JSS 1 SUMMARY NOTES WEEK 1-10 FOR 3RD TERM

WORD PROCESSING (WEEK 1-5)

Definition: Word processing refers to creating, editing, formatting, storing, retrieving, and
printing of documents such as letters, memos or any type of correspondence with a
computer.

It is also refers to the process of working with words in a computer.

A word processor is software or a device that allows users to create, edit, and print
documents. It enables you to write text, store it electronically, display it on a screen, modify
it by entering commands and characters from the keyboard, and print it.

Of all computer applications, word processing is the most common. Today, most word
processors are delivered either as a cloud service or as software that users can install on a PC
or mobile device.

History of Word Processing

The earliest word processors were standalone machines similar to electric typewriters that
debuted in the 1960s. The great advantage of these early machines over using a typewriter
was that you could make changes without retyping the entire document. Over time, the
devices acquired more advanced features, such as the ability to save documents on a disk,
elaborate formatting options, and spell-checking.

While, there are still some standalone word processors in use today, word processing began
to move to personal computers in the 1980s. In the early days of the PC, a word processor
called WordPerfect became one of the most widely used applications of any kind. Over time,
however, What You See Is What You Get (WYSIWYG) word processors that showed users
exactly what would print on their final documents became more popular. One of those
WYSISWG word processors, Microsoft Word, became dominant in the 1990s.
Microsoft Word: The first version of Microsoft Word was developed in 1981. The current
version is Microsoft Word 16 (released in 2016).

With the advent of cloud computing in the 2000s, word processing changed again. The cloud
allowed users to do their word processing via a browser-based application. While these
cloud-based word processors lacked the advanced functionality of software installed on a
device, they allowed users to store their documents in a remote data center and access them
from any Internet-connected PC or mobile device. They also made it easier for geographically
separated teams of people to work together on the same document. Many users found that
cloud-based word processors offered enough features to meet their needs, as well as greater
convenience, mobility, and collaboration support.

Uses of word processor

 A word processor is software or a device that allows users to create, edit, and print
documents.
 It enables you to write text, store it electronically, display it on a screen, modify it by
entering commands and characters from the keyboard, and print it. Of all computer
applications, word processing is the most common.
Standard Features of Word Processors

Word processors vary considerably, but all word processors, whether cloud-based or
installed on a system, support the following basic features:

Insert text: Allows you to insert text anywhere in the document.

Delete text: Allows you to erase characters, words, lines, or pages.

Cut and paste: Allows you to remove (cut) a section of text from one place in a document
and insert (paste) it somewhere else.

Copy: Allows you to duplicate a section of text.

Page size and margins: Allows you to define various page sizes and margins, and the word
processor will automatically readjust the text so that it fits.

Find and replace: Allows you to direct the word processor to search for a particular word or
phrase. You can also direct the word processor to replace one group of characters with
another everywhere that the first group appears.

Word wrap: Automatically moves to the next line when you have filled one line with text,
and it will readjust text if you change the margins.

Print: Allows you to send a document to a printer to get hard copy.

File management: Provides file management capabilities that allow you to create, delete,
move, and search for files.

Font specifications: Allows you to change fonts within a document. For example, you can
specify bold, italics, and underlining. Most word processors also let you change the font size
and even the typeface.

Windows: Allows you to edit two or more documents at the same time. Each document
appears in a separate window. This is particularly valuable when working on a large project
that consists of several different files.

Spell checking: Identifies words that don't appear in a standard dictionary. Hope

Footnotes and cross-references: Automates the numbering and placement of footnotes and
enables you to easily cross-reference other sections of the document.

Automated lists: Automatically creates bulleted or numbered lists, including multi-level

outlines.

Graphics: Allows you to embed illustrations, graphs, and possibly even videos into a
document. Some word processors let you create the illustrations within the word processor;
others let you insert an illustration produced by a different program.
Headers, footers, and page numbering: Allows you to specify customized headers and
footers that the word processor will put at the top and bottom of every page. The word
processor automatically keeps track of page numbers so that the correct number appears on
each page.

Layout: Allows you to specify different margins within a single document and to specify
various methods for indenting paragraphs.

Macros: Enables users to define and run macros, a character or word that represents a series
of keystrokes. The keystrokes can represent text or commands. The ability to define macros
allows you to save yourself a lot of time by replacing common combinations of keystrokes.

Merge: Allows you to merge text from one file into another file. This is particularly useful for
generating many files that have the same format but different data. Generating mailing
labels is the classic example of using merges.

Tables of contents and indexes: Allows you to automatically create a table of contents and
index based on special codes that you insert in the document.

Thesaurus: Allows you to search for synonyms without leaving the word processor.

Collaboration: Allows users to track changes to the document when more than one person is
editing. Some cloud-based word processors also allow multiple users to edit the same
document at the same time.

Internet features: Allows users to embed Web links into their documents and format their
documents for the Web. Some also link to Web services that can help users create their
documents.

Translation and speech: As artificial intelligence capabilities become more commonplace,

some word processors have gained the ability to read text aloud, to accept voice commands,
and to translate text from one language to another.
 Examples of word processors

 AbiWord

 iWork

 Text Edit

 Word Perfect

 Libre Office Writer

 Microsoft Office

 Microsoft Works

 Star Office

Advantages of word processors

1) It is faster and easier than writing by hand.

2) You can store documents on your computer, which you cannot do on a typewriter.

3) You can review and rewrite your documents.

4) There are more formatting choices with a word processor (the spelling, grammar and
language tools).
 Microsoft word environment

To create a new blank document:

1. Select the File tab to access Backstage view.

2. Select New, then click Blank document.
3. A new blank document will appear.

To install a resume template in Word Online:

1. Go to https://templates.office.com/ and browse to Word templates and

Resumes, or go directly to the Resumes and Cover Letters section by clicking
here.
2. Select a template that fits your needs and preferences and click Open in Word
Online. (Sign in with your Office 365 account if necessary.)
3. Fill in the template with your personal and professional information.
To install a resume template in Word 2013/2016:

1. Go to the File tab and select New.

2. In the search bar, type “resume” or “CV.”
3. Select a template that fits your needs and preferences and click Create.
4. Fill in the template with your personal and professional information.
Step 1. Lay Out the First Page
Create a new, blank document. Hit your Enter key a few times, then type:

=rand()

and hit Enter. This provides some sample text. Hit Ctrl+Enter to insert a page break.

From the menu, choose FilePage Setup. Click the Layout tab, and check the Different First
Page checkbox, as shown in the figure below.

Now, hit Ctrl+Home to get back to the top of the document. Place your logo and other
components, as desired, into the header. Access the header by choosing ViewHeader and
Footer from the menu.
Generally, letterhead components consist of:

 Logo
 Street address (and mailing address, if different)
 Website address
 Email address
 Telephone numbers and fax numbers

Tip. Whenever possible, place your logo in-line with text. This helps to keep it in place,
regardless of your layout. If you want your logo on the left and other components on the right,
insert a two-column table.
Tip. Generally, the first-page of a letter does not have page numbering; but you may want to
insert page numbering in the second-page footer.

Tip. Note how the First Page Header says 'First Page Header' right at the top. The Second
Page Header will simply say 'Header'.
Tip. If you want to break up your address lines, you can use InsertSymbol from Word's menu
and choose Wingdingsas the font. There are all kindsof symbols from which you can choose.
Above, we chose a symbol that looks like a simple bullet and colored it to match our logo
color. These separations make your information easier to read.
Step 2. Lay Out the Second Page
Use the Show Next button on the Header and Footer toolbar to go to the Second Page
Header.

Place the components you’d like to appear on second and subsequent pages of your
correspondence into the header, such as a smaller version of your logo.
-

Hit the Switch Between Header and Footer button on the Header and Footer toolbar to get
to the second page footer.

Insert any components you’d like; usually just a page number. The best method for inserting
page numbers is by using the Insert Page Number button on the Header and Footer toolbar.

--

Step 3. Close Up and Save

Now, just close the Header and Footer toolbar and delete the page break and the sample
text you inserted.

Hit FileSave as, and choose Document Template from the Files of Type box.
Step 1: Start Ms Word

Click on the start button at the bottom left end of the desktop. This will launch a panel
on the left side, click to select the Microsoft Word option. This will open a blank Ms
Word document; alternatively you can click the “New button” to on the home button to
open a blank document as shown below:

> Step 2: Choose the Layout you Want for your Certificate

Once a new word document has been opened, Click the “Page Layout” tab on top of the
window and select “Portrait” or “Landscape” orientation for your certification as shown
below.
> Step 3: Select Page Color for your Certificate

Click on the “Page Layout” tab and select “Page color” option. Then select the color you
want to use while preparing your certificate.

> Step 4: Change the Page Border and its Layout

Click on the “Page Layout” menu to select “Page Border” option. Click on the color you
want and apply a color fix up to your preferred width. Lastly add a fix Art to your border
or any other part you want and click “OK”.
> Step 5: Insert WordArt

On the “Insert” tab at the top of the window, click on “WordArt” command to select the
style you want in your certificate. There are many styles which you can choose from
depending on your taste and preferences. When you click on a word style, a menu will be
displayed. Type the mane of the organization, college name, school name etc. Then click
“OK” to apply the fix, the following should guide you into achieving the perfect WordArt.

The drop down button on the menu should help you in selecting the right style to use on
your certificate.

> Step 6: Insert WordArt Text

Select the right word text for your certificate. This might include the name of the
employee, level of occupation, sex, company or organization and any other relevant
information as shown in the following screenshot:

> Step 7: Insert a Picture or Logo

On the insert button, click text box and the choose Alphabet quote. To fix a photo or
logo, type the word “picture” instead of “Alphabet Quote”. To insert a photo or logo of
the company, click on the “insert” tab and select picture button. Browse the picture you
want to use and double click on it to select. You can follow this procedure to add
graphics or logo.

> Step 8: Format the Certificate

As you get closer to completing your certificate, make sure that your fonts and sizes are
well formatted. Make any adjustment s that you find necessary for your certificate.
 WORKING WITH COLUMNS, PARAGRAPHS

To do this, follow these steps:

1. Type the opening paragraphs.
2. Put your cursor where you want to begin the multi-column text.
3. Go to Format | Columns.
4. Enter 3 for the Number Of Columns, and make any necessary changes to Width
And Spacing.
5. In the Apply To drop-down menu, select This Point Forward.
6. Click OK.
 SYSTEM UNIT

WEEK 6

DEFINITION: The system unit also known as a "tower “, is the main part of a desktop
computer. It includes the motherboard, CPU, RAM, and other components. The system
unit also includes the case that houses the internal components of the computer.
What Are the System Unit Components?

 1. Motherboard–a system core. Actually, it is a heart of computer. Other system

elements are connected to motherboard, and the whole system is managed and controlled
by it. Motherboard contains special chips on which some ICs (Integrated circuits) are etched.
 2. Processor–a computer engine, its brain. CPU (central processing unit) manages most
of computer operations. Processors can be with pins or pin-less. It contains a control unit and
a logic unit.
 3. RAM (random access memory) –primarily memory. It storages all data processed by
programs and apps on the computer. There are dynamic and static RAMs.
 4. Hard Drive–a system memory that storages data in a form of archives. Here all our
files, folders, operating system, programs, and applications are saved. Hard driver can be of
two type: PATA (Parallel Attachment Packet Interface) and SATA (Serial Attachment Packet
Interface).
 5. Video Card (graphics adapter) –with its help the outputs from a computer are
displayed on the screen. Modern video cards support HDMI (high-definition multimedia
interface), VGA (video graphics array) and DVI (digital visual interface).
 6. Power Supply–provides every part of PC with electrical power.

Central Processing Unit

Today, all CPU are microprocessors 1.A microprocessor is a complete on a silicon chip 2.A
microprocessor does all of the functions of a computer Store data and instructions waiting be
use Follows changeable instructions Does input, processing. And output CPU's have there
basic parts.

1. The arithmetic logic unit (AUL) Does all of the mathematics in computer. Does all of the
logic compression of values. Some common logic compression symbols. = equal to <less than
>greater than <=less than or equal to >= greater than or equal to <>not equal

Speed of CPU's the sped of CPU's measured in hertz’s. A hertz is on cycle per second. Need to
measure time determine cycles per second. All computers have a clock built into them of
timing the cycles. The clock is usually located in a small metal box on the Motherboard.
Today, many CPU's can complete over six (6) instructions per second. Speed or modern CPU’s
most computers have a CPU than do more than 400 MHZ. MHZ stands for megahertz’s. A
MHZ is 1,000,000 cycles per second. Computer will soon be at speeds over gigahertz
1,0000,000,000 hertz

ROM

Rom:-Store instructions that are used by the CPU. Tells the CPU the kind of computer is it, for
example, if it’s a windows, Macintosh, or play station computer. Tells the CPU how to work
with the different parts of the computer. ROM also holds program that are directly accessed
by the CPU, one of such program in the power on self-test when the computer is first turned
on. The self-test is run to see if all the parts on the main circuit board (motherboard) are
working correctly. The instruction on ROM cannot usually be changed. The instructions are
built into the electronic circuit of the chip. These instructions in ROM are called firmware. To
change the instructions in Rom you need to usually change the chips or do some other
special process that is normally not available to an average user. The instruction in ROM is
non-volatile. They stay in ROM even when the computer is turned off.

RAM

Access to information is random access. Random access means that any piece of information
on the memory location can be accessed directly rather than being accessed in a fixed
sequence. It is like the tracks on music CD. You can access any track any time and in any
order. The other kind of access is sequential access. You must access the information in the

ordered that they are located. RAM

The instruction in RAM is constantly changing, depending on the needs of the CPU. The
instruction in RAM is volatile. When the computer is turned off the information in RAM
disappears. The information in RAM needs to be saved to secondary storage before the
computer is turned off. Access to information is random access.

The functions of the CU or control unit are as follows:

1. This part of the CPU is the one that is in charge of all the operations being carried out.
2. It is responsible to direct the system to execute instructions.
3. It helps in communication between the memory and the arithmetic logical unit.
4. It also aids in the loading of data and instructions residing in the secondary memory to the
main memory as required.
The functions of the ALU are as follows:

1. The ALU is responsible for performing all logical and arithmetic operations.
2. Some of the arithmetic operations are as follows: addition, subtraction, multiplication and
division.
3. Some of the logical operations are as follows: comparison between numbers, letter and or
special characters.
4. The ALU is also responsible for the following conditions: Equal-to conditions, Less-than
condition and greater than condition.
 SPREADSHEET PACKAGES (WEEK 7-9)

INTRODUCTION

The spreadsheet is where all calculations take place. Addition, subtraction,

multiplication and division can be done on the spreadsheet which consists of cells.

• A spreadsheet or worksheet is a file made of rows and columns that help sort data,
arrange data easily, and calculate numerical data.
• What makes a spreadsheet software program unique is its ability to calculate values
using mathematical formulas and the data in cells.
• A good example of how a spreadsheet may be utilized is creating an overview of your
bank's balance.

Uses of spreadsheet packages

Spreadsheet packages can be used in the following areas
• Statistical analysis
• Mathematical purpose
• Budget management and control
• Preparation of daily sales report
• Preparation of examination results
• Accounting purpose
• Financial projection and analysis

Examples of spreadsheet programs

Today, Microsoft Excel is the most popular and widely used spreadsheet program, but
there are also many alternatives. Below is a list of spreadsheet programs used to
create a spreadsheet.
• Google Sheets - (online and free).
• iWork Numbers - Apple Office Suite.
• LibreOffice -> Calc (free).
• Lotus 1-2-3
• Lotus Symphony - Spreadsheets.
• Microsoft Excel.
• Open Office -> Calc
• VisiCalc
 USES OF A SPREADSHEET
Although spreadsheets are most often used with anything containing numbers, the
uses of a spreadsheet are almost endless. Below are some other popular uses of
spreadsheets.
Finance
Spreadsheets are ideal for financial data, such as your checking account information,
budgets, taxes, transactions, billing, invoices, receipts, forecasts, and any payment
system.
Forms
Form templates can be created to handle inventory, evaluations, performance
reviews, quizzes, time sheets, patient information, and surveys.
School and grades
Teachers can use spreadsheets to track students, calculate grades, and identify
relevant data; such as high and low scores, missing tests, and students who are
struggling.
Lists
Managing a list in a spreadsheet is a great example of data that does not contain
numbers, but still can be used in a spreadsheet. Great examples of spreadsheet lists
include telephone, to-do, and grocery lists.
Sports
Spreadsheets can keep track of your favorite player stats or stats on the whole team.
With the collected data, you can also find averages, high scores, and statistical data.
Spreadsheets can even be used to create tournament brackets.
• Workbook — the workbook refers to an Excel spreadsheet file. The workbook houses
all of the data that you have entered and allows you to sort or calculate the results. A
workbook that is available to be viewed and edited by multiple users on a network is
known as a Shared Workbook.
• Worksheet — within the workbook is where you'll find documents called worksheets.
Also known as spreadsheets, you can have multiple worksheets nestled in a workbook.
Tabs at the bottom of the of the screen will indicate which of your worksheets you are
currently working on. This is also known as an active worksheet or active sheet.
• Cell — a cell is a rectangle or block housed in a worksheet. Any data that you want to
enter into your worksheet must be placed in a cell. Cells can be color coded, display
text, numbers and the results of calculations, based on what you want to accomplish.
An Active Cell is one that is currently opened for editing.
• Columns and Rows — Columns and Rows refer to how your cells are aligned. Columns
are aligned vertically while rows are aligned horizontally.
• Column and Row headings — these headings are the lettered and numbered gray
areas found just outside of columns and rows. Clicking on a heading will select the
entire row or column. You can also alter the row height or column width using the
headings.
• Workspace — Much like worksheets in a workbook, a workspace allows you to open
numerous files simultaneously.
• Ribbon — above the workbook is a section of command tabs called the Ribbon. A
multitude of options are found behind each tab of the ribbon
• Cell Reference — A cell reference is a set of coordinates that identifies a specific cell.
It's a combination of letters and numbers. A5, for example, would point to the cell
located where column A and row 5 intersect.
• Cell Range — A Cell range is a collection of cells that have been identified as a group
based on a variety of criteria. By using a colon (:) between cells references, Excel can
determine the range, also known as an array. A range in a row, for example, could look
like A1:C1, telling the formula to look at the cells in a row between A1 and C1, while
B4:D9 would tell the formula to look at all cells in a box bounded by columns B and D
and rows 4 and 9. A 3-D reference refers to a range that encompasses more than one
worksheet in the same workbook.
• Merged Cell — When two or more cells are combined, it's become what is known as a
merged cell.
• Formula — A sequence inside a cell that is used to produce a value. It must begin with
an equal (=) sign. This could be a mathematical equation, cell references, functions or
operator. A formula is also known as an expression.
• Formula Bar — Nestled between the ribbon and workbook, the Formula Bar will
display the contents of an active cell. In the case of formulas, the formula bar will
display all components of the formula
• Function — Functions are formulas that are pre-built into Excel. They are designed to
help simplify potentially complex formulas in a worksheet.
• AutoFill — this enables you to effortless copy data to more than one cell. This is done
using the fill handle.
• AutoSum — this feature will add up the numbers you have entered in your sheet and
display the total in a cell of your choosing.
 SIMPLE FORMULA FOR ADDITION, SUBTRACTION, MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION
1. To add data in the cells A1, B2 and C3 and display the result in cell D4, you would
enter the formula(=A1 + B2 + C3) in cell D4 or (=Sum A1 : C3)
2. To multiply data in the cells A1, B2 and C3 and display the result in cell D4, you
would enter the formula (=Product A1:C3) or (=A1 * B2*C3)
3. To subtract data in B2 from A1 and display result in D2 we use (=A1-B2)
4. To divide data in cell c3 by data in cell A1 we use (=C3/A1) or (=Quotient 5,2)
AUTOSUM
If you need to sum a column or row of numbers, let Excel do the math for you. Select a cell
next to the numbers you want to sum. Click auto sum on the home tab, press enter, and you
are done. When you click auto sum, excel automatically enters a formula (that uses the sum
function) to sum the numbers.
AVERAGE
1. Click a cell below, or to the right of the numbers for which you want to find the
average.
2. On the home tab, in the editing group, click on the arrow next to autosum, click
average, and the press enter.

FORMATTING THE WORKSHEET

ALIGN CELLS, SELECTING COLUMNS, ROWS AND ENTIRE WORKSHEET

HOW TO SELECT CELL CONTENTS/ENTIRE WORKSHEETS

1. Click on a cell to select it or use the keyboard to navigate to it and select it.
2. To select a range, select a cell, then hold the right bottom edge and drag over the cell
range or use the shift + arrow keys to select the range.
3. To select non-adjacent cells and cell ranges, hold ctrl and select the cells.

TO ALIGN CELL

1. Select a cell or range of cells

 2. Choose format cells from the menu bar
3. The format cells dialog box opens
4. Click the alignment tab
5. Click the wrapped text, shrink-to-fit, or merge cells check boxes or any combination of
them as needed.
6. Click ok

INSERTING AND DELETING ROWS AND COLUMNS

To insert a row or column

1. Select the row or the column to the right of where the insertion should occur
2. Choose home tab. Click the insert command
3. The new row/column will appear above the selected row/column

ADJUST COLUMN WIDTH AND ROW HEIGHT

1. Select a column or row if you want to change a specific column or row height/width. If
you simply place the cursor inside a table, the default column and row is 1.
2. Click table from the menu bar and select cell height and width
3. To adjust the row height, click the row tab
4. To adjust the column width
5. CLICK OK

CHANGING VERTICAL ALIGNMENT AND ROTATIONAL CELL CONTENT

1. Select the cell(s) that you wish to rotate the text

2. Right-click and then select “Format cells” from the popup menu
3. Select the alignment tab. Then set the number of degrees that you wish to rotate the
text.
TRANSFERRING DATA

From the source worksheet, select the cell that contains data or that you want to link to
another worksheet, and copy it by pressing the copy button.

From the home tab or press (CTRL + C). Go to the destination worksheet and click the cell
where you want to link the cell from the source worksheet.

MERGING CELL

1. Highlight or select a range of cells

2. Right-click on the highlighted cells and select format cells
3. Click the alignment tab and place a check mark in the checkbox labeled merge cells.

INSERTING AND REMOVING BORDERS

1. Select the cell or range of cells

2. On the home tab, click the dropdown menu, choose the border option that you want
to apply.

INSERTING AND REMOVING GRIDELINES

1. Select the range of cells that you want to remove the gridelines from
2. On the format menu, click cells
3. In the format cells dialog box, click the patterns tab
4. Click the border tab
5. Click ok

CREATING REFERENCES

1. Click the cell in which you want to enter the formula

2. In the formula bar, type = (equal sign) and the formula you want to use
3. Click the tab for the worksheet to be referenced
4. Select the cell or range of cells to be referenced
 SORT DATA IN ASCENDING ORDER

1. Select the cell range you want to sort.

2. Select the data tab on the ribbon, then click the sort command.
3. The sort dialog box will appear.
4. Decide the sorting order (ascending order).
5. Once you’re satisfied with your selection, click “OK”
6. The cell range will be sorted by the selected column.

SORT DATA IN ASCENDING ORDER

1. Select the cell range you want to sort.

2. Select the data tab on the ribbon, and then click the sort command.
3. The sort dialog box will appear.
4. Decide the sorting order (descending order).
5. Once you’re satisfied with your selection, click “OK”.
6. The cell range will be sorted by the selected column.

CREATE DIFFERENT TYPES OF CHART (PIE, LINE, BAR)

1. Enter your data in excel.

2. Choose one of the 3 graphs (pie, line, and bar) and chart options to make. The charts
can be found after clicking insert.
3. Highlight your data and “insert” your desired graph (pie, line, and bar).
4. Switch the data on each axis, if necessary.
5. Adjust your data’s layout and columns.
6. Change the size of your data’s legend and axis labels.
 COMPUTER GENERATIONS (WEEK 10)

Generation of computers explains the different stages or periods different category of

computers were invented and the technologies and features these computers exhibited.
Initially, the generation term was used to distinguish between varying hardware technologies.
But nowadays, generation includes both hardware and software, which together make up an
entire computer system.

Following are the main five generations of computers:

S/NO GENERATION PERIOD TECHNOLOGY

1 First generation 1945-1955 Vacuum tube

2 Second Generation 1956-1963 Transistor based.

3 Third Generation 1964-1971 Integrated Circuit

4 Fourth Generation 1971-1980 VLSI microprocessor

5 Fifth Generation 1980- ULSI microprocessor based ( Artificial

present/beyond intelligence)

FIRST GENERATION

First generation of computers started with using vacuum tubes as the basic
components for memory and circuitry for CPU (Central Processing Unit).

In this generation, mainly batch processing operating systems were used. Also,
Punched cards, Paper tape, Magnetic tape Input & Output devices were used.

This generation of computers were coded in machine language.

FEATURES OF THE 1st GENERATION OF COMPUTER

The main features of First Generation computers are:

1. They used Vacuum tube technology,

2. They were very costly and unreliable
3. Generate lots of heat
4. Huge in size
5. Non-portable
6. Consumed lot of electricity
 7. Slow input and output devices
8. Used machine language (binary codes)
Examples of computers in this generation were:

1. ENIAC - Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer

2. EDVAC - Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
3. UNIVAC - UNIVersal Automatic Computer
4. IBM-701
5. IBM-650

Vacuum tubes

SECOND GENERATION

The invention of transistors marked the beginning of this second generation. The
transistors were cheaper, and took the place of vacuum tubes of the first generation of
computers. In this generation, the memory of the computer became larger as magnetic tape
and magnetic disks as storage devices.

In this generation, assembly language and high-level programming language like

FORTRAN, COBOL were used.
 They used Batch processing and Multiprogramming
Operating system

Tr a

FEATURES OF THE 2nd GENERATION OF COMPUTER

The main features of Second Generation are:

1. Use of transistors
2. Reliable as compared to First generation computers
3. Smaller size as compared to First generation computers
4. Generate less heat as compared to First generation computers
5. Consumed less electricity as compared to First generation computers
6. Faster than first generation computers
7. Still very costly
 8. Support assembly and high level languages
Examples of computers in this generation were:

1. IBM 1620
2. IBM 7094
3. CDC 1604
4. CDC 3600
5. UNIVAC 1108
THIRD GENERATION

The period of third generation was 1965-1971.

The third generation of computer is marked by the use of Integrated Circuits (IC's) in
place of transistors. The IC was invented by Jack Kilby in 1958. This development made
computers smaller in size, reliable and affordable by individuals.

This generation of computers used High-level language (FORTRAN-II TO IV, COBOL,

PASCAL PL/1, BASIC, ALGOL-68, etc.)

FEATURES OF THE 3rd GENERATION OF COMPUTER

The main features of Third Generation are:

1. IC used
2. More reliable
3. Smaller size
4. Generate less heat
5. Faster
6. Lesser maintenance
7. Consumed lesser electricity
8. Support high-level language
Examples of computers in this generation were:

1. IBM-360 series
2. Honeywell-200 series
3. PDP(Personal Data Processor)
 4. IBM-370
5. UNIVAC 1100

FOURTH GENERATION

The fourth generation of computers is marked by the use of Very Large Scale
Integrated (VLSI) circuits. VLSI circuits is a microprocessor technology consisting of about
5000 transistors and other circuit elements on a single chip which made it possible to have
microcomputers in the fourth generation.

This generation of computers were also equipped with ROM (READ ONLY MEMORY),
which stores programs that cannot be changed.

Fourth Generation computers became more powerful, compact, reliable, and

affordable. As a result, it gave rise to personal computer (PC) revolution.

The main features of Fourth Generation are:

1. VLSI microprocessor technology used

2. Very cheap
3. Portable and reliable
 4. Introduction of Personal Computers
5. They generate less amount of heat
6. Very small size
7. The internet was introduced
8. Development of computer networks
9. Computers became easily available
10.They used high level languages.
Examples of computers in this generation were:

1. IBM 5100PC
2. INTEL 8080, 80286,80386, 80486
3. Pentium I, II, III, IV.

FIFTH GENERATION

In the fifth generation, the VLSI technology became ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integrated)
microprocessors technology.
 This generation is based on multi-processing hardware and AI (Artificial Intelligence)
software.

Artificial Intelligence is an emerging branch in computer science whereby computers

think like human beings. This method is referred to as KNOWLEDGE INFORMATION
PROCESSING SYSTEM.

All the higher level languages like C and C++, Java, .Net, etc., are used in this
generation

The main features of Fifth Generation are:

1. ULSI microprocessors technology

2. Development of artificial intelligence
3. Advancement in information Processing
4. Advancement in computer technology
5. More user friendly interfaces with multimedia features
6. Availability of very powerful and compact computers at cheaper rates
Examples of computers in this generation are:

1. Desktop
2. Laptop
3. NoteBook
4. UltraBook
5. ChromeBook