Electromechanical Engineering Department

7. Output Presentation

Lecturer: Student:
Bereket W. Undergraduate EME students
Out lines

1 Introduction

2 Classification of Recorders
Analog Recorders
DIGITAL RECORDERS

3 DISPLAY SYSTEM
Cathode Ray Tube(CRT)
Light Emitting Diode (LED)
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

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7.0 Introduction

After collecting information about the state of some process, the next
consideration is how to present it in a form where it can be readily
used and analysed.
There are different techniques available to either display measurement
data for current use or record it for future use.
Nowadays, a wide variety of recorders are used in industry, laboratory
and various fields.

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Classification of Recorders

There are many ways for classifying recorders; the popular one is
according to the type of signal to be recorded, which is as follows:
Analog Recorders
These kinds of recorders are used to record analog signals in the form
of a chart paper for keeping the record permanently.
Despite the present emphasis by the electronics industry on digital
instrumentation, the use of analog recorders is still popular.
As they present an instantaneous visual indication of the data being
recorded in an analog way, which is often more meaningful than
digital indication to people in the laboratory or on the production line.
There are basically three types of analog recorders available: graphic,
oscillographic and magnetic tape recorders.

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...cont...

Graphic Recorders
A graphic recorder is basically a measuring device which is able to
produce in real time a hard copy of a set of time functions with the
purpose of immediate and/or later visual inspection.
The curves/lines are mostly drawn on a (long) strip of paper (from a
roll), often called strip chart recorder.
When the curves are drawn on a circular paper, it is called a circular
chart recorder.
When two independent variables are to be recorded on a piece of
paper with respect to each other, it is called an X-Y recorder.

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Magnetic Disk Recorder

It consists of a magnetic head and a magnetic medium.

The head records (writes) and reproduces (reads) information, while
the medium stores the information.
The recording process is based on the phenomenon that an electric
current generates a magnetic flux.
The flux leaks out of the head core at the gap, and magnetizes the
magnetic medium which moves from left to right with a velocity
under the head gap.
Depending on the direction of the electric current, the medium is
magnetized with magnetization pointing either left or right.
This pattern of magnetization is retained in the memory of the
medium even after the head moves away

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...Cont...

Figure: Magnetic tape recording mechanism

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DIGITAL RECORDERS

Digital recorder record the data in the form of 1 and 0.

There are several types of digital recorders.
1. Data loggers are is a stand-alone devices that can record information
electronically from internal or external sensors or other equipment
that provide digital or serial outputs.
Data logging and recording are both analog terms in the field of
measurement.
Data logging is basically measuring and recording of any physical
phenomena or electrical parameter over a period of time.
The physical phenomena can be temperature, strain, displacement,
flow, pressure, voltage, current, resistance, power, and many other
parameters.

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...Cont...

The data logger collects information about the state of any physical
system from the sensors. Then the data logger converts this signal
into a digital form with the help of an A/D converter.
This digital signal is then stored in some electronic storage unit, which
can be easily transferred to the computer for further the analysis.
A few basic components that every data logger must have are
1. Hardware components like sensors, signal conditioning, and
analog-to-digital converter, etc.
2. Long-term data storage, typically on board memory or a PC
3. Software for collecting data, analysing and viewing
Data logger also performs offline and online analysis, display, sharing
data with other devices connected with the network, reporting events
and providing alarm whenever some critical situation arises.

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DISPLAY SYSTEM

The display system acts as a final link between the measuring process
and the user.
Display technologies and performance capabilities are easier to
evaluate in the context of their intended application.
There are various types of display system;
Cathode Ray Tube(CRT)
It consists of a glass envelope made from a neck and cone. All air has
been extracted so that it contains a vacuum.
At the narrow end are pins which make connection with an internal
electron gun, as shown in Figure bellow.
Voltages are applied to this gun to produce a beam of electrons.
This electron beam is projected towards the inside face of the screen.

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...Cont...

Different basic component of CRTs are electron gun, electron

accelerating anode, horizontal and vertical electric field coils, electron
beam and a screen coated with phosphor.
The electron gun generates a narrow beam of electrons. The anodes
accelerate the electrons.
Deflecting coils produce an extremely low-frequency electric field that
allows for constant adjustment of the direction of the electron beam.
There are two sets of deflecting coils: horizontal and vertical.
The intensity of the beam can be varied and the electron beam
produces a tiny,bright visible spot when it strikes the phosphor-coated
screen.
The screen is covered with a fine layer of phosphorescent elements,
called phosphors, which emit light by excitation when electrons strike
them, creating a lit-up dot called a pixel.

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...cont...
The illustration shows only one electron gun. This is typical of a
monochrome, or single-colour CRTs.
Colour CRT devices have three electron guns, one for the primary
colour red, one for the primary colour green, and one for the primary
colour blue.

Figure: Internal components of a CRT

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Light Emitting Diode (LED)

It is basically a p-n junction photo diode when excited at forward-bias

condition emits light.
It can be easily interfaced with a simple electronic circuit and is
durable and reliable.
These LEDs are often arranged in different formats to display
information. Among these, the seven segments configuration and dot
matrix display are very common and widely used.
The seven-segment configuration of an LED arranged in the form of
the digit 8 can be restrictive in that it does not adequately allow the
display of some alphanumeric characters.
The versatility of a dot-matrix arrangement allows an LED unit to
display more complicated shapes.

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Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

The Liquid Crystal Display ( LCD) has been one of the enabling
technologies of the current electronic revolution.
It is an essential part of every mobile phone, every laptop and every
personal organizer.
Liquid crystal is an organic compound that polarizes any light that
passes through it.
A liquid crystal also responds to an applied electric field by changing
the alignment of its molecules, and in so doing changing the direction
of the light polarisation that it introduces.
Liquid crystals can be trapped between two parallel sheets of glass,
with a matching pattern of transparent electrode on each sheet.
When a voltage is applied to the electrodes, the optical character of
the crystal changes and the electrode pattern appears in the crystal.

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End of Chapter Seven

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