Chapter

Rotation and Revolution

2
56 minutes, 4.09 seconds (roughly in 24
Syllabus hours).
Rotation and Revolution: Rotation - direction, 2Inclination of Axis: The earth is always
speed and its effects (occurrence of day and tilted in the same direction (towards the Pole
night, the sun rising in the east and setting in Star) as it moves round the sun. The angle
at which the earth is tilted is known as the
the west, Coriolis effect) inclination of the earth's axis.
Revolution of the earth and its inclined axis
effects: the variation in the length of the 3. Speed: The speed of earth's rotation at the
Equator is 167O km per hour (circumference 3
day and night and seasonal changes with of the earth is 40,075 km, which is covered
Equinoxes and Solstices.
in 24 hours). The speed decreases towards
the poles.
The earth, like all other planets in the Solar
System revolves round the sun in an elliptical Effects of the Rotation of the Earth
orbit and it also rotates on its axis. These two
motions of the earth are known as revolution
1. Occurrence of Day and Night are caused
by the rotation of the earth on its axis. This
and rotation, respectively. Many phenomena on
earth like day and night, seasons, winds and
Ocean currents depend on these motions. North Pole
4
ROTATION OF THE EARTH
Rotation is the spinning of the earth on its Earth's
axis
ais from west to east once in 24 hours The axis
is the imaginary line passing through the centre
of the earth as it does on the globe. The two
end points through which the axis passes are
Equator 23/4°
5
664° Plane of the
earth's orbit
known as the North Pole and the South Pole.
The axis is tilted at an angle of 23/2° from the
vertical. This means that if a line were drawn
parallel to the plane of the earth's orbit, the
axis would make an angle of 662° to this line
as shown in Fig. 3.1. 6

Characteristics of Rotation
k Direction:The earth
from west to east oncompletes
one rotation
its axis in 23 hours, South Pole
Fig. 3.1. Inclination of the earth's axis

26
TOTAL GEOGRAPHY - 9
 :ohecause parts of the
sun have day and the
earth which face the 7. The side of
parts which do not face the earth
the sun have
night. This constantly gains heat andtowards the sun
precision and
The timne when progression happens
the
and not
with
suddenly. from the sun
constantly
the
loses
side away
heat by
the sky is knownsunas begins to cast its light radiating it intoouter space. In this respect
rotation of the earth in a tilted position on its
sun is overhead. At dawn, At noon, the axis has the following
dusk, it is
the sun seen
disappearing in twilight
the sky.
and
At (i) The short rotational advantages:
period makes the
night, it is completely dark.
dav and night Duration
is not equal at all
of the variation of temperature between day and
the earth because of the places on night moderate.
inclined
length of days varies with respect axis. The (ii) Rotation in combination with
Revolution
to the (earth's
movement round the sun) causes
seasons as well as latitude. seasons and variations in the lengths of
Sunrise and Sunset are caused by the day and night over different places on
notation of the earth from west to east. This earth.
happens because due to the earth's rotation.
every part of the earth's surface faces the INCLINATION OF EARTH'S AXIS
Sun at some time or the other. The part of AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE
the earth that moves from darkness into As we have said rotation is the spinning of the
the sun's rays, experiences sunrise and earth on its axis from west to east. The axis is
when it moves away from the sun's rays, it the imaginary line passing through the centre of
experiences sunset. the earth on which it rotates. The earth's axis
3.[CoriolisEffect refers to the force experienced is not vertical. It makes an angle of 23/2° with
the vertical or 66%° with the plane of the
by any object moving over the surface of Earth's orbit.
a rotating body such as the earth.] The
Coriolis Efect plays an important role in Let us imagine that the earth had a vertical
the movement of air (winds) and water axis. Then at all places on the earth, the length
(ocean currents) on the earth. Due to its of day and night would have been equal as
effect, the winds and ocean currents move shown in the Fig. 3.2.
clockwise and are deflected to the right in (i) Place L at the Equator would be at
the Northern Hemisphere and move in the position L' after 12 hours.
anticlockwise direction and are deflected to
Distance LO = Distance OL'
the left in the Southern Hemisphere.
.: Length of day = Length of night.
4. The sun, the moon and the stars seem to
move from east to west. his is because NP

the earth spins from west to east. This

effect
is sirnilar to what one experiences_while
looking at trees from a moving train,
5.Centrifugal force is an apparent outward
is Sun's
1orce that acts on a rotating object. It Night
Day

always directed outward, i.e., away from Ravs

the axis of rotation The speed of rotation

L

in
has created a centrifugal force resulting
earth
the
abulge in the middle portion of
and flattened top at the poles.
time over
6. Rotation causes differençe in difference
The
various places on the earthJ degree of
n time is 4 minutes for each
minutes) divided SP
hours (1440 Fig. 3,2. Hypothetical Vertical Axis
longitude
by 360°].
|24

ROTATION AND REVOLUTION 27

 Effect of the Inclined Axis on the
duration of day and night
The duration of day and night is not egual
at all places.
The timneof the day at any place is determined SUMN
Trope ef Cancer Sun's
by the height of the sun in the sky.
D Rays If the axis of the earth was vertical instead
of inclined, places on earth would have the
Eouato same temperature throughout the year.
Tropc of Capnoom If the earth did not revolve around the sun
even then with its inclined axis there would
be no seasons.
SP
Effect of the Inclined Axis on Seasons
Fig, 3.3. Inclined Axis The path of the earth around the sun is known
(ii) Similarly at all places on the earth, the as elliptic. It passes through the centre of both he
length of day and night would be equal the earth and the sun. The earth's axis is not Ch
if the axis of the earth was not inclined. perpendicular to the plane of the elliptic, but is
The effect of the inclined axis on the tilted at an angle of 66A° to it. The axis is,
duration of day and night is that their duration therefore, inclined at an angle of 232° from the Th
differs as shown in the Fig. 3.3. perpendicular to this plane. As a result of this, or
in the course of the earth's movement around ea
(i) At the Equator place C would be at the surn, the North Pole remains inclined towards
position C' after 12 hours. the sun for a part of the year while the South CI
Distance CO = Distance OC' Pole is tilted away from it. For the remaining
Length of day Length of night. part of the year, the situation is reversed, the
(ii) On the Tropic of Cancer place B will be North Pole being tilted away from the sun and
at B' after 12 hours. the South Pole being inclined towards it. On
earth this gives rise to the changing seasons
But distance BX is greater than BX.
Days are longer than nights.
and the varying lengths of day and night. If the
earth's axis were perpendicular to the plane of
(iüi) On the Arctic Circle place A will be at orbit, there would be equal nights and days at
position A' after 12 hours. AA' remains all places on the earth, at all times of the year
in continuous light in summer for six and there would also be no seasons.
months.
Day of 24 hours near the North Pole WHY WE DO NOT FEEL THE
in summer. MOTIONS OF THE EARTH?
(iv) Place D on the Tropic of Capricorn in the Rotation and revolution are the two chief
motions of the earth. If we wvere to feel these
Southern Hemisphere will be at position motions it would make life uncomfortable.
D' after 12 hours.
The force of gravity keeps
Distance DY (in light) is less than the attached to the earth. This keepseverything
all
distance D'Y (in darkness) at rest with reference to the motionsobjects
of the
Days are shorter than nights. earth. Using this principle and Newton's
First Law of Motion (which states that a
(v) Place E on the Antarctic Circle remains body remains at rest or uniform motion
in continuous darkness in winter. unless compelled to change that state by
.. Night for 24 hours near the South an external force acting on it), scientists have
Pole in winter for six months, proved that the earth rotates on its axis.

28 TOTAL GEOGRAPHY - 9
 MAR 21
SPRING EQUINOK
Effects of Revolution
68. %N

SUMNER SOLSSTICE
EOUATDS 23.y° N
1. SeaSonal Changes: The amount of heat
that a place receives on earth depends on the
23.5° S
angle at which the sun's rays reach it. When a
IROC OF CANCER DCC 22 place receives vertical sun rays the place gets
WINTER
SO3TICE hot. This is because the amount of heat in
TROPIC OF CAPRICORN
the direct vertical rays is concentrated on a
NP
small area, whereas the same amount of heat
KOUATOA
EARTN is spread over a larger area, in the case of the
oblique rays. We have already noted that the tilt
of the earth's axis causes the
SEP 23 seasons.
AUTUMNAL EQUINOX Revolution causes different seasons i.e., the
Fig. 3.4. Revolution of the Earth changing weather conditions due to differences in
the heating of the earth. Revolution is an annual
Tlted axis and revolution of the earth create cycle; so, the seasons repeat year after year.
heat zones which is explained later in this 2. Inclination of axis and seasonal
Chapter. changes: Since the earth is tilted, the seasonal
changes are not abrupt.
REVOLUTION OF THE EARTH
3. Perihelion and Aphelion positions: The
The earth revolves round the sun in an elliptical earth's orbit is the path along which the earth
orbit. This motion,together with rotation, makes travels aroúnd the sun.
earth's environment complex.) This path is elliptical in shape. Due to this
elliptical orbit of the earth, the distance between
Characteristics of Revolution the earth and the sun varies. When the earth
(i)The earth moves round the sun in an is closest to the sun the position is called
elliptical orbit at an average speed of perihelion and when it is farthest the position
29.8 kilometres per second or about is called aphelion.
100,000 kilometres per hour.) At aphelion the distance of the sun is
152 million km. While at its closest at perihelion
(ü) When the earth is closer to the sun, the the earth is 147.3 million km away from the
gravitational pull makes the earth move Sun.
faster than when it is away from the Owing to the elliptical orbit, the minimum
Sun. Thus, the speed of revolution is not distance of the earth from the sun is reached
uniform.] on or about January 3rd every year. It is winter
(üi) (The period taken by the earth to make in the Northern Hemisphere when the axis is
one complete round of the sun is 365 tilted away from the sun. While the tilt makes
the Northern Hemisphere cool in winter, its
days, 5 hours, 48 minutes and 45.51
seconds which is taken as 365 days and 21 March
6 hours. The length of one Solar year is Perihelion
365 daysThe remaining 6 hours are 1 4 7mil.
km 3 January
adjusted every 4 years into one complete
day and added to the month of February. 21 June
Line of Solstice
21 December
When February has 29 days, that year is
known as a leap year having 366 days. 162
mill,
km

(iv) The earth's axis is always inclined to its

orbital plane at an angle of 66½°. The Aphelion
23 September
east 3 July
motion of the earth is from west to
or in the same direction as the
rotation. Fig. 3.5. Perihelion and Aphelion Positions

ROTATION AND REVOLUTION 29

 90°N
COmparative nearness to the sun helps to make 66.5°N
NP Frigid zt
Arctic Circle
the Southern Hemisphere warm in summer. Surnr
On January 3., the earth in its orbit is closest Tropic of Cancer Temperate zo in thE
to the sun. This time of the earth is said to be 23.5°N 2.
Perihelion. On about July 4, the earth is farthest shine
Irom the sun, at this time the earth is said to Equator
0° Torrid zone angle
be Aphelion. move
4. Creation of heat zones: The spherical Tropic of Capricorn 21st
23.5°S
shape of the earth along with its movements 23rd
around the sun causes the difference in Antarctic Circle
Temperate zong Equi
the angles at which the sun's rays fall on 66.5°S SP > Frigid zone lengt
the earth's surface. This causes difference in the 90°S is sp
distribution of heat on the earth's surface. As Fig. 3,6. Important Parallels of Latitudes Septe
a result the world has been divided into three reve
distinct heat or temperature zones. SOLSTICES AND EQUINOXES A
(a) The Torrid Zone: This zone stretches The lighted part of the earth is called the circl Eque
between 23%° N and S latitudes and more or of illumination. This circle moves with th. the
less receives the vertical rays of the sun. As a apparent movement of the sun so that only hal 2ppe
Cont
result, this region experiences moderately of the earth faces the sun at any given poin ther
warm climate throughout the year. of time.
(b)The Temperate Zone: In between the 1. Solstice: On June 21, the earth is in th
Torrid and the Frigid zones i.e., between position where the North Pole is tilted toward
23½° North and South and 66%° North and the sun. On this day the sun is overhead The
South lies the Temperate Zone. In this zone the Tropic of Cancer. This day is known as th dur:
the sun's rays fall obliquely and hence the Summer Solstice. The Southern Hemisphert give
region experiences a moderate climate. however is tilted away from the sun an
(c) The Frigid Zone: This zone extends from experiences winter.
also
66%° N to90° N (or North Pole) and 66%° S to On December 22, the Southern Hemispher sub
90° S (or the South Pole). Since the sun's is tilted towards the sun, while the Norther
rays fall extremely obliquely in this region, Hemisphere is tilted away fromn the sun. Th:
the region experiences extremely cold climate. day is known as the Winter Solstice. It i
Difference between Solstice and Equinox
Solstice
Equinox
1. Solstice refers to the time when the sun 1. Equinox refers to time when the sun crosses
reaches its highest or lowest point in the the plane of the earth's Equator, making
sky at noon, resulting in the shortest and night and day of equal lerngth.
longest days of the year.
2. The word Solstice is derived from the Latin 2. The word
words Sol' meaning 'sun' and 'sistere
Equinox is derived from the Latin
words 'aequus' meaning 'equal' and nox
meaning to stand still'. meaning night.
3. It happens twice a year on June 21 (summer 3. It
solstice) and December 22 (winter solstice). happens twice a year, around March 21
(Spring or Vernal Equinox) and September 23
(Autumnal Equinox)
4. It happens during summer and winter. 4. It happens at the start of spring and
autumn.

30 TOTAL GEOGRAPHY -9
 summner in the
in the Southern Hemisphere and winter
Northern Hemisphere. from 90°, the maximum
2. reached at the Equator.
Equinox: On two days in a year, the sun
ehines vertically over the
For example in the above
table at 66°30' N
latitude, the angle of incidence
angle of 90°. This Equator i.e., at an 90° 66°30' N= would be
23°30. Similarly
moves away trom theangle decreases as one a station were only 60°, if alatitude of
the angle of incidence
1st March (Spring orequator. These days are would be 90° 60° = 30°
93rd September (Autumnal Vernal Equinox) and The table also shows that
Equinoxes the days and nights Equinox). At the are always 12 hours at the hours of daylight
Equator and they
length throughout the world. On are
March
of equal go on increasing or
decreasing towards the
is spring in the Northern 21, it Poles. Seasonal contrasts are
Hemisphere and maximum at mid
September 23, it is autumn. The position onis latitudes than at the Equator or the Poles.
reversed in the Southern Hemisphere. CYCLE OF SEASONS
At the two
equinoxes the sun is at 90° at
the The Equinoxes and the Solstices are the
Equator. As one moves away from the of the earth with respect to the sun positions
the altitude of the sun Equator, on the given
decreases. When the fixed dates. They help us to understand how
annarent northward movement of the sun seasons occur and how they are reversed in the
continues up to June 21st (summer solstice), Northern and Southern Hemispheres. When it
there are variations in the duration of daylight. is sunmer in the Northern
is winter in the Southern
Hemisphere, it
ANGLE OF INCIDENCE AND Hemisphere. From
Table 3.1 of variations in the altitude of the
DURATION OF DAYLIGHT sun during equinoxes and solstices in different
The angle of incidence of the sun's rays and latitudes, it is observed that the duration of day
duration of daylight at different latitudes is and night varies according to the seasons. As a
given in Table 3.1. result of these variations, seasons are not the
same in all parts of the earth. In general, there
The altitude or the angle of incidence is are four seasons i.e. spring, summer, autumn
also measured in degrees. It is calculated by and winter corresponding to the dates of solstice
subtracting the value of the latitude in degrees and equinox (Fig. 3.4).

Table 3.1. Angle of incidence of the sun's rays and duration of daylight
Latitude September 23 or March 21 June 21 December 22
Duration Angle of Duration Angle of Duration Angle of
of daylight incidence of daylight incidence of daylight incidence
(hours) (degrees) (hours) (degrees) (hours) (degrees)
90°N 12 hours 0° 24 hours. 23°30' 0°

66°30N 23.30' 24 hours 47° 0°

50°N 40° 16h 18m 63°30 7h 42m 16°30

66°30 13h 27m 90° 10h 33m 43°

23°30'N
0° 90° 12 hours 66°30' 12 hours 63°30
66°30' 10h 33 m 43° 13h 27m 90°
23°30'S
7h 42m 16°30 16h 18m 63°30
50°S 40°
23.30 0° 24 hours 47°
66°30'S
0° 24 hours 23°30
90°S

ROTATION AND REVOLUTION 31

 Position on 21st June: It is summer the Northern Hemisphere and autumn in the
Southern Hemisphere.
solstice in the Northern Hemisphere. The rays
of the sun fall vertically on the Tropic of Cancer. TWILIGHT IN LOW AND
The duration of sunlight or day time increases HIGH LATITUDES te
from 12 hours at the Equator to 13 hours and
27 minutes at 234° N and further to 24 hrs It is clear that there are generally great seasonal
at 66%° N (See Table 3. 1). Beyond the Arctic contrasts as one moves from the Equator t
the Poles. The variations in the amount of heat
Circle, the regions experience 24 hours daylight.
This phenomena is termed as midnight sun'. received at different parts of the earth during
Norway is called land of midnight sun and the year depend on the inclination of the sun'
many tourists flock to Norway to witness this rays. The difference though is best explained by
phenomena. The sun is visible only at very low vertical and slanting rays of the sun, we should
height, just above the horizon. This continues alsoremember that no place on earth has abrupt
for almost three months up to autumn equinox. change from vertical to slanting rays or vice
In the southern hemisphere it is winter. versa. During sunrise and sunset though the sun
is below the horizon, we experience a diffused
After June 2lst, the hours of sunlight in light. Much of this light is a reflection by clouds
Northern Hemisphere begin to decrease from and dust particles present in the atmosphere.
12hours at the equator to all nights and no
This period of diffused light between sunset
days beyond the Arctic Circle. This position can and complete darkness is called dusk or
also be observed in Table 3.1. The maximum
twilight and that between sunrise and full
position is reached on December 21 st. daylight is called dawn.
Position on 23rd September On 23rd This phenomena of dawn and dusk is
September, the sun is vertically overhead at the experienced more in temperate regions.
Equator and the days and nights are equal. It is Duration of twilight has considerable influence
autumn in the Northern Hemisphere and spring on seasons. The duration of twilight is large
in the Southern Hemisphere. On September beyond 50° latitude and in polar regions twilight
23rd, the duration of sunlight is 12 hours on lasts for as much as seven weeks at a stretch.
all the places on earth.
The twilight continues as long as sun is 18
Position on 22nd December: On 22nd below the horizon. Its duration is 1 hour and 12
December, the Southern Hemisphere is tilted minutes at the Equator. It goes on increasing
towards the sun. It experiences summer. Areas towards the Poles. At the poles the duration is
beyond the Antarctic Circle experience 24 50 days long during the 3months of alternating
hours daylight. Being a water Hemisphere, the period of day and night. This is because the
spectacle of the Midnight Sun, though more period during which the refracted light is received
interesting, is confined to navigators only. The
South Polar region has 24 hours of sunlight
continuously for many days. It is summer in the SUN
Southern Hemisphere and winter in the Northern
Hemisphere. Path of the
Position on 21st March: After 22nd rising sun
Path of the
December, the sun again begins to
towards the Equator and on March 21st,move the
setting sun
sun's rays fall vertically over the
Equator. On
this day, all places on the earth have Horizon
equal days Day
and nights. It is a repeat of the
position on 23rd
September only in reference to the duration of Twilight
day and night but not in
or weather. During this reference to seasons
period it is spring in
Fig. 3.7. Twilight

32
TOTAL GEOGRAPHY
 *heEquator is short as the sun rises and sets
.vertical path there. On the other hand, in islonger as the sun rises and sets in an
temperate latitudes the period of refracted path. It is much longer at the poles, thatoblique
is why
light the winter darkness there is only
twilight.
EXERCISES
L Choose the correct option:
1. Which of the
following is true about the rotation of the earth?
(a) The earth
completes one
(b) The earth's axis passes rotation 25:56:4.09 hrs
in
(c) The specd of rotation through the poles
(d) All of the above.
increases as wc move towards the equator
2. What angle does the earth's axis make
with the plane of earth's orbit?
(a) 0° (b) 23/° (c) 66,° (d) 90°
3. An apparent outward force that acts on a
rotating object:
(a) Centrifugal Force (b) Sunset Effect
(c) Cariolis Effect (d) Rotational Effect
4. What is the shape of the path of the earth around the sun?
(a) Oval path (b) Spherical path (c) Elliptic (d) Cariolis
5. Which of the following is correct?
(a) Aphelion : earth is closest to the sun
(b) Aphelion : earth is farthest from the sun
(c) Aphelion : moon is closest to the earth
(d) Aphelion : the equator is closest to the sun.
6. What is the time difference between two consecutive lines of longitude?
(a) 72 minutes (b) 4 minutes (c) 1 minute (d) 3 minutes

7. Which of the following is true about the revolution of the earth around the sun?
(a) It results in the cycle of seasons (b) The direction of motion is the same as rotation
(c) The speed is not uniform (d) All of the above.
earth?
8. Which of the following is true about the perihelion position of the
(a) It is farthest from the sun. (b) It occurs on 3 January.
(d) All of the above.
(c) The speed of revolution is the least.
9. The lighted part of the earth is called the :
(b) Circle of Illumination
(a) Circle of Light
(c) Circle of Solstice (d) Circle of Equinox
152 million km
10. Perihelion: 147.4 million km :: (d) All of the above.
(c) Solstice
(a) Aphelion (b) Equinox
aphelion?
11. Which of the following is true about the
(a) Occurs on 4 July. (b) Summer in northern hemisphere
maximum (d) All of the above.
(c) Speed of revolution is
Spring/Autumn
12. Solstice : Summer/Winter :: (d) None of the above.
(b) Equinox (c) Vernal
(a) Solstice
when the regions beyond the ArcticCircle experience 24 hours daylight.
13. Name the phenomenon(b) Midnight sun (c) Arctic sun (d) Regional sun
(a) Daylight sun

ROTATION AND REVOLUTION

33
 sunsct and complete darkness is called
he period of iusedlight betwvcen (d) Both (b) and (c
(a) dawn (b) dusk (c) twilight
III
15, The duration of twilight:
(a) increases to the poles
(b) might last for as nnuch as 7 wccks at thc poles
IV
() is as long as the sun is 18° below the horizon
(d) allof the above.
l6. World Standard Time : 0° :: Indian Standard Time :
(a) 23,o (b) 72° (c) 66%° (d) 82
17. Greenwich Mean Time : :: Indian Standard Time: 12:00 pm
(a) 6:30 am (b) 5:30 am (c) 6:30 pm (d) 5:30pm
I8. World Standard Time: : Indian Standard Time : Standard Meridian of India
(a) World Standard Meridian (b) Prime Meridian
(c) International Date Line (d) Greenwich Mean Time

II. Short Answer Questions

1 What is meant by the inclination of earth's axis? At what angle is the earth's axis incined
2. Name the two chief motions of the earth.
3 Describe two characteristics of rotation.
4 State two effects of the rotation of the earth.
5. Mention any two possible consequences if the axis of the earth was vertical instead of incline
6. State one reason why we do not feel the motions of the earth.
7. What is an elliptic?
8. Define revolution'.
9. State two chief characteristics of the revolution of the
earth.
10. Mention two effects of revolution.
11. What do youunderstand by perihelion and aphelion?
12. On which two days are the days and nights
equal all over the world and why? What name c
you give to these days?
13. Which is the longest and which is the
shortest day in the Northern Hemisphere and why?
14. On which dates does the sun shine
(c) Tropic of Capricorn? vertically overhead at (a) Equator, (b) Tropic of Canc V
15. Why is noon is hotter than
morning?
16. Why are days and nights equal at all
in the Northern and the places on earth on September 23? What are the
Southern Hemispheres on this date? seasor
17. What is rneantby Summer
Solstice? When do we have Summer Solstice in the
18. What is meant by
Equinox? Northern Hemisphert
19. What will be the
duration of daylight on March 21st at 23°30N and
20. What is the 66°30'S latitudes? Give reas01
relationship of seasons between the
Northern and
21. Howis the duration of
twilight Southern Hemispheres?
22. How has the influenced by seasons?
phenomenon
23. Mention one effect of
of the Midnight Sun'
come about?
seasons in low and high latitudes.
24. Draw a well labelled
times of the year. diagram to show changes in the altitude of the
midday sun at diftere

34
TOTAL GEOGRAPHY -9
 L
Distinguish between the following

IV. Sructured Questions

()
What is the t t ot the
Gìv a iwined axiN ot he cutlh o duy unl
() gographical reaNOn fo cachot the ollowing
ulala Lumpur motates flNter
upi'
(i) W alwavs sOe the ou the catha axin
sun thn Lonlon
(ui) Noway is called the rising in e cust.
land of
() Draw n well lbelled diugramn to the Miduight Sun,
show inelination of the carth on itN
Descrilbe how the duration of sunlight xi,
to the angle of chunges from th Equntor lo the 'oles with
incidence during the solstices.
(b) repet
Describe how seasous are made nd
Hemispheres. reverscd between he NorthcoH md Southe)
(c) Give geographical reasOn for each of
a
(i) The length of day and the following:
night is not equal at all places on the
(i1) The period of twilight and earth.
(iiü) 25th of Decembe in New
dawn incréases polewards.
Zealand may be one of the hottest days of the year.
(d) Draw a well labelled diagram to show the tilt of
causes seasons and variation in the length of daythe carth's axis and how the revolution
and night.

V. Thinking Skills
1. Imagine If the earth stops its
rotation on its axis. What would be its inpact on
the inhabitants of the earth? Give
examples to support your answer.
2. You travel for winter vacation to Australia from
India. What type of climate will be
there in Australia? Give reasons to support your
answer.
3. On June 21, your uncle who lives in New York
experiences sumner, whereas your
cousin who lives in Jakarta, experiences winter. Give reasons to
support your answer.

VI. Project/ Activity

1. With the help of a Power Point Presentation show
(i) change of seasons in the Northern Hemisphere.
(ii) the apparent path of the sun from the Equator to North Pole.
2. Drawa diagram to show the winter solstice and answer the following questions.
(i) Name thecorrect date depicted in your diagram.
(ii) Nane the latitude where the sun is shining vertically overhead.
(ii) Name the part of the globe where there is night on this date.
(iv) Name the latitude on which length of the day will be 24 hours.
(v) Give the date when the earth will be directly opposite to the above position.
(vi) What willbe the vertical position of the sun on that date?
(vii) What is the effect of the inclination of the earth upon the length of day and night?
(viü) What will be the probable length of day and night on that date?