SQL

Structured Query Language.

FIRST LINE OF CODE:

Database:
Create database <name>;

Use <name>;

To show database---------- show databases;

To drop database:

Drop database <name>;

Tables:
Create table table_name

(column_name datatype,

Column_name datatype);

To insert data in the table ------------------

Insert into <name>

Values(data,data,…,.,.,.,,.,.);

PRIMARY KEY:

A column that is common in two or more tables is an primary key. Like

[Link] is common in both the employee name data and the salary the achieved table.

Create table employees

(id int primary_key, name varchar(50));

(id int primary_key auto_increment, name varchar(50));

CRUD:
Create:

Creating tables and inserting data.

READ:

SELECT COMMANDS WITH CONDITIONS AND WHERE CLAUSE.

SELECT ID, NAME FROM <TABLE NAME>;

SELECT NAME , STATUS FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE STATUS = ‘EMPLOYED’

A LIAS:(as)

It used to temporary rename the column names.

Select id as ‘emp_id’, name as ‘employee name’ in employees;

UPDATE:

Syntax:

update <table name> set <column name> = <to be update> where condition.

Here, update, set, and where are used to change the data permanently.

DELETE:

Delete from <name>

Where <condition>;

STRING OPERATIONS:
1. CONCATE:

It is used to join two rows or variables.

It uses with select clause, makes temporary changes.

Select concate (column_name ‘ ‘ column_name) as <name>\

From <table name>;

No need to give spaces in between strings.

SELECT CONCAT_WS (' ', first_name, last_name) AS full_name

FROM employees;

3. SUBSTRING:

It is helpful deriving substrings from original string.

“substr” is the keyword.

Select substr(‘Hello world’, 1,4);

Concat with substring:

Select concat_ws(substr(title, 1, 4), ‘ ‘, ‘is published by’, published_by) as datas from books;

4. REPLACE:

case sensitive

select replace(‘Hello world’ ‘Hell’ ‘*766’) as new name; opt *766o world.

Replace function with concat and substring.

select concat(substr(replace(title,'e','3'), 1, 10), ' ', 'was written by',' ', author_fname,' ',
author_1name)as datas from books;

[Link]:

Select reverse(author_fname) as result from books;

PALINDROME:

select concat(author_fname,reverse(author_fname)) as result from books;

6. CHARACTER LENGTH:

SELECT CHAR_LENGTH('Hello, World!') AS string_length;

[Link]/ LOWER:
select upper(name) from books;

SELECTION REFINING:
DISTINCT KEYWORD:

It is used to filter out duplicate rows in a column or data.

Select distinct author_1name from books;

DISTINCT using concate:

Syntax:

Select distinct(concate(author_fname , ‘ ‘, author_1name)) as full_name from books;

Select distinct author_fname, author_1name from books;

ORDER BY:

It makes data in columns in aesc or desc order.

Default aesc for desc tou have to declare it.

Syntax:

Select <column names> from <table name> order by <column name to be orderd>; you can
also declare by indexes like in th space of <> you can give indexes like1,2.

LIMIT:

It is used with mostly order by to give limit in output.

Syntax:

Select title from books limit 5;

Select title, author_fname, released_year from books order by released_year desc limit 5;

It gives 5 most recent books.

LIKE:

It is helpful in searching in data with only a thing that is in the sentence, meaning if you
remember only part of sentence then also you can search the element.
 It uses % and _ to search in the string.

Syntax:

Select title, author_fname from books where author_name like %da%;

AGREEGATE FUNCTIONS:
COUNT:

It helps in counting no of values are present.

Syntax:

Select count(*) title from books;

Select count(title) from books;

MIN/MAX:

Gives min and max of integer values using min and max

Select min(released_year) from books;

SELECT department,

MIN(salary) AS min_salary,

MAX(salary) AS max_salary

FROM employees

GROUP BY department;

TIME STAMP FUNCTIONS:`

select current_time();

select current_timestamp(), current_date(),current_time();

select date(current_timestamp());
select time(current_timestamp());

select time();

select year(current_timestamp());

select month(current_timestamp());

select day(current_timestamp());

select hour(current_timestamp());

SELECT MINUTE(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP());

SELECT SECOND(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP());

EXTRACT KEY WORD:

SYNTAX:

SELECT EXTRACT(COMPONENT FROM DATETIME_EXPRESSION);

DATEDIFF:

SYNTAX:

SELECT DATEDIFF(DATE1, DATE2); DATE1> DATE2.

TIMEDIFF:

SYNTAX:

SELECT TIMEDIFF(TIME1, TIME2);

DATE_ADD:

SYNTAX:

SELECT DATE_ADD(DATE, INTERVAL VALUE INTERVAL_UNIT);

LOGICAL OPERATORS:
NOT EQUAL:

select title, released_year from books where released_year != '2012' ;

select title, released_year from books where title NOT like 'W%';

GREATER THAN:

select title, released_year from books where released_year < '1980';

LESS THAN:

select title, released_year from books where released_year > '1980';

AND:

select title, released_year, author_1name from books where author_1name = 'lahiri' and
released_year < '2017';

OR:
select title, author_1name from books where author_1name = 'eggers' or 'chabon';

IN/NOT IN:

SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE column_name IN (value1, value2, ...);

BETWEEN:
select title, pages from books where pages between 100 and 200;

CASE ELSE:

select title, author_1name,

case

when title like '%stories%' then 'Short Stories'

when title = 'just kids' or title = ' A Heartbreaking Work of Staggering Genius' then 'Memories'

else 'Novel'

end as type

from books;
 RELATIONSHIP:
 ONE TO ONE
 ONE TO MANY
 MANY TO MANY

FOREIGN KEY:

A column that is common between two tables is a foreign key.

FOR EXAMPLE:

Create table customers (

Id int not null auto increment primary key,

First_name varchar (100),

Last_name varchar(100),

E-mail varchar (100)

);

Create table orders (

Id int not null auto increment primary key,

Order varchar (100),

Price decimal (8, 2),

Customer_id int,

Foreign key (customer_id) references customers(id);

);

INNER JOIN:

Joins to tables based on common column name.

Select * from customers

Join orders

On [Link] = orders.customer_id;
LEFT JOIN:

select * from customers

left join orders

on [Link] = orders.customer_id;

RIGHT JOIN:

select * from customers

right join orders

on [Link] = orders.customer_id;