Lecturer 7
Video
What is video?
Analogue video
Digital video
Basics of video
• Static scene capture → image
• Bring in motion → video
(images sequence →frame by frame)
• Video → a 3 D signal
– 2 spatial dim & 1 time domain
– F(x,y,t)
Spatial and Temporal Redundancy-
Video format
• AVI uncompressed format
– “industry standard”.
– Short for Audio Video Interleave,
– the AVI format was developed by Microsoft during the
early part of the 1990s.
Video File Size
1. Frame Rate
– motion is an illusion caused by the rapid display
of still images.
– television and movies play at 30 fps but
acceptable playback can be achieved with 15
fps.
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Video File Size
2. Image Size
– A standard full screen resolution is 640x480 pixels but to safe storing
space a video with 320x240 for a computer display is still acceptable.
– New high-definition televisions (HDTV) are capable of resolutions up to
1920×1080p60,
• 1920 pixels per scan line by 1080 scan lines, progressive, at 60 frames
per second.
15-Apr-25 School of Science \ Computer 15
Science Dept.
Video File Size
3. Color Depth
– The quality of video is dependent on the color quality (related to
the number of colors) for each bitmap in the frame sequence.
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Exercise
• find the video duration, if a video has 300
frames and a frame rate of 30 fps,
– the video duration is 300 / 30 = 10 seconds.
– you simply divide the frame count by the frame
rate.
Video control
Video speed
• For example, if a student watches your 10-
minute video in 2X speed, this would count as
5 minutes watched.
• If a student watches your 10-minute video in
0.5X speed, this would count as 20 minutes
watched.
T=V/R,
i.e. the amount of real time is equal to the length of
video divided by the rate
Video control
Screen size vs. resolution
• The terms screen resolution and screen
size are not the same.
• Screen resolution refers to the number of
pixels and density,
• screen size refers to the screen's physical
dimensions. It is usually measured
diagonally in inches, from one corner of
the screen to the other.
• Image quality is affected if two screens
have the same resolution but different
sizes.
• The smaller display of the same resolution
will have more PPI, and show a clearer,
more detailed image than the bigger
display.
What is the screen’s Aspect Ratio?
• Aspect ratios, in simple words, are the ratio of horizontal
pixels (width) to vertical pixels (height).
• For example, if a device is known to have a predefined
resolution of 1920×1080 pixels, it has an aspect ratio of
16:9.
• The reason aspect ratios are an important factor to
consider is that it affects the final display.
Aspect Ratio
Types of screen resolutions
• Different resolutions by their names given based
on how they appear on screens. The different
types of display resolutions are:
• Standard Definition (SD)
• High Definition (HD)
• Full HD
• 2K resolution
• Ultra High Definition (UHD) or 4K
• 8K resolution
• Each type has its own number of pixels and
aspect ratios.
So right now, it must be obvious that the higher the
resolution, the sharper image will be.
Theoretically, it has more clarity because, since the
number of pixels is high, there are more blocks for
colors to fill in, thus giving a better image quality.
• Why bitmap images get blurred on enlargement?
• The answer to this might be best explained with the Egyptian
Pyramid analogy. The Pyramids of Egypt are ancient pyramid
shaped structures built using huge stone blocks. When we see the
Pyramids from a distance, they seem to be smooth pyramidal
structures with straight edges. But if we look closer, we can start
noticing significant roughness in the structure. Up close, you can
clearly differentiate the stone blocks making up the edges of the
Pyramids, which are, in fact, not straight at all.
• On a similar note, when you gradually zoom into a bitmap image
using an image viewer, at first the image may appear to be grainy.
On further zooming, the edges in the picture become pixellated. At
the highest level of zoom, you can clearly distinguish individual
pixels based on their color, and the overall appearance of the image
becomes blurred.
