8
2
Glass
5
3
Scrap
4

(a) Is the rational number expressing the amount of paper recycled

1 1
more than or less than ?
2 2

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1
(b) Which items have a recycled amount less than ?
2
(c) Is the quantity of aluminium cans recycled more (or less) than
half of the quantity of aluminium cans?
(d) Arrange the rate of recycling the materials from the greatest to
the smallest.
147. The overall width in cm of several wide-screen televisions are 97.28 cm,
4 1
98 cm, 98 cm and 97.94 cm. Express these numbers as rational
9 25
p
numbers in the form and arrange the widths in ascending order.
q
2
148. Roller Coaster at an amusement park is m high. If a new roller
3
3
coaster is built that is times the height of the existing coaster,
5
what will be the height of the new roller coaster?

149. Here is a table which gives the information about the total rainfall
for several months compared to the average monthly rains of a town.
p
Write each decimal in the form of rational number .
q

Month Above/Below
normal (in cm)
May 2.6924
June 0.6096
July – 6.9088
August – 8.636

150. The average life expectancies of males for several states are shown in
p
the table. Express each decimal in the form and arrange the
q
states from the least to the greatest male life expectancy.
State-wise data are included below; more indicators can be found in
the “FACTFILE” section on the homepage for each state.

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p
State Male form Lowest terms
q
Andhra Pradesh 61.6
Assam 57.1
Bihar 60.7
Gujarat 61.9
Haryana 64.1
Himachal Pradesh 65.1
Karnataka 62.4
Kerala 70.6
Madhya Pradesh 56.5
Maharashtra 64.5
Orissa 57.6
Punjab 66.9
Rajasthan 59.8
Tamil Nadu 63.7
Uttar Pradesh 58.9
West Bengal 62.8
India 60.8
Source: Registrar General of India (2003) SRS Based Abridged Lefe Tables. SRS Analytical
Studies, Report No. 3 of 2003, New Delhi: Registrar General of India. The data are
for the 1995-99 period; states subsequently divided are therefore included in their
pre-partition states (Chhatisgarh in MP, Uttaranchal in UP and Jharkhand in
Bihar)
7 1
151. A skirt that is 35 cm long has a hem of 3 cm. How long will the
8 8
skirt be if the hem is let down?

152. Manavi and Kuber each receives an equal allowance. The table shows
the fraction of their allowance each deposits into his/her saving
account and the fraction each spends at the mall. If allowance of
each is Rs. 1260 find the amount left with each.

Fraction of allowance
Where money goes
Manavi Kuber
1 1
Saving Account
2 3
1 3
Spend at mall
4 5
Left over ? ?

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   

70 – 21 25 24
1. Given below is a magic square. Place the numbers 95 , –133 , 95 , 38
in the appropriate squares so that sum in each row, column and
diagonal is equal.

32 18 4 − 14
38 38 38 −38
−18 104
? ?
− 57 152
22 − 20
? ?
38 − 95
1 −16 45 60
19 − 38 57 114

Hint: (Rewrite each rational number in its lowest term.)

2. Solve the given crossword filling up the given boxes. Clues are
given below for across as well as downward filling. Also, for across
and down clues, clue number is written at the corner of the boxes.
Answers of clues have to be filled in their respective boxes.

2 5
Down 1: and are _______ numbers.
3 4

a –a
Down 2: The _______ inverse of is .
b b
Down 3: The addition and multiplication of whole number integers
and rational numbers is _________.
1
Down 4: Since doesn’t exist hence 0 has no ________.
0
Down 5: The number line extends _______ on both the sides.
Down 6: The _______ of two integers may not lead to the formation
of another integer.

Down 7: The multiplication of a number by its reciprocal

gives_______.
Down 8: Rational numbers can be represented on a _______ line.

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Across 1: There are _______ rational numbers between two integers.

Across 2: The multiplication of rational numbers is commutative and
______.
Across 3: The addition and ______ of two rational numbers lead to
the formation of another rational number.
Across 4: All the positive integers excluding 0 are known as _______
numbers.
Across 5: For any rational a ; a ÷ 0 is _______.
Across 6: Reciprocal is also known as the multiplicative
_____________.

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3. Break the Code

Solve this riddle by reducing each rational number to its lowest
term. The magnitude of the numerator of rational number so obtained
gives you the letter you have to encircle in the word following it. Use
the encircled letters to fill in the blanks given below:

[Link]. Rational Number Lowest Term Word

12
(1) SPIN
30
24
(2) TYPE
–36
39
(3) WITH
52
– 48
(4) HOST
144
27
(5) SHARP
90
–34
(6) GAIN
–170
76
(7) PROOF
95
46
(8) RAIN
92
29
(9) AWAY
116
14
(10) SWEET
–42

_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ ____ ____
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

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 UNIT-1

1 1
× (–12 ) ÷3 × (– 2 )
2 5
5

÷
1 1 2
÷ (– ÷ (
× –1
) )
æ2 1ö
¸ç - ÷
è5 2ø
2 3 5 ) 3 ×
1
3)6×
4
3

×(–2)
1
–2
3
3 1
× + ÷(–2)
Its 4 12
reciprocal

+ Its additive
identity

× Its multiplicative
inverse

× Its multiplicative
inverse

÷ –1 1
(
( 3

(
÷(–25 +203
× Its additive
inverse

÷–3
(
4( 2

ONE

RATIONAL NUMBERS 31

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MATHEMATICS

Rough Work

32 EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS

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