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CHAPTER - 1
INTRODUCTION TO WINE

Fig. 1.1 Red Wines​

Source: Internet

Wine is a alcoholic fermented grape juice that is used or consumed as a beverage. Wine is an
alcoholic beverage made from fermented grapes. Yeast consumes the sugar in the grapes and
converts it to ethanol, carbon dioxide, and heat. Different varieties of grapes and strains of yeasts
produce different styles of wine.
The modern wine market in India is small; annual per capita consumption of wine in the country
is a mere 9 milliliters, approximately 1/8000th that of France. Viticulture in India has a long
history dating back to the time of the Indus Valley civilization when grapevines were believed to
have been introduced from Persia. Winemaking has existed throughout most of India's history but
was particularly encouraged during the time of the Portuguese and British colonization of the
subcontinent. The end of the 19th century saw the phylloxera louse take its toll on the Indian wine
industry followed by religious and public opinion moving towards the prohibition of alcohol.
Following the country's independence from the British Empire, the Constitution of India declared
that one of the government's aims was the total prohibition of alcohol.[citation needed] Several
states went dry[citation needed] and the government encouraged vineyards to convert to table
grape and raisin production. In the 1980s and 1990s, a revival in the Indian wine industry took
place as international influences and the growing middle class started increasing demand for the
beverage. By the turn of the 21st century, demand was increasing at a rate of 20-30% a year. The
city of Nashik in the state of Maharashtra is called the "Wine Capital of India.
Viticulture was believed to have been introduced to India by Persian traders sometime in the 4th
millennium BC. Historians believe that these early plantings were used mostly for table grapes or
grape juice rather than the production of an alcoholic beverage. During the Vedic period of the

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2nd and 1st millennia, the Aryan tribes of the region were known for their indulgence in
intoxicating drink and it seems probable that wine was a current beverage. The religious text of
the Vedas mentions at least one alcoholic drink that may have been wine related -sura which
seems to have been a type of rice wine that was fermented with honey. The first known mention
of grape-based wines was in the late 4th century BC writings of Chanakya who was the chief
minister of Emperor Chandragupta Maurya. In his writings, Chanakya condemns the use of
alcohol while chronicling the emperor and his court's frequent indulgence of a style of grape wine
known as Madhu.
In the centuries that would follow, wine became the privileged drink of the Kshatriya or noble
class while the lower caste typically drank alcohol made from wheat, barley and millet. Under the
rule of the Muslim Mughal Empire, alcohol was prohibited in accordance to Islamic dietary laws.
However, there are written reports about at least one Mughal ruler, Jahangir, who was fond of
brandy wine. In the 16th century, Portuguese colonists at Goa introduced port-style wine and the
production of fortified wines soon spread to other regions. Under British rule during the Victorian
era, viticulture and winemaking was strongly encouraged as a domestic source for the British
colonists. Vineyards were planted extensively through the Baramati, Kashmir and Surat regions.
In 1883 at the Calcutta International Exhibition, Indian wines were showcased to a favorable
reception. The Indian wine industry was reaching a peak by the time the phylloxera epidemic
made its way to country and devastated its vineyards.
It was a long road for the Indian wine industry to recover from the devastation at the end of the
19th century. Unfavorable religious and public opinion on alcohol developed and culminated in
the 1950s when many of India's states prohibited alcohol. Vineyards were either uprooted or
encouraged to convert to table grape and raisin production. Some areas, like Goa, continued to
produce wine but the product was normally very sweet and highly alcoholic. The turning point of
the modern Indian wine industry occurred in early 1980s with the founding of The Tonia Group
in the state of Goa. With the assistance of French winemakers, The Tonia Group began to import
Vitisvinifera grape varieties like Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Pinot blanc, Pinot noir and
Ugni blanc and started making still and sparkling wines. Other wineries soon followed as the
emergence of India's growing middle class fueled the growth and development of the Indian wine
industry.

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CLASSIFICATION OF WINE:

Fig. 1.2 Wine Classification​

Source: Internet

The classification of wine can be done according to various methods including place of
origin or appellation, vinification methods and style, sweetness and vintage, or variety
used. Practices vary in different countries and regions of origin, and many practices have
varied over time. Some classifications enjoy official protection by being part of the wine
law in their country of origin, while others have been created by, for example, grower’s
organizations without such protection.

Wines may be classified by vinification methods. These include classifications such as

red or white wine, sparkling, semi-sparkling or still, fortified and dessert wines. The color
of wine is not determined by the juice of the grape, which is almost always clear, but
rather by the presence or absence of the grape skin during fermentation. Grapes with
colored juice, for example licantebouschet, are known as teinturier. Red wine is made
from red (or black) grapes, but its red color is bestowed by a process called maceration,
whereby the skin is left in contact with the juice during fermentation. White wine can be
made from any colour of grape as the skin is separated from the juice during
fermentation. A white wine made from a very dark grape may appear pink or ‘blush’. A
form of Rosé is called Blanc de Noirs where the juice of red grapes are allowed contact
with the skins for a very short time (usually only a couple of hours).

Based on content of wine can be classified as _

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Sparkling wines :

Sparkling wines such as champagne, contain carbon dioxide which is produced naturally
from fermentation or force-injected later. To have this effect, the wine is fermented twice,
once in an open container to allow the carbon dioxide to escape into the air, and a second
time in a sealed container, where the gas is caught and remains in the wine.Sparkling
wines that gain their carbonation from the traditional method of bottle fermentation are
labelled "Bottle Fermented", "MéthodeTraditionelle", or "MéthodeChampenoise". The
latter designation was outlawed for all wines other than Champagne (which for obvious
reasons does not bother to utilize it) in Europe in 1994.

Other international denominations of sparkling wine include Sekt or Schaumwein

(Germany), Cava (Spain), Spumante (Italy) and Espumante (Portugal). Semi-sparkling
wines are sparkling wines that contain less than 2.5 atmospheres of carbon dioxide at sea
level and 20 °C. Some countries such as the UK impose a higher tax on fully sparkling
wines. Examples of semi-sparkling synonym terms are Frizzante in Italy, Vino de Aguja
in Spain and Petillant in France. In most countries except the United States,
champagne is legally defined as sparkling wine originating from a region (Champagne,
Towns "Reims, Épernay") in France. Still wines are wines that have not gone through the
sparkling wine methods and have no effervescence.

Dessert and Fortified wines :

Dessert wines range from slightly sweet (with less than 50 g/L of sugar) to incredibly
sweet wines (with over 400 g/L of sugar). Late harvest wines such as Spätlese are made
from grapes harvested well after they have reached maximum ripeness. Dried grape
wines, such as Recioto and Vin Santo from Italy, are made from grapes that have been
partially raisined after harvesting. These include Sauternes from Bordeaux, numerous
wines from Loire such as Bonnezeaux and Quarts de Chaume, TokajiAszú from Hungary,
and Beerenauslese. Ice Wine is made from grapes that are harvested while they are
frozen. Fortified wines are often sweeter, and generally more alcoholic wines that have
had their fermentation process stopped by the addition of a spirit, such as brandy, or have

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had additional spirit added after fermentation. Examples include Port, Madeira and
Sherry.

Other style wines :

Table wines: are inexpensive wines that often do not specify the grape variety used or the
region of origin. They are alternatively called "vins de table" (in French), "vino da
tavola" (in Italian), "Tafelwein" (in German) or "vino de mesa" (in Spanish), which
translate to "table wine" in English

Cooking Wines or cooking sherry usually refers to inexpensive grape wine (or rice wine
in Chinese and other East Asian cuisine) which is intended for use as an ingredient in
food rather than as a beverage. Cooking wine typically available in North America is
treated with salt to allow its sale in non-licensed grocery stores. This also acts as a
preservative, as the salt in cooking wine inhibits the growth of the microorganisms that
produce acetic acid. This will preserve a bottle of cooking wine, which may be opened
and used occasionally over a long period of time.
In other countries sherry wine is used for cooking. Fortified wines resist spoilage, as their
alcohol content is too high to permit bacterial growth.

Red wines:
Red wines are color wines. Red wines are made from the red grape varieties. These wines
get their color by allowing the skin of the grapes to get contact with the grape juice
During the wine making process. Red wines are available in different varieties and taste.
The most popular red wines are:
●​ Cabernet Sauvignon
●​ Merlot
●​ Pinot Noir
●​ Zinfandel

White Wines:

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White wines are generally colorless and they are made from the white grape varieties.
Some of the white wines can be made from the red grapes. In such a case the skin of the
grapes is not allowed to have any contact with the grape juice. The white wines generally
range from dry to sweet wines. The most popular white wines are:
●​ Chardonnay
●​ Riesling
●​ Sauvignon Blanc
●​ Gewurztraminer

Rose Wines :
Rose wines are also called as Blush wines. Rose wines are not true not truly red, instead
they have enough if reddish tinge to make them differentiate from the white wines. Rose
wines are prepared from the red grape varieties. The most popular rose wine variety is:
●​ Gassier rose
●​ Zoe rose
●​ Winters hills
●​ Lachapellegordonn

ACCORDING TO TASYE
According to taste wine classified into
- Dry
- Semi sweet
-Sweet
Dry :-A dry wine is produced when all of the grape sugars are fermented into alcohol.
Some dry wines may have a touch of RS to add body but not sweetness.
Semi-Sweet :-A semi-sweet wine leaves a touch of the sugars in a wine usually to
complement acidity and/or aromatics in wine. Riesling is typically Off-Dry.
Sweet :- A sweet wine leaves a lot of the sugars in a wine unfermented. Sweet wines are
typically lower alcohol if they are not fortified. (ex: Moscatod’Asti 5.5% ABV)

ACCORDING TO GRAPE VARIETY

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. Each grape variety has a district aroma and other feature which playa nimportantrolei n
determining the kind of wine to be produced
•Stalk-stalk hold grape in bunch. They weigh around 3 7% of the total weight of the
harvest depennding on the type of Vin lcontaintannins, which are soluble in alcohol.
Tannin contributes the following qualities to other wine.
— Astringency
— Maintains quality
— Helpin coagulation with finger agent containing protein that isused during the
clarification process.
•Skin – the skin gives colour to the wine also it contains natural color and also contain
natural yeast saccaromysis cerevasiac which helps in fermentation.
•Pulp _ it i9s a soft substance behind the skin which gives body to wine .It amounts to
80-85% of the weigh tof the bunch.
• Pips–These arethe small seeds of grapes .These contain both tannis and oils. They
Give a nu pleasantly bitter flavour to the wine and are discarded during winemaking.

Fig 1.3 Grapes Variety​

Source: Internet

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1.2 HEALTH BENEFITS OF WINE

1) Promotes longevity
2) Reduces heart attack risk
3) Lowers risk of heart problems
4) Reduces risk of type 2 diabetes
5) Lowers risk of stroke
6) Cuts risk of cataracts
7) Cuts risk of colon cancer
8) Slows brain decline Fig 1.04
9) Booststhe immune system
10) Increases bone density

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1.3 ​ FACTORS AFFECTING QUALITY OF WINE AND WINE

FAULTS
1. Ripeness Level of Grapes

How ripe the grapes are will affect their sweetness and acidity level. The further
in the growing process that the grapes are harvested the higher the sweetness,
but the lower the acidity level. In some cases, you will need to artificially acidify
your wine when you use these grapes to ensure the right flavour.

2. Cold Soaking

Cold soaking allows the grape skins to stay in contact with the must without
encouraging fermentation and happens prior to alcohol developing in the wine.
Also, cold soaking encourages rich colour development as well as the ideal
fruitiness for the intended wine without any bitter tannins. Maceration time is the
length of time that the grape skins stay with the must.

3. Fermentation Temperatures

Another thing that influences the colour and flavour of wine is the fermentation
temperature. Colder fermentation temperatures of no higher than 50-degrees C
are ideal for rosé and white wines while hotter fermentation temperatures of
between 80-degrees to 100-degrees C are suitable for red wines. Since each
type of wine needs a different rate of yeast metabolisation and alcohol
production, it is important to use the right fermentation temperature for your
intended wine batch for favourable results.

4. Type of Aging Containers

Today, there are different types of containers available for aging your wine in than
just the traditional oak barrels. Of course, you can still choose to use these or
you can select acacia ones or even steel tanks. While the oak and acacia impart
their own unique characteristics to the wine by allowing a certain amount of
oxygen into it, the steel tanks severely limit the wine’s exposure to oxygen and
are ideal for zesty white wines for this reason. You also can add oak alternatives
to steel tanks to reap the best of both methods.

5. Capping Method

Which type of cap that you seal the wine bottle with also has affects wine quality.
Examples of this include natural corks that compress into the wine bottle with
ease to form a tight seal but allow air to interact with the wine during the aging
process or screw caps that prevent air from entering into the wine. The drawback
to natural corks is the fact that you can get a bad batch that can cause cork taint.

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This imparts a mouldy aroma to your wine. With the screw caps, you havean
increased risk of sulfides creating unpleasant aromas since they due limit the
oxygen interaction with the wine.

WINE FAULTS:-
Wines acquire faulty characterteristics due to many reasons. A good wine maker will
identify the min winery itself and corrective measures. Some of the common faults and
there as ons forth emare described in this section.

- Excess Sulphur–During the fermentation process, sulphur dioxide (SO2) is added to

check the action of wild yeast. It also acts as preservative. Addition of to much of SO2
leave sanun pleasant smell which resembles the smell of a burnt matchsticks on th e wine.
However it normally disappears when exposed to air either by decanting the wine
orswirling in the glass.

-Oxidation- During the ageing process, air in vades the wine through very fine
poresofthe woodandthe alcohol interactswiththeoxygen.When exposed to oxygen or
along period of time,white wine especialy, assume brownish colour.Wines,borth white
and Red, acquire the aroma of‘Sherry’.They may also go lifeless with dull and flat smell.

-Corked or Cork-Wine bottles are closed with to retain the characteristics and to
preserve the quality and quantity of the content. While storing, winebottles are stored
horizontally to prevent the cork from drying out. When stored horizontally, the cork
comes incorrect whith the wine, swells ,and does not allow the air to go in. The cork tha
tis contaminated with the strong mouldy smell by a substance called trichloranisole.

-Vinegar– wine turns vinegar when it posed to oxygen for long duration and also by
activities of aceto bacterbacteriai funchecked,which acts on alcohol and converts wine in
vinegar.

-Hydrogen Sulphide- this has the smell similar to a rotten egg. The wine takes on the
smell of rotten egg when the yeas tract with SO2 during fermentation. However, this
fades away when the wine is decanted.

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-Formation of crystal-sometimes ,there may be the formation of foreign materials, such

as plinteredgalss due to faulty bottle king equipment. Wines throw up sediments during
ageing which can be removed by racking or decanting.

INDIAN WINES:-

Wine has been known and made in India forover 2,000 yr. Vine cultivation and
Winemakingh as existed throughout the India’shistory, but it took a commercial shape
during the time of British and Portuguese cultivation and wine makngh as existed
throughout the India’shistory,but it took a commercial shape during the time of Brtish
and Portuguese colonization of the subcontinent. India smost promising vineyard in the
provinces of Maharastra ,Karantaka near Banglore and Andhra Pradesh near
Hayderabad.
India produce all kinds of tablewines such whitewine, Red and Rosealongwitha few
sparkling wines.Traditionally .Indian wines aret hick ,sweet, ands old in screw cap
bottles.The principles grape varieties are UgniBlanc, PinotBlanc ,Chardonney,
Muscat,Merlot, Cabrnet Sauvignon, Thomps on seedless, Banlore Blue, Karachi Guabi,
Arkashyam ,and ArkaKanchan.
Today many winemaking companies are established in and around Nasik and Bangalore.
These companies are producing allkind of wine in varied styles. Few of popular
manufactures are Sula, Grove, Riviera, Chanttilly,Bosca,Indus, Vineyards, and York
Vineyards.
And in India there are also manufacturing of IMFL (Indian made foreign liquers ) and
they do well in this process so that the taste of others country wines and liqueors can be
enjoyed in india as well.

BRAND NAMES OF SOME INDIAN WINES ARE:-

White wines Red wines Rose wines Sparkling wines
.Sularisling .Sula Rasa Shiraz .Sula Mosaic Rose .Sula Brut
.Zini white .SulaSamara Red .Sula Madera Rose .SulaSeco
.Yorkchenin Blanc .Zini Red .Big Banyan Rose .Four Seasons

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.YorkManthanwhite .Bigbanyan .York Zinfandel Bouvet brut.

zinfandel Rose
.Big Banyan Shiraz

BASIC WINE CHARACTERISTICS :-

1) Sweetness
2) Acidity
3) Tannin
4) Alcohol
5) Body
To understand the basic characteristics of wine it’s important to learn how to taste wine.
Learning to identify wine characteristics helps to identify what you like about a wine.
* Sweetness
How sweet or dry (not sweet) is the wine?
Our human perception of sweet starts at the tip of our tongue. Often, the very first
impression of a wine is its level of sweetness.
To taste sweetness, focus your attention on the taste buds on the tip of your tongue. Are
your taste buds tingling?–an indicator of sweetness. Believe it or not, many dry wines can
have a hint of sweetness to make them more full-bodied.
If you find a wine you like has residual sugar, you may enjoy a hint (or a lot!) of
sweetness in your wine.

How to Taste Sweetness in Wine

Tingling sensation on the tip of your tongue.
Slight oily sensation in the middle of your tongue that lingers.
Wine has a higher viscosity; wine tears on side of glass slowly. (also an indicator of high
ABV)
Dry red wines such as cabernet sauvignon often have up to 0.9 g/L of residual sugar
(common with cheap wines).
A bone-dry wine can often be confused with a wine with high tannin.
Sugar in Wine Chart

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* Acidity
How tart is the wine?
Acidity in food and drink tastes tart and zesty. Tasting acidity is also sometimes confused
with alcohol.
Wines with higher acidity feel lighter-bodied because they come across as “spritzy.” If
you prefer a wine that is more rich and round, you enjoy slightly less acidity.

Acidity Characteristics
Tingling sensation that focuses on the front and sides of your tongue. Feels like pop
rocks.
If you rub your tongue to the roof of your mouth it feels gravelly.
Your mouth feels wet, like you bit into an apple.
You feel like you can gleek.
Acidity in Wine

* Tannin
How astringent or bitter is the wine?
Tannin is often confused with Level of Dryness because tannin dries out your mouth!
What exactly are wine tannins? Tannin in wine is the presence of phenolic compounds
that add bitterness to a wine.
Phenolics are found in the skins and seeds of wine grapes and can also be added to a wine
with the use of aging in wood (oak). So how does tannin taste? Imagine putting a used
black tea bag on your tongue. A wet tea bag is practically pure tannin that is bitter and
has a drying sensation.
Tannin tastes herbaceous and is often described as astringent. While all of these
descriptors sound very negative, tannin adds balance, complexity, structure and makes a
wine last longer. It’s also one most important “good for you” traits in red wines.

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How Does a High Tannin Wine Taste?

●​ Tastes bitter on the front inside of your mouth and along the side of your tongue.
●​ Tannin makes your tongue dry out.
●​ After you swallow you feel a lingering bitter/dry feeling in your mouth.
●​ Tannin can often be confused with the term “dry” because it dries your mouth out.
●​ More About Wine Tannins

* Alcohol
How much does the wine warm your throat?
The average glass of wine contains around 11–13% alcohol. That said, wine ranges from
as little as 5.5% alcohol by volume (ABV) to as much as around 20% ABV.
We interpret alcohol using many different taste receptors which is why it can taste bitter,
sweet, spicy, and oily all at once. Your genetics actually plays a role in how bitter or
sweet alcohol tastes.
Regardless, we can all sense alcohol towards the backs of our mouths in our throats as a
warming sensation. Experts at tasting wine can guesstimate the level within 0.2%!\

Alcohol Characteristics:
1.​ Wines with higher alcohol tend to taste bolder and more oily
2.​ Wines with lower alcohol tend to taste lighter-bodied
3.​ Most wines range between 11–13% ABV
4.​ white wine and dark brown wine in a glass to show light and full bodied wines
5.​ Body: Light to Full-Bodied.
6.​ Are you in the mood for a light, medium or full-bodied wine? Body is the result
of many factors – from wine variety, where it’s from, vintage, alcohol level and
how it’s made. Body is a snapshot of the overall impression of a wine. You can
improve your skill by paying attention to where and when it’s present.
7.​ Boldness in Red Wines

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Best Indian Red Wines

●​ Grover-Zampa Chêne. A big brooding boisterous red, the kind that makes steaks melt.
●​ FratelliSette. A very complex reserved wine, layered and structured.
●​ KRSMA Sangiovese.
●​ CharosaTempranillo Reserve.
●​ Grover-Zampa La Reserve.
●​ KRSMA Cabernet Sauvignon.
●​ VallonneMalbec Reserve.
●​ York Arros

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1.4 GRAPES VARIETY

There are generally two types of grapes used in wine making are_
1) white grapes
2) Red grapes

White grape :
White" grapes are actually green in color, and are evolutionarily derived from the purple
grape. Mutations in two regulatory genes of white grapes turn off production of
anthocyanins, which are responsible for the color of purple grapes. ... Grapes are typically
an ellipsoid shape resembling a prolate spheroid.

Red Grapes:
Red grape :Asmooth skinned juicy lightgreen or deepred to purplish blackberry eaten
dried or fresh as a fruit to fermented to produce wine. Any of numerous woody vines
(genusVitis of the family Vitaceae ,the grape family) that usually climbby tendrils
,produce grapes, and are nearly cosmopolitanin cultivation.

Threesome names of white grapes and its characteristics are_

White grapes and there characteristics

Characteristics
S. No Grape names

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1. Chardonannay​ This is a C lassic g rape variety which comes originity from

​ Burgandy, France.

2. Riesling This is from germany.Mosel and Rhine wines of Germany are

produced from this grape.

3. Sauvignon Blace The wine is grassy flavour and the character of acidic fruits,
gooseberry.

4. Chenin Blanc It comes from U.S.A, and chile or Australia etc.

5 Gewurztraminer It comes fromAnjou,Saumur,andTourain districts of Loire,France.

6. Pinot Blanc It produced crisp grapefruit white wine.

7. Viognier Similiar to chardonnay, but lighterand more elegant.

8. Muscat Aromatic and smells of peaches, apricot and citrus rind.

9. Roussanne There are many varieties of it but all are marked by penetrating
aroma of oranges.
Widely planted throughout southern franceits nervy acid make it a
fine blending partner for marsanne.
10. Semillion Like sauvignon blanc, its frequent blending mate make a fine
bone-dry white wine.

Red grapes and there characteristics

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CHAPTER 02
Characteristics
S.No Grape names
1. Pinot noir ​ It is finicky, enegmatic and troublesome and challe
​ prototype for red wine of burgundy.
2. Cabernetsauvig It is a noble grape variety and grows well in climate tha
n-on cool.
3. ​ Deep colour, full body, high alcohol, low tannin and arom
Merlot plummy.

4. Syrah produces deeply colored wines with full body, fi

Syrah/Shiraz and aromas/flavors that can suggest berries, smoked m
pepper, tar, or even burnt rubber.

5. Zinfandel is one of the oldest grapes in California, and

enjoys a certain stature there.
Zinfadel

6.
Tempranillo often referred to as “Spain’s noble grape,” i
Tempranillo grown on the Iberian Peninsula, especially within the
Duero and Rioja wine regions.
7. Barbera is one of the most popular Italian red grape
ranking right behind Sangiovese and Montepulciano
Barbera
Gamay is best known for the light, fruit-driven red
8.
Beaujolais.
Gamay
Cinsault is a dark-skinned grape variety that is traditiona
part of red wine blends rather than as a single varietal win
9. Cinsault
known as “Garnacha” in Spain is one of the most popula
varieties in the world.
10.
Grenache

OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

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To analyze the demography of the wine consumers

The first objective is to analyze the demography of the wine consumers i.e to find out the
interest of population towards indian wines. What is the ratio of popularity among male
and female guests/ what people prefers while buying wine such as quality, taste, brand,
value for money etc.

To analyze the level of acceptance of wine in a family environment

The second objective is to analyse the level of acceptance of wine in family environment
i.e how many of population have acceptance of drinking wine in their family environment
or home ?

To evaluate the wine consumers’ perception towards wine

The third objective is to evaluate the wine consumer’s perception towards wine i.e
person’s awareness & knowledge towards wines.

To determine the impact of knowledge of wine on the consumption

pattern

The final objective of the project was to determine the impact of knowledge of wine on
consumption i.e to find out how a person’s knowledge of wine affects his consumption
pattern on the wine.

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CHAPTER - 3
SCOPE OF STUDY AND LIMITATIONS

The objective of this project is to find out the availability of wines which are serving in
the Haldwani city and what are the qualities of wines are served in the bars and restaurant
for consumption.

Haldwani is a city which comes under Uttarakhand state of INDIA Haldwani is known as
the Gateway of Kumaon region and there is a very big market from where most of the
things are transported to other cities nearby to Haldwani and also Haldwani is emerging
growth in everything generally and wine is also consumed there in and one of the largest
consumer of wine due to rapid growth or population and Globalization.
And there is a trend to consume wine during celebration. It is essential for a festive or a
weekend for one wine bottle. Especially in small cities with less tradition for wine
drinking and generally there is consumption of local wines from India like Sula, Dindori,
Rasa shiraz and four seasons of India which are made in our country.
There is consumption of local wines because the people which live here so mostly are
medium class families so they prefer the wine according to their budget but the market of
wine is going good there and has good potential for newer brands but can be major factor.

To find out emerging trends in restaurant and bars in terms of popular wines in small
cities.
And the general objective or aim of this project is to know how small cities and
consumers aware about the consequences of drinking or consuming wine at the same
time and to know about the wine benefits and about it.

Objectives can be used in project planning for business, government, nonprofit

organizations, and even for personal use .A project may have one objective, many
parallel objectives, orseveral objectives that must be achieved sequentially. To produce
the most benefit, objectives must be defined early in the project life cycle, in phase two,
the planning phase.

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2.2) CATERGORIZED OF CITIES:

A city is a large human settlement. Cities generally have extensive system for housing,
transportation, sanitation, land use and communication. Their density facilitates
interaction between people, government, Organizations and business. Sometimes
benefiting different parties in the process. And the cities generally categorized or
classified in three types are as follows:-

1) BIG CITIES
2) MID SIZED CITIES
3) SMALL CITIES

2.2.1- BIG CITIES:-

A big city is is used to refer to a large city and having a population Between or more than
3,000,0000 which seems attractive to Someone because they think there are exciting
things to do there, and many opportunities to earn a lot of money and in these cities the
population is large than comparing to town because in big cities there is lots of
companies and factories so it is difficult to find land there for living so people
generally lives in apartments and buildings or multi- family home, housing.
The example of big cities in India are :
●​ Delhi
●​ Mumbai
●​ Bangalore
●​ Kolkata
●​ Chennai etc.

2.2.2- MID SIZED CITIES: -

Accordingto US sources "any city with a population of between 100,000 and 300,000
persons, located within a Metropolitan Statistical Area of 1 million persons or more,
could qualify as a mid-sized city". There are sources that put the range roughly from

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50,000 to 500,000 persons in size.Mid-sized cities have populations in a band from just
over 500,000 Just below 250,000 (using the Primary Urban Area for each city; the
localauthorities covering their built-up area). These are the largest places in England
after London and the Core Cities. And in India there are also mid-sized cities takes place
and comes
For example:-
●​ Moradabad
●​ Bareily
●​ Jaipur
●​ Kanpur
●​ Lucknow
●​ Agra
●​ pune
●​ Aligarh etc.

2.2.3- SMALL CITIES:-

Small cities are those cities in which there is not very much population Like between
100000 or 300000 or less than this and in India there are Lots of small cities which
are having some specialties of them . For example Haldwani which comes under
small cities in Uttarakhand but famous for its market and also known as Gateway
of kumaon region . Nainital is also a small city which is nearby to Haldwani and
famous for its natural beauty and Nainital lake and there are many pointsfor tourists
for visit and Almora is also a small city nearby to Haldwani which is famous for its
sweet known as BalMithai and there are some temples also where the Hindus visits
and Like Ramnagar is famous for
it’s Corbett national park and there nearby to it the famous Girjiyamandir and there are
some name of small cities in India like:-
●​ Nainital
●​ Bhimtal
●​ Dehradun
●​ Almora
●​ Ramnagar
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●​ Rudrapur
●​ Haldwani
●​ Kashipur etc.

LIMITATIONS

●​ It is tough to do survey on the premises due to COVID.

●​ Results may be effected due to slow service.
●​ Time bound

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CHAPTER 04
LITERATURE REVIEW

The market of alcoholic beverage is changing globally. The distribution market behavior
is changing due to the rising of retail industry and falling on trade consumption. Many
new markets are emerging and redefining the distribution patterns and helping the wine
market to reach the potential customers. The consumption of wine is now growing at a
faster rate. The Indian middle class is burgeoning and going to be a great catalyst in the
growth of the wine industry. Wine consumption has boosted by the exposure to the
western trends and the growing acceptance of this culture. There is now growing level of
social gathering and social drinking. Wide exposure to western culture through television,
cinema, and travelling abroad at an early age is contributing towards growing of alcohol
consumption. Indian wine industry is targeting these potential customers and organizing
events for testing of wines and setting up wine clubs. These events and clubs are getting
media converge to reach greater mass and to participate. These events have helped the
industry to attract more number of customers. Average drinkers are getting
knowledgeable about the different kind of wines and the correct combination of taking
drink. Indian wine market is sensitive about the price hence the wine producers are trying
to lower the price and to grab more customers. A range of products are offering by the
players in the industry to tap potential customers from regular brands in affordable price
to premium brands in premium price. The knowledge about the wine and food pairing are
growing through the events and sessions and boosting the beverage consumption to
greater extent.

Many studies done by different researcher and scholars have empirically analyzed, as
similar to my study topic summarisebelow :-

MrsDeepa Prasad Venkatraman(2014) : A study into wine consumption patterns of

Indians with special reference to the Pune region

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The literature reviewed has shown the development of wine in India. The impact the wine
industry has on the Indian economy has also been illustrated. Details of the major Indian
wine manufacturers and the potential they have has been studied.

Information on Indian grapes and wine has been collated. Articles and studies on the
perceptions that wine consumers have showed that there are still some myths and
misconceptions surrounding wine.

The advantages and disadvantages faced by Indian wine manufacturers have been
illustrated. Studies have shown the positive health benefits of moderate wine
consumption The Indian market is a very young market. Indian wine manufacturers are
still coming to terms with a small but growing consumer base. Numerous foreign studies
have shown that the India has a good potential for wine marketing.

Given the low levels of wine consumption, in comparison to Beer and Hard Liquor, this
research identifies the wine consumers’ perceptions and demographics. The research
offers the wine manufacturers a target group on whom to focus their marketing strategies
on.

It also evaluates the perceptions of the wine consumer in respect to wine being an
acceptable drink in a family environment and notions of wine perceived as a luxury
drink. Wine marketers can use this as a basis of understanding the consumption patterns
of wine consumers.

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CHAPTER 05

OVERVIEW OF INDIAN WINE MARKET

No doubt, wines have picked up in the last few years and should not be given a step-
brotherly treatment in alcohol retailing. But compared to huge growths recorded by
whisky and beer, wine is still a measly rise of 0.001%. According to a recent survey, wine
consumption in India is likely to increase to 2.1 million cases by 2017, 73 per cent higher
than 1.21 million cases in 2013. The demand of both the domestic and foreign wines has
been growing day by day. There is enough room for each and every wine brand, be it
Indian or foreign, in the Indian market as the market has registered a significant
percentage of growth in both volume and value terms in recent years.​
The strong economic growth of the last few years and increasing wine culture among the
new wealthy Indian middle class combined with a greater exposure to western lifestyle
has created hunger for different categories of wines.

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Fig 5.1: India Wine Market Value: 2003-2013

Source-http://www.welcomzestlounge.in/article/index/articledetail/id/495#sthash.0mNYE

Gvv.dpuf

INDIAN WINE MARKET ANALYSIS

Strengths
▪​ Weaknesses

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• Indian wine consumption has grown 25-30% • Wine remains an elite taste.
annually over a 5 year period. • Wine is difficult to store in India d
• Good climate for grape growing cellars and refrigeration.
• Urban population is increasing. • Less than 50 percent of the popula
• Youth are craving an alternative to hard liquors old enough to drink (25 yrs. old).
and developing a more refined taste. • 400 million persons are 18 years o
• Wine is becoming more acceptable to women • Poor awareness of wine and infras
and youth. ​

Opportunities ​ Threats

• 100 million persons will be legally allowed to • The Indian constitution discourage
drink alcohol (25 yrs. old) in the next 5 years. consumption.
• Supermarkets are emerging to support wine • Wine viewed as a “sin” by some.
distribution infrastructure. • Indians still prefer whisky.
• Domestic market with increasing disposable • Advertising for alcoholic beverage
income. • Domestic wine production is co
• Growing tourism industry. governments.

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CHAPTER 06

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The research proposal is to study and analyze the Indian Wine Market in small cities. In
India, wine industry is now an emerging market. The manufacturing of wine and its
consumption in India is insignificant in comparison to any other countries. Generally the
wine production in India has arisen since the 1980s. In 1984 only the Champagne
Indage's plant was set up in the Maharashtra State, to mark the manufacturing of wine on
organized scale in India. Earlier the consumption of wine was low because of poor
logistics and inventory problem including storage and transport facilities, lack of proper
marketing and promotional activities of wine, unfavorable rules on domestic marketing of
wines expects in few states, strict and regressive government policies with different
taxation across various states. Over the last ten years wine industry in India started doing
well because of the changing life style of the urban people. A person from urban areas,
now adopting the western culture and drinking is now considered as a style statement for
them. Now import tariff has been reduced in India significantly after joining the WTO
enabling foreign companies to perpetrate the Indian consumer market in large. Due to
increase in demand for consumption of wine in India, it is resulting in opening up the
wine market in the country. The quantitative restrictions are now waived up, import
duties are also reduced and the domestic regulations are done much simplifier. Due to the
rising economy, the income capacity of a person in India is also going up and hence
changing the standard of living. There is huge change in the demographic profile in India
and exposing to the new culture which results in changing in consumption of drinking
habits. Now the tourism industry is also rapidly growing through its promotional
activities that “Incredible India”. The frequency of the flights has also increased to the
overseas and attracting more number of foreign tourists to visit India. Considering all
opportunities and demand in the market, government has given some relaxation in the
regulation and policies for this business. In order to have a comprehensive view on the
growth of wines in India help from the secondary data has been taken into consideration.
Various books, magazines and website has been searched to collect the secondary data.

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Collected data is being tabulated and cross examined as per literature review. Various
books have been studied to find out the inside study of Indian wine market supported by
the magazines and journal. A structured interview has also been taken by the various
academicians to find out the knowledge and insight of the wines in the country along
with a close ended questionnaire from youths to find out their knowledge of wines as
compared to other alcoholic beverages. The result find out by the insight of various
books, magazine and websites are further analyzed and the data such collected are being
related to the study work out. Tables, graphs and figure are also calculated and further
analyzed with the literature review to find out the genuinely of the study.

7.1-Primary Source

The data, which is collected for the first time, are called primary source of data. Primary
data are collected from primary sources. Here the primary data are collected through
observation,
direct communication with the respondent and finally by asking them the questions
included in the semi-structured questionnaire.

Survey:Survey methodis one of the primary sources of data which is used to

collect
quantitative information about items in a population. Surveys are used in different areas
for
collecting the data even in public and private sectors. A survey may be conducted in the
field
by the researcher. The respondents are contacted by the research person personally,
telephonically or through mail. This method takes a lot of time, efforts and money but the
data collected are of high accuracy, current and relevant to the topic. When the questions
are
administered by a researcher, the survey is called a structured interview or a
researcher-

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administered survey.

Observations: Observation as one of the primary sources of data. Observation is a

technique
for obtaining information involves measuring variables or gathering of data necessary for
measuring the variable under investigation. Observation is defined as accurate watching
and noting of phenomena as they occur in nature with regards to cause and effect relation.
Interview: Interviewing is a technique that is primarily used to gain an understanding of
the underlying reasons and motivations for people’s attitudes, preferences or behavior.
Interviews can be undertaken on a personal one-to-one basis or in a group.
Questionnaires: Questionnaire as one of the primary sources of data is an
observational technique which comprises series of items presented to a respondent in a
written form, in which the individual is expected to respond in writing. Here the
respondents are given list of written items which he responds to by ticking the one he
considers appropriate.

7.2-Secondary Source

Secondary source of data is those, which have already been collected by someone else
and have already been passed through statistical process. Here the secondary sources of
data are collected through the Internet.

Secondary data can be obtained from different sources:

●​ information collected through censuses or government departments like housing,
social security, electoral statistics, tax records
●​ internet searches
●​ libraries

CHAPTER-07
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

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Data analysis is a process of inspecting, cleansing, transforming, and modeling data with
the goal of discovering useful information, informing conclusions, and supporting
decision-making. Data analysis has multiple facets and approaches, encompassing
diverse techniques under a variety of names, while being used in different business,
science, and social science domains.
I have collected data through survey in the market and gathering information from
individuals and have a variety of purposes and can be conducted in many ways - like
through printed questionnaire, asking question Individually, through mail, Over the
telephone, or on the web and in person etc. (Or) A Survey is defined as a research method
used for collecting data from a pre-defined group of respondents to gain information and
insights on various topics of interest. Surveys have a variety of purposes and can be
carried out in many ways depending on the methodology chosen and the objectives to be
achieved.
•According to my survey in Haldwani the people are not very much aware about wine
and its taste but nowadays the consumer perception is changing, and also market is
adopting the latest trends of modern era and in Haldwani there are some restaurant and
bars or malls where we can find the wine and again according to my survey in Haldwani
mostly the red wine or Indian wines is consumed.

TABLE 7.1.1

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Demographic Characteristics
Gender No. %
Male 24 80
Female 6 20
Total 30 100

FIGURE 7.1.2

INTERPRETATION-

Through my research survey if found major consumer of wine in Haldwani are males i.e.
80% and female consumers are only 20%.

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TABLE 7.2.1

Demographic Characteristics
Age Group No. %
33.3333333
18-29 10 3
56.6666666
30-49 17 7
50-69 3 10
70 and Above 0 0
Total 30 100

FIGURE 7.2.2

INTERPRETATION-

The following Chart shows that the younger population in Haldwani is in the age group
of 18-29 years(33.33%) followed by 30-49 years(56.66%) and 50-69 years (10 %) and 70
and Above Year (0%).

TABLE7.1.3

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Demographic Characteristics
Marital Status No. %
Married 20 66.66667
Single 10 33.33333
Divorced 0 0
Total 30 100

FIGURE 7.1.3

INTERPRETATION-

Major wine consumers in Haldwani are married i.e. 66.66% and single consumers are
33.33%

TABLE 7.1.4

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Demographic Characteristics
Qualification No. %
Post Graduate 9 30
Graduate 17 56.66667
Under Graduate 4 13.33333
Senior Secondary 0 0
Total 30 100

FIGURE 7.1.4

INTERPRETATION-

Out of the total wine consumers, 30% consumers are Post graduate and (56.66%) are
graduates and (13.33%) are Under-graduate and only senior secondary (0%).

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TABLE 7.1.5

How often you consume Wine?

Wine Consumption No. %
Never 4 13.33333
Consumed in past 5 16.66667
Less then once a month 10 33.33333
2 3 times in a month 9 30
Once in a week 1 3.333333
Twice or Thrice in a week 1 3.333333
Daily 0 0
Total 30 100

FIGURE7.1.5

INTERPRETATION-

According to survey max. no of people like to consume wine less than once a month(i.e
33.33%)followed by 30% who prefer to consume wine 2-3 times in a month.

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TABLE 7.1.6

Table Where do you prefer to consume wine mainly?

Preferred Place of Wine Consumption No. %

Bar 8 26.66667
Restaurant 9 30
Home 13 43.33333
Everywhere 0 0
Total 30 100

FIGURE 7.1.6

INTERPRETATION

According to survey max. no of consumers prefer wine consumption at home (i.e. 43%)
followed by 30% who prefer restaurants & the rest 27% are the ones who prefer bar.

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TABLE 7.1.7

Table How much would you be willing to spend on a bottle of wine per month?

Spending Power No. %

1000-2000 13 43.33333
2001-3000 15 50
3001-4000 2 6.666667
4001-5000 0 0
5001 and more 0 0
Total 30 100

FIGURE 7.1.7

INTERPRETATION

According to the survey 50% consumers are willing to spend 2001-3001 on the bottle of
wine followed by 43% who are willing to spend 1000-2000& rest 7% willing to spend
3001-4001.

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TABLE 7.1.8

What is your usual place of purchase?

Place to Purchase No. %

Best by Chance 0 0
Element 4 13.33333
Retail Shop 22 73.33333
Jack & Jill 0 0
Others 4 13.33333
Total 30 100

FIGURE 7.1.8

INTERPRETATION

According to 73.33% purchase wine from retail shop & the rest 13.33%, 13.33%
purchase from element and others respectively.

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TABLE 7.1.9

Which factors are the most important choice for the purchase of wine?

Important factors for Wine purchase No. %

Quality 14 46.66667
Taste 6 20
Alcohol % 1 3.333333
Food Pairing 5 16.66667
Interest 4 13.33333
Total 30 100

FIGURE 7.1.9

INTERPRETATION

According to graph 47% consumer looks for quality of wine while purchasing it
followed by 20%, 17%, 13%, 3% who looks for taste, food pairing, interest, alcohol%
respectively while purchasing wine.

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TABLE 7.1.10

Which wine your prefer most?

Preferred Wine No. %

White 2 6.666667
Red 11 36.66667
Rose 2 6.666667
Champagne/ Sparkling Wine 15 50
Total 30 100

FIGURE7.1.10

INTERPRETATION

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According to graph 50% consumers prefer Champagne/Sparking Wine followed by

36% who prefer red wine & then 7% who prefer white wine& the rest 7% who prefer
rose wine.

TABLE 7.1.11

How often do you drink Indian wine?

Individual Consumption of Wine No. %

Sometime 13 43.33333
Once in a month 10 33.33333
Daily 0 0
Very often 7 23.33333
Total 30 100

FIGURE 7.1.11

INTERPRETATION

According to graph 44% consumers drink Indian wine sometimes followed by 33% who
drink once in a month & the rest 23% who drink very often.

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TABLE 7.1.12

Which Indian wine brand do you prefer most?

Preferred brand to Drink No. %

Sula 14 46.66667
Grovers 3 10
Zampa 0 0
Others 13 43.33333
Total 30 100

FIGURE 7.1.12

INTERPRETATION

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According to graph 47% consumers prefer Sula wine, 10% who prefer groves& the rest
43% who prefer other brands.

​
TABLE 7.1.13

Do you get Indian wine in the bar /restaurant/retail shop?

Availability of Wine in Outlets No. %

Easily 15 50
Sometimes 9 30
Not Easily 6 20
Never 0 0
Give advance order 0 0
Total 30 100

FIGURE 7.1.13

INTERPRETATION
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According to graph 50% consumers get Indian wines easily, 30% consumers get Indian
wines sometimes & the rest 20% consumers shared that Indian wines are not easily
available to them around the area.

CHAPTER-8

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

CONCLUSION
After finishing the all survey and work or project i would like to conclude or recommend
that in Haldwani there are not very much restaurants and bars or outlets to enjoy the wine
here.
Because here the living habits or habitual is different and people are not very much aware
about the wine knowledge and only few of them know about wine or like to consume it
but in some Hotels during celebrations or marriage or any during festive occasions there
are some guests or people like to consume wine or enjoy the wine but there is very much
consumption of whisky because it is a place nearby to Nainital where is more cold season
so people like to drink whisky or rum generally which keeps them warm or their body
warm from inside and also they consume rum to make them warm or protect their body
from cold flu's and in winter season and after sometime according to my survey it seems
that the wine craze are going to be increased and popular.

RECOMMENDATION-
I would like to recommend that the bars and restaurant has to organize more and more
wine tasting sessions or wine tasting menus so that the people can know about wine and it
can be popular by doing this .But as i already mentioned in abstract that after some time
later due to changing or diplomatic market trends maybe there is a sell of wine increased
because here in haldwani people are mostly in good position or educated so due their
living habitual in big cities they finally came to their hometown so, they also like to live
as they live in big cities and also they expect the things like big cities and also market is

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provided the best thing according to consumer perceptions as I have seen in Haldwani. So
its gives a good result in wine sell after some time later according to my survey.

CHAPTER-9
REFERENCES

Web link-

●​ *Adams, R. (2005), “Street food, obesity and tort reform: an examination of

industry responsibility for public health”, Business and Society Review, Vol.
110 No. 3, pp. 297-320

●​ *Anand R., (2011), “A study of determinants impacting consumers food

choice with reference to the Street food consumption in India”, Society and
Business Review, Vol.6, No.2, pp 176-187

●​ ANI (2006), “Toilet water is cleaner than ice of Street food joints”, available
at http://in.news.yahoo. com/060217/139/62jvd.html

●​ Bender, A.E. and Bender, D.A. (1995), A Dictionary of Food and Nutrition,
Oxford University Press, Oxford..

●​ Kashyap.M, Kasyap.K,Sarda.A(2013), A Study of Growth of Street Food

Industry with Reference to Shift in Consumer’s Buying Habits in Nagpur City,
International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering &
Management (IJAIEM) Volume 1

●​ Web link-

●​ *http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/x6897e/x6897e06.html
●​ *https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_food
●​ https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijfs/2014/483519/

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●​ https://www.qsrmagazine.com/reports/2010-qsr-50
●​ http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/x6897e/x6897e06.htm
●​ https://winesetalng.blogspot.com
●​ http://www.tandfonline.com
●​ http://www.indianwineacademy.com
●​ http://www.winesandspiritsacademy.com
ANNEXURE/QUESTIONNAIRE

STUDY OF INDIAN WINE IN A SMALL CITY- HALDWANI CITY

Please tick on the appropriate section.

Demographic characteristics of the consumers?
a)​ Gender - i. Male ( )​ ii. Female ( )
b)​ Age group - i. 18-29( )​ ii. 30-49 ( ) iii. 50-69 ( )​ iv. 70 and above ( )
c)​ Marital Status i. Single ( ) ii. Married ( ) iii. Divorced ( )
d)​ Qualification i. Post Graduate ( ) ii. Graduate ( )​ iii. Undergraduate ( ) iv.
Senior secondary

Q1. How often you consume Wine?

a. Never ( ) b. Consumed in the past ( ) ​c. Less than once for a month ( )​
d. 2-3times a month ( ) e. Once a week ( ) f. Twice or thrice a week ( ) g. Daily ( )

Q2. Where do you prefer to consume wine mainly?

a. Bar ( )​ b. Restaurant ( )​ ​ c. Home ( )​ d. Everywhere ( )

Q3. How much would you be willing to spend on a bottle of wine per month?
a. 1000-2000 ( )​ b.2001-3000 ( )​ c.3001-4000 ( )​ d. 4001-5000 ( )
e. More than 5001 ( )

Q4. What is your usual place of purchase?

a. Best by chance ( ) b. Elemente ( )​ c. Retail shop ( ) d.Producer ( ) e.Other ( )

Q5. Which factors are the most important choice for the purchase of wine?
a. Quality​( )b.Taste ( )​ c. Alcohol % ( ) d. Food pairing ( ) e. Interest ( )

Q6. Which wine your prefer most?

a. White ( )​ b. Red ( ) c. Rose ( )​ d. Sparkling/Champagne ( )

Q7. How often do you drink Indian wine?

a. Some times ( )​ b. One a month ( ) c. Daily ( ) d. Very often ( )

Q8. Which Indian wine brand do you prefer most?

a. Sula ( )​ b. Grover’s ( )​c. Zampa ( )​ d. Grover’s ( )​e.Others ( )

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Q9. Do you get Indian wine in the bar /restaurant/retail shop?

a. Easily ( ) b. Not easily ( ) c. Sometimes ( ) d. Never ( ) e. Give advance order. ( )

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