UNIT I : PURE ARITHMETIC I

I
RATIONAL AND
IRRATIONAL NUMBERS
iI

@ ] JNTHOl>UCTION
two types of number, :
The complete number system is divided into
1. Imaginary numbers 2. Real numbers
For example :
1. If x 4, r- ; i.e. r- i is an imaginar
= y number and J; J4 2 ii a real number. = =
2. J::sis imaginary but Js is real and so on.
is an imaginary number and if the number is
Thus, square root of every negative number • •
not imaginary. it is a real number.
upto real numbers.
In this chapter, we confine our studies only
ber system is as shown below :
Starting from real numbers, the complete num
Real Numbers (R)

c- -- l-- .. Irrational Numbers (Q)

Rational Numbers (Q) ..
{-s,o. 6, ¾,;,etc.} {Is, Ji, - ✓8, JJi, 2 - J7, etc. }

gral Rationals
Integers (I or Z) •• -- l-- .. Non-Inte
S 8 3 }
{..., -2, -1, 0, I, 2, ... } {- 8 , 15' 2 7 'etc.
! s
Negative Integers Zero Positive Integers (Natural Numbers, N)
{...., -3, -2, -1} {OJ {1, 2, 3, 4, ..... J

* t
Whole-Numbers (W)
~

{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, etc.}

I
[ 1.2 RATIONAL NUMBERS (Q)
re 'a' and 'b' both are integers and 'b' is not
A number which can be expressed as : , whe
equal to zero, is called a rational number.
ted by the letter Q.
In general, the set of rational numbers is deno
a
:. Q = { a, e Z and ~ 0}
b ;
b
b
 1• ~
b
is a rational number
~ (i) b ~ 0
(ii) a and b have no common factor other than 1 (one) i.e. a and b Ile
(iii) b is usually positive, whereas a may be positive, negative or zero.

2. Every integer (positive, negative or zero) and every decimal number is a l'llioaal
3. Comsponding to every ratio11al number
-3- -3- - -3 andsoon
*,
its negative rational~, I, =f
•
a = -,;
-a = =,j a e.g. -
Also, b 5 - -5 - 5 •
4. (i) A ratio~al number : , where at::/, bEI and b :t: 0, is positive if a and b bodi ....
same sign. _ 5 _ 3 12
5 . .. . I
17ius, each of , _ , _ 1 ,
1 1 1 17 ,
etc. is a positive rat,ona number.

(ii) A rational number : is negative, if a and b have opposite signs.

-3 7 -12 15
Thus, each of 5, _
1 , U, _1 , etc. is a negative rational number.
2 7
5. Two rational numbers : and ~ are equal, if and only if: a x d =bx c.
a c a c
Also, b > d <=> a x d > b x c and b < d <=> a x d < b x c.
a+b
6. For any two rational numbers a and b, 2 is also a rational number ...,.
between a and b. Thus :
>b a+b
ia>
if b =>a> a+b 2 and if a < b => a < 2 < b.

0 Which of the rational numbers ~ and ~ is greater? Insert three rati_

between ~ and ~ so that all the five numbers are in ascending order of their

Solution :

l and 1_ 3x 7 d 5 x 5 21 25
5 7 - 5x7 an 7x5 = 35 and 35 [L.C.M. of 5 and 7 =3SJ

Since, 21 < 25 21 25 3 5 s . greater.

⇒ ⇒- < ⇒ 1s
35 < 35 5 7 7

3 5 3+5
Now, 3
5 <7 ⇒ - <
5
5 7 <17
2
3+5 46 23
⇒
3 23 5 5 7 - 21+25 =-=35
5 < 15 < 7 2 - 2x35 70

,
I
m.
 -
3 + 23 23 5
-3 < 5 35 <23
- < 35 + 7 < -5
5 2 35 7
2
⇒ ...l < 22 2..\ 24 5
5 ..\5 < .\5 < J5 < 7
which are in ascending order of their values. Ans.

@] PROPERTIES OF RATIONAL NllMBJ<:RS (Ql

r.
t. The sum of two or more rational numbers is always a rational numbe
2. The difference of two rational numbers is always a rational number.
also a rational
If a and b are any two rational numbers, then each of a - b and b - a is
number.
r.
3. The product of two or more rational numbers is always a rational numbe
r is always a rational
4. The division of a rational number by a non-zero rational numbe
number.

l number.
If a and b are any two rational numbers and b :;; O; then : is always a rationa

l number; we say that

Since, the sum (addition) of two rational numbers is always a rationa
the set of rational numbers is closed for addition.
In the same way, the set of rational numbers is closed for :
(i) subtraction (ii) multiplication and (iii) division; if divisor :t 0.

(ID DECIMAL REPRESENTATION OF RATIONAL NUMBERS

als]
[Terminating, non-terminating and non-terminating recurring decim
l or a non-tenninating
Every rational number can be expressed either as a tenninating decima
decimal.
(a) Examine the following rational numbers :
• 8 1 = 0· 125 ('')
11 251 = 0•04 (iii) 3; = 3.4
(1)
der is left. The
In each example, given above, the division is exact i.e. no remain
quotients of such divisions are called terminating decimals.
(b) Now, examine the following divisions :
(i) ~ = 0•428571428 ....... (ii) 1~ = 0•7826086.......
long it continues.
In each example, given above, the division never ends, no matter how
The quotients of such divisions are called non-terminating decima ls.

(c) Further, examine the following divisions :

(i) i = 0•4444....... (ii) 1i
= 0·36666....... (iii) ~ = 0·571428571428.......

In (i); digit '4' is repeated again and again.

In (ii); digit '3' is not repeated but digit '6' is repeated again and again.
In (iii); the set of digits '571428' is repeated again and again.
 ◄

54 54 ....... ; '2 9' is no t repeated but '54' is repeated .

·n ll = 0·2954
S•m11•1arly, 1 44 nninate) and in th e de • p
divi sio n wH I ne ve r end (te
. CJfllaJ an
.,ses· the process of . order.
In sueh C"' • , or a set of digits repeats 1n some specific '
• gle di'git repeat .
ell• her a srn set of di gits
I

in which a• digi t or a nt
s co JnuaJh, .
h no n- terminating decimal, • , alln g
dec,m. aI . Th e repeating d'•g.u or •L J, is
Suc 3
a perio dic or a c1rcu, • J • ljJe Set of
g or
ecurrin curnng uec,ma/.
caII ed• a r d'g•·•s 1•8 called the period of tl,e re
repeat mg •
1

the foJJ .
actu al di vi si on , fin d whether each of OW1n1 11 •
y
A Without doing an a
V • J7 .. 7 11 (' ") 23 ·
de cin1a J or no t; (1) f( j (11) 8 • 72
terminatin g

So/11tio11 : ' x 511. whe

r ca n be expressed as 2"
nninating ~ 111d 11
a rationa l num be 111
If the denominator of r is convertible into a te
rnaJ.
rs, the rational numbe
both are whole numbe
1 x 52 i.e. 50 can be expressed
as 2m x 5n
5 x 5 = 2
(i) Since, 50 = 2 x
17 • • ah•ng dec1m• a I.
J b 1s a tern un Ans.
:. RatJ•ona nunt er 50 2m x 5n
3 = 23 x 5° i.e. 8 can be expres
sed as
8 = 2 x 2 x 2 = 2
(ii)Since,

l num be r ; is a te rminating decimal. Ans.

•• Rationa
•
d as zm x s~
3 x 32 i.e. 72 cannot be expresse
x 3 = 2
(iii) Since, 72 =2 x 2 x 2 x 3
.
l num be r ;: is no t a terminating decimal Ans.
:. Rationa

-- - - - ' ( DERO
S E 1 <A> lr------------
- - -e-
Choice 'fype : (ii) recurring
1. Multipl
er from the options ninating
Choose the correct answ _ (iii) neither rational non-ten
given below. • (iv) not real
p
(a) L et ~ = q.' where p and q are integers.
ition wiJJ make (d) I_! is ·• .•·
What additional cond · 15
. ting
p
er • . .. (i) ' ,termina
0 = -q a rational numb . (ii) non-tenninating
•
(i) q = 0 (ii) p ¢ 0 (ill)· periodic decimal
i) IJ ¢ 0
(ii (iv) P ¢ 0 and q ¢ 0 (iv) not a rational num
ber
g dccima1 lllDDher ia ng is terminating:
(b) : ~ IIOD-lamilll
tin (e) Which of the followi
13 51 9
(i) ftQariag decimal
i i · ~ an 524 1
f:~ UIJll:iall . 13
d
9
J
... ,~ u
-
U . (ii) 524

(iv) None
2 Are the following statements true or ,,a1se '/
• Give reasons "1or your answers. 17 • ·"'- -•~-~•:~g
....t Arr..arwc -S - -J36 •- -4I and -32 mu11; lL-~ •aw•
C t8
(i) Every whole numhcr is a natur!•I
L. ..
~ num,.cr.
order or their magnitude~.
(ii) Every who le num hcr is a talionuJ um he r.
n
. . Al"o• find the ~um of the lowc!tl and the
(iii) Every mtegcr 1s a rational numhcr. largest of these rational numbers. Express the
(iv) Every rational nurnhcr is u whole numhcr. rc~ult ohtainc<l a• a decimal fraction correct
5 1 2 11 to two decimal places.
3. Arrdngc - 9 • 12 , - 3 m1d 18 in the usccnding 5. Without doing any actual divi\ion. find \\hic
h

order of their n1agnitudcs. of the following rational numbers have

terminating dcdmaJ rcprc'iCntation :
Also, find the diffcrcm:e between the largest . 7 ,.. 2J ,... 9
II) Ti.s Ill} 14
and the smallest of these rational numhcrs. (., 16
Express this difference as a decimal fraction ( ) 4J
(•IV ) 32 3(i
correct to one decimal place. 45 V

@ IRRATIONAL NUMBERS (Q)

tMir
(a} The square roots, cube roots, etc.,
of natural numbers are irrational numbers; if
exact values cannot be obtained.
not exist.
/;, is irrational, if exact square root of m does

Similarly, v;, is irrational, if exact cube root of m does not exist.

(b) A non-terminating and non-recurring
decimal is an irrational number.
............... and so on.
e.g. (i) 0·42434445 ............... (ii) 3·862045
e is neither terminating nor non-
Each of the decimal of the type as given abov
terminating (recurring) number.

Circumference of a circle
(c) The number 7t = Diameter of the circle taken
= 3• 14 l 59265358979323846264338327950...............
= An irrational number
n n
[We often take as an approximate value of Jt, but 1t ¢ 71
7

If

-~ -- -- -- -- -- -
•

@J REPRESENTATION OF RATIONAL AND IRRATIONAL NUl\tBtrts Ofi

THE NUMBER LINES
(a) For rational numbers :
We k'lloW, rational numbers include natuntl numbers, whole numbers, integers
~
numbers. All these numbers can be represented on the number line a s s ~
• lot,.
1. Number line for naturaI num bers : 1 ; ; ; 1 ,..... •

5 '
•0 •1 •2
2. Nun1ber line for whole numbers :
3. Nun1ber line for integers :
( ... ... .
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
I

~
3 4
I

:
I
S ~►

: ~·

4. Number line for fractions :

3 9 1 7
(i) For fractions 4 , 4, - 4 and - 4
s 2 7
. 2 1 d s 3
,,,.,, ,,,.,
5 4
(ii) For fractions 5, an - 3 I• I
( I I
4 -2 -1 0 1 2 I +
3

(b) For irrational numbers :

To represent Ji on the number line : C
(1) I
i
Steps : ',Ja
1. Mark 0 of the number line at point 0. Ji.y1\' \
0/ ' '
< I I· tjA \p I
2. On the same number line, mark 1 as point A. -2 -1 I+
3 4
i.e. take OA = 1 unit
3. At point A, draw AC perpendicular to the number line.
4. From AC, cut AB = 1 unit = OA, then join O and B.
Using Pythagoras theorem, we get :
OB 2 = OA2 + AB 2
= (1)2 + (1) 2 = 1 + 1 = 2 .•. OB = ./2
5. Taking point O as centre and OB = /i, as radius, draw an arc which cuts
the number
line at point P
Clearly, OP = OB = ✓ 2

So, point P represents Ji on the number line.

In the same figure, as drawn above, if

a semi-circle with O as centre and OB = ./2
as radius is drawn, it will meet the number
line at points P and P'.
Clearly, OP' = -Ji.
So, point P' represents -Ji on the number line.

(2) To represent 3Ji on the number line :

Get OP= ✓2 using the method as discussed above.
 Now with OP = .fi as radius and P
ns centre , draw an arc which rncets
the nun1bcr line at point Q. Clearly,
=
OQ = 2 x OP 2 /i . <I I
0 1 p 2 3
I~ I >
4 5
-2 -1

Again lltking Q as centre und OP = Ji us radius, draw one more arc which
meets the
nun1bcr line at point R. Clearly OR :: 3 x OP =3/i.
So, 1>olnt R rrpn•srnts JJi, on the nun1ber line.
C
(J) To rl'Pfl'Sl'nt 2 + Ji on the number line :
Draw the figure as shown ulongsidc : ~fe

I lcrc, OP = 00' + O'P 0

cr/J ~r 1 ,
C I I
=2+, fi, -1 0 1 2 3 -4

So, point P represents 2 + Ii, on the number line.

(4) To represent 3 - ,Ji on the number line :
Draw the figure as shown alongside.
Since, O'P' = O'B = Ji.
.•. OP'= 00' - O'P' 0
I
= 3- ✓ 2 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

(5) To represent ✓ 3 on the number line :

1. Take OA = AB = I unit and L0AB = 90°
Clearly, OB = .fi.
2. Draw BC = AB = OA = I unit and L0BC =90°
3. OC2 = 082 + BC2
= (✓ 2 ) 2 + 12 = 2 + 1 = 3 < I
2 4
I >
-1 0 1 3
=> OC= ✓3
4. With point O as centre and OC as radius,
draw an arc which meets the number line
at point P
... OP= OC = Ji
=> The point P represents fj.
(6) To represent 2 + fj and 2 - fj on the number line :
Draw the figure as shown alongside.
Clearly, O'P = O'O + OP
OP' 1 2 3 4
=2 + fj -3 -2 -1

=> the point P represents the number 2 + fj.

Also, O'P' = O'O - OP'
= 2- ✓ 3
=> the point P' represents the number 2 - fj.

IT]
 (7) To n'1Jn'Srnt fs on the nun1ber line :

Si lll'C.\ 5 = 4 + I
= 21+ (l .\ /5 = J22+1 2

Starting from 0(0) take OA = 2 units. At A

Jmw AC prrpcmlkular to the number line. -1 O 1
• 2
From AC. l'Ul AB = I unit. Then OB = fs.
--r-•
With O us Cl'ntre nnJ OB = .[s as radius, draw an arc which cuts
the nu
rnber, Bae._
point P.
Ck,rrly, OP =/5
AnJ, point P represents the number ✓S•

[ID PR()OFS C)F IRRATIONALITY OF Ji., Ji AND /s

(I) To pro,·e Ji is irrational :
Dilision 111ethod :
l ·4 1 4 2 1 3 5 .......... .
1 2·00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ...... ..
l
24 100
96
281 400 Clearly,
281
.fi = 1-4142135 •············ ;
2824 11900
11296 which is a _non-repeating non-re00'1isi
representation.
28282 60400
56564 :. Ji is an irrational number.
383600 Hence Pnntl
282841
282841
100759.....
Alternative method :
Let Ji be a rational number.
... .fi = E.
b
[Where a, be Zand b-l
a2
⇒ 2 =2 [Squaring both the
b
2 = 2b2
⇒ a
⇒ a is divisible by 2 and so a is also divisible by 2 ........... I
2

Let a= 2c
⇒
⇒
a 2 = 4c2
2b2 = 4c2
[Squaring both the ~
[·:; ..,,
[IJ
 =) h 1 = 2c 2
2
==> b is divisible by 2 nnd so h is also divisible by 2 ............... II
Fro111 I and JI. we get a and b hoth are divisible by 2
i.e. a und b huvc 2 as their cornmon factor.
This contrudicts our asRumption that !! is rational i.e. a and b do not have any common
factor other than unity (I). b
~
=) ha.1s not rational
.
~ ·v 2 iH
r;;
not rational I.e. v 2 is h·rutional. Ans.
R,m,mber that .'
1. If P is a number whose Hquurc (p 2) iH divisible by 2, then necessariJy p is aho divisible
by 2. Similnr]y, if :
(i) p 2 is divisible by 3 ~ p is divisible by 3,
2
(ii) p is divisible by 5 ~ p is divisible by 5 and so on.
2. A number is rational if :
(i) the number can be expressed as .!!.. , where p and q are integers and q ~ 0.
q
(ii) p and q do not have any common factor other than unity ( 1)
Suppose, P and q both have a common factor 2; then .!!.. is not rational. Similarly, if p and
q
q both have 3 as a common factor, then .!!.. is not rational and so on.
q

(2) To prove ✓3 is irrational : (3) To prove Js is irrational :

Division method : Division method :
1-732050........ 2·236()67 ....... .
1 3·00 00 00 00 ....... . 2 5-00 00 00 00 ....... .
1 4
27 200 42 100
189 84
343 1100 443 1600
1029 1329
3462 7100 4466 27100
6924 26796
176....... . 304....... .
On continuing in the similar manner, we get : On continuing in the similar manner, we get :
/3 = 1-732050......... which is a non-repeating /5 =2·236067........ which is a non-repeating
non-recurring representation. non-recurring representation.
.•. fj is irrational .·. Js is irrational

Alternative method : Alternative n1ethod :

Let /5 be a rational number.
Let /3 be a rational number. a
a ... J5 = b , where a and b are integers
... Jj = b , where a and b are integers
and b ;t 0
and b ;t 0
 a'
3 = ~
and a 2 = 3b2 and a 2 = 5b2
2
=> a is divisible by 3 and so cl is also ⇒ a2 is divisible by 5 and so .
divisible by 3. divisible by .5. a 11 1110
Let a =3c Let a =5c
... a2
= 3b2 :. "2 = 51,2
⇒ = 3b2
9c2 ⇒ 25c2 = 5b 2
and, b2
= 3c2 and, b2 = 5c2
⇒ Ir is divisible by 3 and sob is divisible by 3 => b2 is divisible by 5 and so b is divisible
·: a is divisible by 3 and b is also divisible by 3 •.· a is divisible by 5 and b is also divi~ble b) S
a a ~s
⇒ b is not rational => - is not rational
b
⇒ /j is not rational ⇒ ✓ 5 is not rational
and, so ✓3 is irrational. and, so ✓5 is irrational.

As per classical definition of rational numbers, if a number can be expressed u f,

p and q are integers and q ~ O; it is a rational number. But in cases like Ji , ./3,
representation is not possible, so, such numbers are irrational numbers.
Infact an irrational number can not be expressed in the from : , where p and q are •
and q ~ 0.

Ie Prove that Js _ ,Fi is irrational.

Solution :
Let us assume ✓5 - Jj is not irrational, so fs - .[3 is a rational number.
Now let ✓5 - /3 = x, a rational number
... x2 = (✓5 _ Jj )2
= 5+3- 2 X ✓5 X Jj = 8 - 2 ✓15
⇒ 2✓!5 = 8 - x2
2
r;; 8-x
and, --.JlJ = 2
Here, x is rational ⇒ 2
x is rational ....l
⇒ 8 - x2 is rational
2 •
8-x
- IS . I
. aIso rat1ona
and, so -
2
8-x2 r;; . . I
⇒ - - = v15 IS rationa
2
But ✓ 15 is irrational
8-x 2 ........n
⇒ - - is irrational i.e. 8 - x2 is irrational and so x2 is irrational
2
 From 1. -~ ,s l'ltil.~. ua
from LI. ,..: ,~ lmltl\.'041
~f\n ' Wt' ~m' \' .u II l '00 ~ - , "'(I

So. \lW L\...'Ulll f6m lhlt ./, - /j •~ a ..-ti<,nal numhtr i• "R!f\l,

:. , ~ • , ..\ ls ln-uth:mui. Htt1tt Proffll

8 Pru,-c that ~ S + ~ is 1mnoonl.

.~ ..
- /8 + 5 i~ a ralltin.al numhtr.
L"t us L.'-Swuc ,'8 + 5 is ooc irratkcial. ~o
-
N,)" ltt , 8 + ~ ::: t. a rutionlll numt-.c-r
... .\..! ::: ( \~ + 5)~

:: 8 + 2_, + 2 /s X 5
= J] + 1o~Js
= 33 + IO x 2 Ji
= ~'3 + 20/5
⇒ 10,12 = .,~ - 33
x·' -33
and.
10
SiOC't. it is assumed that ,18 + 5 = x is rational
⇒ r is rational
.r - 33 is rational
x~ -33 . . I
and. so - - - 1s ranona
20
Ji· ...,
)

x·-33
- - = , 1s rntIona.1
20 -
But Ji r
is irrational i.e. . is irrational ...... II
From I. -~ is rational and
from II, .r is irrational
Therefore. we arrive at a contradiction.
So. our assumption that ./8 + 5 is a rational nun1ber is wrong
- Ih'Ul'l' PrO\'l'd.
:. ~S + 5 is irrational

C, Identify each of the following as rational or irrntional number.

(i) /ii (ii) 3 .fi X ,/s

Solution :
(i) ./Ii. - J2x2x3
 _ 2 '11~3.
- J ,
which is the rJroduct of a rational number (2) and an ,· .
,, rra11011ai
number ( JJ ).
... fij is nu irrutional 1111mhlr.
An.\
(ii) 3./2. x /8 = 3./2. x J2x2x2
= 3 J2_ X 2 J2_
=3x2x2 [ •.. Ji )( ./i :: 2)
= 12; which is a rational number.
... 3 Ji, x Ji, is a rational number. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ An.1.
Q Insert a rational number and an irrational number between 3 and 4.

Solution :
If a and b are two positive numbers such that ab is not a perfect square, then:
a+b
(i) a rational number between a and b =
2
and, (ii) an irrational number between a and b = ~
Since, 3 and 4 are positive rational numbers and 3 x 4 = 12 is not a perfect square,
therefore :
3+4
(i) a rational number between 3 and 4 = 2
7 1
= 2 =3 2 Ans.
(ii) an irrational number between 3 and 4 = ./3x4
- J3x2x2 = 2 ✓3 Am.
8 Find two irrational numbers between 2 and 3.

Solution :
=6 is not a perfect square.
Since, 2 and 3 are rational numbers and 2 x 3
:. One irrational number between 2 and 3 = .fixj = /6
And, an irrational number between 2 and ./6 = J2 x .f6 = J .f6
2
:. Required irrational numbers are : ./6 and J2✓ 6 Ans.
Alternative method :
Since, 2 = ✓4 and 3 = ✓9
:. Each of ✓5, ✓6 , ✓7 and ✓8 is an irrational number between 2 and 3.
Solution to this type of question is not unique.

0 Examine each of the following as a rational nu b . .

m er or an nTallonal number : J
liJ (3+/2)2 /iiJ (3+Ji) (3-JJ") (iii) _j___ ~
13

DD
F

S,,l111i1•11 :

( j) (-' I J~ )l n \ ~ I ( ✓ ~ )J ~ i >< I )( ✓l
• '' ➔ ~ ·I t, Ji • 11 I t, 1 J
11 is rnli,,11111, t, JJ is l1rntln111II 111ul
Si th'<'. wl1 ~11nw 111111 1111· •111111 111 11 111111111,d ;111d 011
hrnlilurnl 1H1111h,·r is uh, nys i, rntlnnnl.
,._ 11 + h ~ Is i1rnthm11I

:. (J • ~ ): Is nu lrrnllonnl numht·r An,.,

(ii)

= •) - :1 t;t t,; u·hld, I,\· mtio,u,I,

,._ (J ·t /5) (J - f.i) is n rnllonul muuh,·r Ar,~.

(iii)
(l
fj is nn irrutionnl m1mht•r Ans.

-- -
e Insert two rational numbers ond two irrational numbers between /j and /7 ,
So/11tio11 :
Since, squnrc of ..fj = J 1111<1 squnrc of fi c 7.
(i) Choose nny two rntjonal numhcrs hctwccn 3 anti 7 cud1 of whkh is n perfect square.
The squorc roots of such numhcrs will he Lhc rcquirttl national m1111hcrs.
Ll'l the numhl'rs he 4 .md 5•76, where /4 = 2 und J'!i,76 = 2-4
,·. Rrc1uir,•d rational nurnhrrs nre 2 and 2·4 Ans.
(ii) Now, choose any two rational numbers between 3 and 7 each of which is not a perfect
squnrc. The square root of suc:h numhcrs will he rhc required irrational numbers.
Let the numhl"rs he 5 and 6
:. fi, :md ft; un· flu· n•quin•d irrutional numht•rs. Ans.

More about Irrational numbtrs :

I. For any two positive rational numbers x and y
If / ; and .jy are irratjonals then :
/; > .jy ⇒ x>y and /; < /y ~ x<y.

2. (i) (J + b rx = C + d J; ⇒ a = C and b : d,

(ii) 5 - a Jj = h - 2 /3 ~ b =5 and a =2.

(iii) .xis - 3/i. = 4./5 + y/i ~ .t = 4 and y = - 3 and so on.
3. The negative of an irrational number is always irrational.
4. The sum of a rational and an irrational number is always irrational.
S. The product of a non-z.cro rational number and an irrational numtx·r js always im1tional.
 Not~ 1 : 11,t- .,.,.,,. •1 two irn,ti « ,,,,,/ ,, 11111 1,r-r.'f "'"-" ,,, may 110I I,,- irrt1tinn11/.
r.,a:. ( i) (J + R ) + ((l _ ~ ) = t); whic h i.\' 1101 1111 irrt1t iont1 I numb~,:
(ii) ( ./7 _ J) + ( JI + J) • /7 - J + /2 +3
= '7
v' + J2; whic h i.f an irrat iona l
~ote l : 11u· ,lftft>n·,"·t' •f two nu~ P-
irnlli PtW I m11111>,·rs may or may 1101
be irrt1tional. •
t\,~. (i) (S _ Jui ) _ (3 _ Jfo ) = 5; whic h is 1101 an irra tion al numb~r.
(ii) (3/ 2 +~ )-(- 7./ 2 -12 )=3 12 +5 +7
/2 + 12
= 10/ 2 + 17; which is a11 irra tion al"" ~
~c.lte 3 : n,,, pn>.luct of two irrotio11al 1111111bers may or may not be irrationa r.
l.
,,.g. (i) (3 - ./5) x (3 + Js )= 9 - 5
= 4; which is not an irra tion al number.
(ii) (.:! + J""J) x (3 - /2 )= 6 _ 2./2 +
3 /3 - ./6; which is an irra tion al"" ""-
1. Negath·e of an irrational number is an irra
tional number.
Fc>r ~xample :
( i) .fi is an irrational number

~ - ./2 is an irrational number.

(ii) 2 - 3./5 is imltionaJ

~ -(2 - 3./5) is irrational

~ 3./5 - 2 is irrational.
2. The sum , the diff eren ce, the prod uct
and the quo tien t of two Irrational
need not be an irrational number.
For aam p/e :
( i) The sum of irrational numbers 2 +
.fi and 2 - ✓ 7
_ (2+ Ji) + (2- ✓ 1)
= 2 + Ji + 2 - ✓ 7 = 4, which is not an irrational n~ r.
(ii) The difference of irrational numbers
/5 + 3 and 3 Js -
_ (Js +3) - (✓5 -3)
= J5 + 3 - Js + 3 = 6, which is not an irra
tional number.
(iii) The prod uct of irrational numbers 7
+ ✓II and 7 _ ✓II
= (1+ ✓11) (1- ✓ll)
-
49 - 11 = 38, which is not an irrational num
ber.
(iv) The quo tien t of irrational numbers 4✓?5 and 7Jj
4ff s
= 7✓
4 4 /75 4 20
3 = X 7 VJ
= X Jij 7 - 7 X 5= 1·
which is not an irrational number.

.- -- -- -- -- - ~
-

G) Whichr-of the foUowin g numbers is areater .

•
(i) 3 ~I~ and 2-/ 3
(ii) 6 VJ and 51/4
Solution .•
(i) Since, 3 .fi. = ✓32 x 2 ~
r:; = vl8 and 2 ✓3 = J22 xJ = /i2
,, 3
••• "'J.. is greater. Ans.
II
;,

~
(ii) Since, 6V 3 = V6J xJ _ V500
II 3~ Jr.
I:
Ii 3 - V 648 t 5V 4 = 53 X 4 =

:• 6 VJ is greater. Ans.

4D Compare : (i) if4 and /j (ii) fa and tfi i

Solution :
Make the index (power) of each pau• of numbers to be compared same and then compare.
1
(i) Since, if4 = 43 has power ! and v~3-' -- 3½ has power -1 .
3 2
I 1 • .
• - and - into hke fractions (fractions with same
.
Conver. t both the powers i.e.
3 2
denonunator).
As, the L.C.M. of 3 and 2 is 6
. l _ Ix2 _ 2 I lx3 3 ¾are like fractions]
6 · [ ¾ and
•• 3 - 3 x 2 - 6 and 2 = 2 x 3 =
l 2 l I

Now, if4 = 43 = 4 6 = (42) 6 = (J6)6

J 3 I I
6
and, /j = 3 2 = 3 = (3 3
f = (27)
6
I l
Ans.
6
Clearly, 27 > 16 ⇒ 27 > 16
6 ⇒ /j > lf4
l !
6 6 = 12
(ii) Since, ifF, = 8 4 , fJfii = (22) and L.C.M. of 4 and
l 3 1 _!_

:. W, = 8 4 = gii = (83 y2 = (512)12

2 1 I
l

w = 22 6
2 12
= 22 12 = (22 ) = (484)
1
12

1
Ans.
⇒ ~ >
12
Clearly, 512 > 484 ⇒ (512)
12
> (484) Vii ,

, ./ii ,
l. Since, 5 = ./25 and 6 = ✓36 ; therefore ✓26 , .fi i , Ji i , ../29 , ./30 , fn
Ji i , ./34. and J35 are irrational numbers between 5 and 6.
Jz x 3 = Jri ; therefore Jfi , ./is,
2
Since, 3 ,fi. = J3 .fi i .f3
2 x 2 = and 2 =
2.
..fI4 and J13 are irrational numbers between 3 Ji
and 2 .[j .

1
~ REAL NUMHERS (R)
The um•on of the set of rat1•011al numb
ers and the set of irrational numbers •
of real numbers, i.e. R = Q u Q . _ ts ~
___________
__
Rational number (Q) :
=Set of all tenninating or recurring decimals.
Irrational numben ( Q ) :
=Set of all non-tenninating and non recurring decimals.
- - - - - - - - - - 1 EXERCISE
1 (8) t- -- -- -. .. ._ _
1. l\lultiplc Choice Type :
2. State, whether the following
Choose the correct answer from the nu
options rational or not :
given below.
(a) The negative of an irrational num (i) (2 + ✓2 )2
ber is :
(i) a rational number (ii) (3 - ✓3 )2
(ii) an irrational number
(iii) (S + ✓5) (5 - ✓S)
(iii) a rational number and an
irrational
number (iv) ( ✓3 - ✓2 )2
(iv) a whole number
3. Find the square of :
(b) ✓8(✓8 - 1) is always: 3✓5
(i) rational (ii) irrational
(i) - (ii) ✓3 + Ji
5
(iii) whole number (iv) natural
number (iii) ✓5 - 2 (iv) 3 + 2✓5
(c) For the given figure length of OA
is:
4. State, in each case, whether true
or /al,,
A (i) ✓2 + ✓3 = ✓S
I' A
•
I •
' : (ii) 2✓4 + 2 = 6
/ :2
O/I •' (iii) 3✓7 - 2✓7 = ✓7
-1 0 2
(iv) ~ is an irrational number.
(i) ✓5 (ii) ✓3
(iii) ✓5 or ✓3
(v) f1 is a rational number.
(vi) All rational numbers are real nWD
(iv) neither ✓5 nor ✓3 lltl
(vii) All real numbers are rational n111
mtlfJI

(d) 2✓3 x3✓8 is: (viii) Some real numbers are rational
n
(i) rational (ii) irrational 5. Given universal set = { -6, -s¾
.-
(iii) neither rational nor irrational
(iv) 12x ✓5
-~ '-i' 0, 1, 1, 1 ~ ' Jg' 3.01, K. SJ
(e) Two irrational numbers between From the given set, find :
8 and 11 (i) set of rational numbers
are :
(ii) set of irrational numbers
(i) ../65 and ✓120 (ii) ✓69 and 10·5 (iii) set of integers
(iii) 8-2 and .Ju s (iv) 3 and ./iw (iv) set of non-negative integers

rnJ ■
6. Rt1ff'SCOI each of the fo . .
numt'Cr Ii~ : llov.t1ng oo c.Jifferent 14. Write in asttnding order :
~/j.2 /i,3+ ./i2 J r:
•~ - v2 and2/s
5
(1) 3 ./s and 4 Jj
7. Prove that each of th i0110 .
irrational • e \\-ing numbc" i, (ii) 2 J/5 and 3 'J/2
(11i) 6 .fs, 1 Jj and 8 Ji
li> [j + ./i.
(ii) 3 - fi. 1S. Writt tn dc5Cendang order :

(iii) /5 - 2 h) 21/6 and 31fi. (ia) 7✓3 and J/7

16. Insert five irrationaJ numbtts between 2 .fs
R. \Vrite a. pair of in-ntionaJ nurnhc~ w"'·,....
. .
1s tmt1onal. • '" •'- sum and 3 Jj

9. \Vrite a pair of irrational be 17. Write two ratjonaJ numberJ benween Ii,
is rational. num rs whose sum
and Jj.
10. Write a pair of irrational b
difference is irrational. num ers whose Take any two ntiooal 11mnba1 ba•<a 2 ad
3 which are perfec1 sqN1es, Slldl • : 2-25.
11. Write a pair of. irrational num bers whose 2·56. 2·89. ele.
.
diffiercncc JS rational.
:../2 < .[j ⇒ .Ji < J2-2S < J2-S6 < Ji
. of
12. Write a . pair irrational numbe rs whose
product JS trrational.
⇒ /i. < l·S < 1-6 < Ji
13. Write a. pair of irrational numbers whose 18. Write three rational numbers between ../J
product 1s rational.
and /5.

@J SURDS (Radicals) l

If x is a positive rational number and n is a positive integer such that x" i.e. (; is
I
irrational; then xn is called a surd or a radical.
:. 'if6 is a surd, ·: (i) 6 is a positive rational number, (ii) 1/6 is an irrational number.
(i) Similarly, Js, ~, Vw, etc. are surds as 5, 8, 20, etc. are positive rational numbers.
(ii) But ./4, if27 and ~ are not surds because /4 = 2, Vfi = 3 and ~625
=5
i.e. ./4., 'ifi:i and 1/625 are not irrational numbers.

1. Every surd is an irrational number, but every irrational number is not a surd.
For example, '1t' is an irrational number but not a surd.
2. Let a be a rational number and n be a positive number greater than 1,
1
then ~ i.e. a; is called a surd of order n.
:. (a) Js
is a surd of order 2. (b) 1/10 is a surd of order 3.

(c) ifi is a surd of order 5 and so on.

 __________
_
CB
State, with reasons, which of the
follow1
'ng is a surd and which ls not
.
•
- - -ff-, - - - - --lfii--~x~/4~4:_______ .. .- - - - - - ~
Sol11tio11 :
(i) (ii)

(i) fi j = J3x3x3 = 3/ j; ,,hkh Is h-rntlonnl •

.·. .J fi is an irrational nmnbc
r.
. . . _
Since. 27 is a pos1t1vc rut1onal
nunibcr un
d /27 is irrational.
:. .Jf i is u surd.
(ii) J22s x /J = J15xl5 x J2 x2 =15 X 2
=30; whkh is n rational number•
.•. ✓225 x /4 is not u surd.
~ R,\llONALIZATION
(For surds of order 2)
When two surds are mulup · hed
· togeth
surds are called rationalizing fac er sueh that their product is a rational number. t1.-.
tors of each other. , uc "ii
The process of rationalizing a
surd by multiplying it with its I.
.-
rationalization. rationalizing factor is caJI
Examples:
(i) Since, 5✓2 x 3✓2 = 15
x 2 = 30; which is a rational
number, therefore 5.Ji
3✓ 2 are rationalizing factors
of each other.
(ii) 3. /i and 4. /i are rat j
ionalizing factors of each other,
as 3. /i x 4✓7 = 12 x 7 = 84;
which is a rational number.
Since : (i} 2✓5 x 3✓5 =6 x
5 =30 ~ 2/ s and 3.Js are
rationalizing facton ~
(ii) 2/ s x .Js =2 x 5
=10 ~ 2J s and Js are rationalizing factor
3 s
"1'} 2 r; 3
(ll
v:, x Js =6 ~ 2-vr; S and 7s are rationalizing factors of eac
Theref~re, from examples, giv h otbefi
not unique. en above, we can conclude tha
t the rationalizing facto,

4i Find the least rationalizing factor

of : (i) .J fi, (ii) .JI2S .
2
Solution :
(i) ·: fn = ✓3x3x3 = 3✓3
And, 3J j x Jj =3 x 3 =9· wh.
h. .
' ,c is a ration al number.
:. The least rationalizing fac
tor of Jf i = ..[3
 (ii) ·: 2. /il i = 2✓25xj = 2 x s✓S = 10✓5
And, Io /5 x ✓5 _ JO ber.
- x 5 = 50; which is a rational num
:. The least rationalizing furtor
of 2J12s =,fs Ans.

(i) (✓J -Ji) (✓J +-J2) c:: (✓3)2 - (.fi.)2 = 3 - 2 = I

⇒ (./ 3- Ji) and (./3 +✓2) are rationalizing factors of
each Olher.

(ii) (3+./s) (3 -./ s) =(3) - (

2 .[s)2 = 9 - 5= 4
each other.
⇒ (3+./s) and (3-/5) are rationalizing factors of
N BY RATIONALIZING ITS
@TI SIMPLIFYING AN EXPRESSIO
DENOMINATOR

4D Rationalize the denominator of

: (i) .k /rz.
(ii)

Solution :
st rati ona lizi ng fac tor of its
Mu ltip ly and div ide the giv en exp res sio n by the lea
Method : essary.
denominator. Simplify, if nec r;; r;;
. 1 1 ✓2 [Rationalizing factor of denom
inator "1 2 is -v 2 1
(1) Ji = ✓2 x ✓2
~
=~
2
2 is ✓2
tor of the denominator 2✓
(ii) As the least rationalizing fac
5 5 ✓2
·-=-- x-
•• 2Ji - 2✓2 Ji

5/2 _ sf i Ans.
- 2x 2 - -4 -
:
foUow ing by rationalizing the denominator
G, Sim plify each of the
(""") ✓3 - ✓ 2
1 3
5 + ✓3 ,J3 + ✓2
(i) 3 _ ✓ 7 (ii) ✓ 111

7 30
15+ 2✓ 2 (v) 5✓ 3-3✓5
(iv) ✓

Sol uti on : =3 + ff
=3 - ff , its rationalizing factor
(i) Since, the denominator
l 1 3+ ✓7
:. J- J? = 3- ✓7 X 3+ ✓7

Q !J . , C - - - - - - - -
r

,.. .
..1+,'
= -:;- 7

(ii) ·: R.F. (Rationali...zing fal·tor) of dcnonuna

• t r
o ✓5 + Jj is ✓5 - /j
..l 3 /5- ✓3
:. 7s- + fj = Ts+ ✓J Js - ✓J
X

_ 3(✓5 -v'3) = 3(fs-/3)

- 5-3 2
(iii) •: R.F. of denominator = .Jj - Ji.
Ii- Ji ✓3- ✓2 ✓3-✓2 - (✓ 3 - ✓2f
.•. /j +Ji = ✓) + ✓2 X ✓3-✓2 - (✓3f -(✓2)2
_ 3+ 2- 2x ✓3 x.fi. = 5-2 ✓6 = _ 2✓6
- 3-2 1 5

(iv) ·: R.F. of denominator = ✓15 - 2 ✓2

And, (Jis + 2✓2) (Jis - 2✓2) = (✓15} - (2✓2} = 15 - 8 = 7

•••
7 7 Jis-2✓2
/ts+ 2/i. = Jis + 2Ji X Jis -2✓2
_ 1(Jis-2✓2) = ✓IS-2 ✓2
7

(v) •.• R.F. of denominator = 5 fj + 3✓5

And, (5✓3 - 3✓5) (5✓3 + 3✓5)=(5✓3)2 - (3✓5)2 = 25 3- 9

X X 5 = 30
. 30 5✓3+'3✓
30 5
•• 5✓J - 3✓5 = 5,J3 - 3✓5 X 5Jj + 'J✓5
= 30(5✓3 + 3✓5) _ r::3 r::
30 - 5"" +3✓ 5

C Find the values of ·a· and ·b', if: 2.fj + 3✓2 r,

2✓3 _ 3fi. =a+ bv6 .
Solution :
2✓3 +3✓2
Since, 2✓3+3 ✓2 2✓3+3./i
2✓3-3✓2 -
2✓3-3 ✓2. X 2✓3+3 ✓2
= 4 X 3 +9 X 2 + 2 X 2.fj X 3/i
(2./3) 2 - (3/2)2
 == 12+18+]2 ✓6 _ 30+12✓6 _ _ ,,
- -
5 2" 6
12 - 18 - - 6
2✓3 +3✓2,
Given : Ans.
---;= -_:. ..::_
2✓3-3 ✓2 == a + h.[ 6 ~ -5 - 2 ✓6 => a= -5 and b = -2

tel Ifx =2 + vr;;3 fi d the value of x2 + - 1 .

, in
W j
X
2

Solution :
1 1
x= 2+ fj
X - 2+ ✓)

1 2- ✓3 2- ✓3 ~
- 2+ ✓) X 2- ✓) = 4-3 =2 - v3

1
x+ X =2+ ✓3+2- ✓3=4

( X <J == 42 = 16

... I
( X+ - = x2
J
+ -2
2
1 + 2 X,,X X -I
£ X
X

1
x2 + - 2 + 2 = 16
X

1 Ans.
l.e. x2 + -2 = 16 - 2 = 14
X

I 1 1
r;;
~ Prove that v£+ 1
: + r;; r;:; + r;;
2+ v3
= I.
v3 +v 2
W1

Solution : 2- ✓3
✓2-1 1 ✓3- ✓2 1
I
✓3- ✓2 + 2+ ✓3 2- ✓3
L.H.S. - ✓2,+1 X ✓2,-1 + ✓3+ ✓2 X
X

✓2 -1 ✓3- ✓2 2- ✓3
-+
- -2-1 +4-3
3-2

_ ..fi,-l+ ✓3-Ji+2- ✓3
Hence Proved
= 1 = R.H.S.
1
~ Rationalize the denominator of
: Jj + ✓2 _ 1 •
Solution :
l l [3 +f2 +(1)
, 13 ~ ✓ 2-1 = lf3+ ✓2)-tl) x [3+[2 +(l)
.[3+ ✓2+\
[Denominator,, (.fl+ .fi\l.
= 3+ 2+ 2!6 -1
I '!1)11
.f3+ ✓2+\
= 4+2 ✓6
.[3+ ✓2+1 2-. /6
= 2(2+ ✓6) X 2-. /6
2✓3- ✓18 +2✓2-m+2-f6
= 2(4-6)

2✓3-3 ✓2 +2✓2-2✓3 +2 -!6 ~

= _ 1.
[-' [ls= \/9X2 =3vr;:2, similarly,.Jii,.~
4

= _ (-
1
4
n+2-F6) = !(f2-2+f6) ,___
4
°""
1 1 l
~ Evaluate:
3 _.Js - {s- ✓1 + ✓1-f6 - f6-1 ✓S + ✓S-2
l
•

Solution :
1 1 3+ ✓8 3+ ✓8 ✓8
3- ✓8 = 3- ✓8 X 3+ ✓8 = 9-8 =3 + S
1 1 ✓8+ ✓7 [8+ ✓7
✓8- ✓7 = ✓8- ✓7 X ✓8+ ✓7 = 8-7 = ✓8 + ✓7
l 1 ✓7+ ✓6 ✓7+ ✓6
✓'7 - ✓6 = ✓'7 - ✓f, X ✓7 + ✓6 = 7-6 =✓7 + ✓6
1 1
Similarly, ✓6 - ✓5 = ✓6 + .[s and
[s _2 = ✓5 + 2
:. Given expression
= 3 + ✓8 - (✓8+ ✓7) + (✓7 +!6 )-
{✓6+ ✓s) + {✓s+2)
= 3 + ✓8 - ✓8 - ✓7 + .[7 + ✓6 - ✓6 - .[s + ✓5 +2 = 5

9 If ..[3 = 1-73, find the value of : 2+_✓ 3

.[3 +
2- ✓3
+✓3
.f3 -t ✓3+1
2 2 + .[3 +1 - Jj _1•
Solution :
Given expression
2+ ✓3 ✓3-1
= 2- ✓3 + ✓3+1
 = 4+3+2x2x ✓3+4+3-2x2x ✓3 + 3+1-2xJ3x1-b+1+2x ✓3x1)
4-3 3-1

= 14 - 4✓3
2
= 14 - 2 ✓3 = 14 - 2 x 1-73 = 14 - 3-46 = l 0·54 Ans.

~ If x = 3 + 2 ✓2 , check whether x + .!_ is rational or irrational.

X

Solution :
1 1 3-2✓2
x=3+2.fi.
X 3+2✓2 X 3-2✓2
3-2✓2
=--=3-2 ✓2
9-8
1
x+ ~ = 3+2.fi. +3-2.fi.
= 6, which is rational. Ans.

------------ 11 EXERCISE 1 (C) 1-I- - - - - - - -

3
1. Multiple Choice 'fype :
4 ✓7 is equal to :
(e) +
Choose the correct answer from the options
given below.
(i) .!.(4- ✓7) (ii) 3(4- ✓7)
I 3
(a) If x = .J5 - 2 , x + - is equal to :
X
(iii) .!.(4+ ✓7) (iv) 3(4+ ✓7)
(i) 2./s (ii) 4 3
I
(iii) ifs (iv) ✓5 (f) ?- ✓5 is equal to:

(b) If x= I+fi, then (x+ :r is:

(i) 4(7 + ,Js) (ii) ~ (1 + ,Js)

(i) 2✓2 (ii) 8 (iii) ~ (7 - ✓5) (iv) 4(7 - ✓5)

(iii) 4- ✓2 (iv) 4.fi.

2fi3+3✓11, (g) If x = fi - l, then ( x - : )' is :

(c) is equal to :
4✓3
(i) 2.fi. (ii) 2
(i) 2✓3 (ii) 3✓2
(iii) 4 (iv) 2- .fi.
(iii) 3 (iv) ✓3 +✓2
5- ✓7 5+ ✓7
(d) (,Js - ✓3} is : (h)
5 +✓7 -
5 _ ✓7 is equal to:

(i) 8+2✓15 (ii) 8+./15 (i) 10✓7 (ii) ~ ✓7

(iii) 8- ✓15 (iv) 8-2✓15 10.fi -10✓7
(iii) (iv)
9 9
 {,-2 15+2
~. S1,,h\ ,, hh ,r.,,,m, whh:h ,,f thl' foth,wlog ur~ f ~ nml )' a ~
✓ 5 +2
SI
7. i x "5 - 2 : nlltl ••
Mll\b nn~I ,, hi.,:h nrr n, ,t :
(i) .l.2 (ii) yl
J, so (ii) (27
(i)
(iii) xy (iv) ,t2 + r+
\iii) vi ~s (i\') w;i I .t).

( ) ,. VE. V:W ( \'i) V::-125

8 If "' = -
• 3 -
'z
2v/, un<l " = ~
+ ~
3 2 2 • rllld .
(i) ,,,2 (ii) n2 (iii) mn •
(' ii) J; (\'iii) [i+Jf
3. \\'rile th~ low<.'~l r;,til\nalizin~ factor of :
9. If x = 2 [3 + 2 Ji , find :
lX (II•') + -XI ¼f
(i) s.fi (ii) /24 (i) X
(iii) ( .t +

(iii) ✓5-3 (iv) 1-fi

JO. If x = I - fi., find the value of ( ..........Ir
(\') ✓IS- ✓
50 (vi) fs-Ji 1 .t •

(vii) ✓13+3 11. If x = 5 - 2.[6, find : x2 + 2X

4. Rationalize the denominators of : 1 ]
2✓3
12. Show that : 3 _ 2 2 Ji. - fi. _J7
. 3
(1) J5 (ii) ✓5 1 1 1

✓
+ ✓7 - ✓6 - ✓6 -.fs + .[s -2 =5.
6- ✓5
(iii) ..[3 - .fi.
✓3+/2 (iv) ✓6 + ✓5 1
13. Rationalize the denominator of• ./j
2✓5 +3✓2 • 3-./i~
(v) 2✓5-3✓2 14. If ✓2 = 1·4 and .[3 = l •7, find the ¥1111
5· Find lhe values of 'a' and 'b' in each of the of each of the following, correct to
following : decimal place : -
2+ ✓3 1 l
(i)
2 _ ✓3 = a+ b ✓J (i)
✓3- ✓2 (ii) 3+2✓2
✓7-2
(ii) Ji +2 = a ✓?+ b 2- ✓3
(iii)
✓3
3
(iii) ✓3- ✓2 = a ✓3-b ✓2 4- ✓5 4+ ✓5
15. Evaluate : r; +
4+v5 4- ✓5 •
6. Simplify :
16. If 2 +✓5 - 2 -✓S
22 17 2- ✓5 - x and 2+.fs = y; fmd di
(i)
2✓3 +1 + 2✓3-1
value of x1 _ y2.
(ii)
Ji ✓3
✓6- ✓2 - ✓6 +Ji
--- --- --- If TEST YOURSELF •. _ - - - - - - - -
✓18 7. Draw a line segment of length ✓8 cm.
1. Simplify :
5✓)8 + 3/n. - 2✓162 4- ✓5 2 4+/5
8. Show that : 4 + ✓5 + 5+./3 + 4-/5
Jx2+y2 -y
/ 2 2 52
2. Simplify :
x-~x - y 2 + 5- ✓3 = 11 ·
9. Show that :
3. Evaluate, correct to one place of decimal,
5 1
(i) x3 + = 52, if X = 2 + /j
the expression ..fio _ ..[Io , if ✓5 = 2·2 and
-3
X

Jw =3·2. 1
(ii) x2 + 2 = 34, if X = 3 + 2Ji.
X
3✓2 - 2✓3 2./3
4. If x = ✓3 - ✓2 , find the value of :
(iii) 3✓2 + 2✓3 + ✓3 - ✓2 = 11
I 1
(i) X + lX (ii) x2 + 2 ••• ) 3
( ill X +- 10. Show that x is irrational, if :
X X3
(i) x2 = 6 (ii) x2 = 0·009 (iii) x2 = 27
1 1
(iv) x3 + -x3 - 3(x 2 +x2-) + x + lx 11. Show that x is rational, if :
7
(i) x2 = 16 (ii) x2 = 0-0004 (iii) x2 = 1
S. State true or false : 9
(i) Negativ e of an irrational number is 12. Using the following figure, show that
irrational. BD = ✓x.
(ii) The produc t of a non-zero rational
number and an irrational number is a
ration.al number.

6. Draw a line segment of length ✓3 cm.

·: .Jj = .J22 - 12 I
!a Clearly, AB = x, BC = 1 => AC = x + 1
Construct a right angled I O is centre of the semi-circle with AC as
!~
ID
triangle OAB, in which : x+l
diameter ⇒ OA = OC = 2 = OD
:,-
LA = 90°, OB = 2 cm
A
and AB = 1 cm O .[3 cm x+l x-1
Using OA2 + AB2 = OB ,
2 and OB = OC - BC = 2 -l=2 ·
we get: OA = ✓3 cm Now, use OD2 = OB2 + BD2 to find BO = fx ·