VectorSpace usta) 27 ‘we observe various simple and obvious algebraic properties possessed by the plane 8°. snly BR, there are various other mathematical structures that exhibit the similar properties. Can we generalize the idea of representing any position by using more coordinates? Will there be a set of vectors such that any other vectors can be expressed in terms of those vectors? vectors that can completely lescribe the smaller set? Can we define a function that takes and object from one set of vectors to anther set of vectors? Hii © ager em ante ted 8 uti ict ta asters tee al pine Sepect tions A ‘ctor may be represented by a row matrix or column matrix s per the need of representation the statements, Vector Space Calapan Sty EAR Vf ober aled ven pew " ea ecco WCW sleet eel tbe) ering "aaee tr Can we construct a smaller part ofthe bigger set such that the smaller set has another set ofVectorSeace ua} 29. Let us define V as collection of 2 x 2 matrices Cu) =0. ‘Under these operations, set of 2 2 matrices forma vector space. ample gives us an intuition of more generalized vector space. Note that vectors no more like coordinates. Thus, vector can be thought of a block of information that satisfies the space properties with respect to addition of vectors and multiplication by salar. uultiplication is an ea ‘3 Vector Subspaces Tron-empty subset W of a vector space V is said to be subspace of V, if W itself is a vector vace under the operations defined as in V. other words, ¢ nonempty subset W of 2 vetor space V a subspace if the fllowing ) inditions are satisfied: w+ wee W, for all ws, we W awe W, forall Wandce F 0 Vimplies 0 € W. bs S uivalently, a non-empty subset W of a vector space V over a field Fis said to be a subspace of if ow + cxu2 € W for all ws, we Wand a, ae R. 1s the best © ‘neotenrfThe intersection of any two subspaces Of a vector space is also a vector subspace, Wa be two subspaces ofa vector space V over a field F. en by pose W = Ws Wa, Clearly, W is a subset of V. 2tw tor € Wand ci.c2€ F. hen, to, 02 € Wi and ts € Wa "ce Wy and Ws are subspaces of V, > eta, + eatz€ Wi and 1 + eda € Wa 1 + extose W= Wi nWe. "ce, the intersection of any two subspaces ofa vector space is also a subspace. ‘emarks: The union of any two subspaces ofa vector space may not bea subspace. vector space, So theple 3. Let V~R? be a vector space overa field R. Then, show that W = 0) subspace of V, ere Ro Then, omitemtevitentontan =alitnts+alatnts) show W is a subspace of =e,0+ 6.0 =0 rnple 4. Let V be the vector space overa field of all 2 = matrices. Then show that SoG ance thas ntmen et Hence, W is a subspace of V. *_Linearly Independent and Dependent Vectors | Linearly independent vectors Ys 2 R) is 05185" ¢ oF vectors v1, Ua, Wy ina vector space V are said to be linearly independent if 01 $02 tet 0 © only forall zer0 ey Co Ces when =e"... = G4 =0, ‘ch ease non ofthe vectors, 2. By can be writen as linear combination of other vectors. aVecorSpace ust} 33. i E If the number of vectors are less than number of entries in each vectors, the vectors are Fly dependent ith. arly independent For example the two vectors iia ene of vector with sy VU ° are linearly independent as there are two vectors with three entries in each. ‘gy in a vector spa‘ in R? are linearly independent. 1-9-O.a-0.a+q=0 Solving, ¢1= 0, c= 0,60 1, 0, 1) + ¢2 (1,1, 0) +e0+0+0) @.0.-)=@+aaa) etenendaet —_—s mQ Ma=(-l)u+ Ov » a= Aanda=0 can be written as linear combination of vy and vs such that ¢\= 1 #0. Hence (01, vz) are linearly dependent. area ce ‘an be reduced into row reduced echelon form such that each column has pivot element.tat (043 )nn-m 000 2 dont eceon fom ofA has no pvt in ach cola, 50 vcs sea $0 vectors are linearly in 1 6x Such that »= co, +eabs+ + cj, we can say that the set (01,03). %) 1) of linearly independent vectors, thatVectorspace itt) 37 } Determination of Basis of a Vector Space by Using Row Reduced Echelon Form (RREF) ‘rovinga set of vector (oH vn] asa basis fora vector space, we need to show ‘by tis Beate linearly independent, 1, Bear Da generate, ie, any vector visallinear combination oft, 2. «can use row reduced echelon form ofthe matrix A = (0s. 2), since the expression ‘equations in the variables cj, cy, We are -we can change [A : 0] = [A] into row reduced echelon wean determine trivial and non trivial solutions. ‘the system has non trivial solutions and hence the column vectors will span (generate) the vector space if each row in row reduced ‘echelon form has pivot. ‘The process will be clear from the following examples. bid) anST a ET a Vector Space st?) sn vectors can not form a basis for B.vecorSpace ——ueta| 44 ino pivot in each row. So, 0, 3) form basis of B ly independent. “1, 2) form a basis of 20) 21+n+y+7,0) uty tsi0) + Gat ys ty 0) = Te) + To) For any salar, be 2) ‘Then, TOY) = (x y+ A, 0) =Hety+,0)ae oe woe ae 43 ‘Vector Space (sie?) ample 15. Show that the map T:R—» R defined by T(x)=2-+3 is ntlineae Letmye Re Then Tetyaxtyt3 =(¢+3)+V+3)-3=7@)+10)-3 ‘Thus, Tet ») #16) +70), Hence, Tis not near. ‘marks “The translation mapping is nota linear transformation. and Ware vector space and T: V-> W isa linear transformation, then j transfers origin int origin (i fixes origin). 1eV and W are vector spaces Wis a inar transformation then for any $9 eK n Ewo spaces think of vas position vector Position vector (coordinate) Iie, T:V > W. zer0 vector, This suggests that multiplication spaces, In other words, matrixfe space to B" space, vectorSpnce Wat} 47 of: Let A be an orthogonal matrix. Then. i= det() = dead) = det(AA?) = det A det AT det A det A = (det ay? cet A= T Hence, det A= £1 7 Exercise 2.1 Let V= bea vector space. Show that W-= (( Let V=R* bea vector space. Show that W = {(s, Let V=B bea vector space. Show that W_ Let V=R? be a vector space. Let Ws~ {(x, 0, a. WyIsavector subspace of Rt). {2x += 0) is subspace of V= R x 2y+2=0) isa subspace of V = R‘Vector Space {sa non zero vector, 50 the homogeneous system of linear equations repr (non zero solution) if determinant of coefficient matrix (A <0 +) determinant with 2. as variable, so its expansion will be an n-degree be expressed as v2 at k= 0 =) hence of equation (2) will given 1 values of? and hence a square values. The equations (2) or (@) that gives eigen values of a matrix A is called characteristics ‘equation and eigen values are called characteristics values. ‘The eigen vectors are also called characteristics vector. A scalar multiple of eigen vector is again an eigen vector forthe eigen values. retical mathematics, biology, environmental science, urban planning, cnomicy peychology te e 12.4 Properties of eigen values and eigen vectors ss ‘The eigen values ofa triangular matrix are the entries on ts main diagonal, Let 2a ate eigen vector corresponding eigen Value iy A,r ofan x n matrix A, ch then the set (x, a...) i linearly independent. ‘A square matrix A and its transpose AT have the same eigen values. Trace ofa square matrix is defined asthe sum of diagonal elements, Then the sum of eigen values of a matrix is equal tothe trac ofthe matrix. to wigen vats? TM€Produet of eigenvalues ofa matrix Ais equal to the determinant of A. TO, aye Pa ae gen vals of gure matrix A then the en values of A are xe, oro fg-More generally the igen vales Av ate 2 A lote: Students _ Properties taking some examples aleeors of the matrix3