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DC Voltmeters
DC voltmeter is a measuring instrument, which is used to measure the DC voltage across
any two points of electric circuit. If we place a resistor in series with the Permanent
Magnet Moving Coil (PMMC) galvanometer, then the entire combination together acts as
DC voltmeter.
The series resistance, which is used in DC voltmeter is also called series multiplier
resistance or simply, multiplier. It basically limits the amount of current that flows
through galvanometer in order to prevent the meter current from exceeding the full scale
deflection value. The circuit diagram of DC voltmeter is shown in below figure.
We have to place this DC voltmeter across the two points of an electric circuit, where the
DC voltage is to be measured.
Apply KVL around the loop of above circuit.
V − Im Rse − Im Rm = 0 (Equation 1)
⇒ V − Im Rm = Im Rse
V − Im Rm
⇒ Rse =
Im
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(Equation 2)
V
⇒ Rse = − Rm
Im
Where,
Rse is the series multiplier resistance
V is the full range DC voltage that is to be measured
Im is the full scale deflection current
Rm is the internal resistance of galvanometer
The ratio of full range DC voltage that is to be measured, V and the DC voltage drop
across the galvanometer, Vm is known as multiplying factor, m. Mathematically, it can
be represented as
(Equation 3)
V
m =
Vm
From Equation 1, we will get the following equation for full range DC voltage that is to
be measured, V .
V = Im Rse + Im Rm (Equation 4)
The DC voltage drop across the galvanometer, Vm is the product of full scale deflection
current, Im and internal resistance of galvanometer, Rm . Mathematically, it can be
written as
Vm = Im Rm (Equation 5)
Substitute, Equation 4 and Equation 5 in Equation 3.
Im Rse + Im Rm
m =
Im Rm
Rse
⇒ m = + 1
Rm
Rse
⇒ m − 1 =
Rm
Rse = Rm (m − 1) (Equation 6)
We can find the value of series multiplier resistance by using either Equation 2 or
Equation 6 based on the available data.
Multi Range DC Voltmeter
In previous section, we had discussed DC voltmeter, which is obtained by placing a
multiplier resistor in series with the PMMC galvanometer. This DC voltmeter can be used
to measure a particular range of DC voltages.
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If we want to use the DC voltmeter for measuring the DC voltages of multiple ranges,
then we have to use multiple parallel multiplier resistors instead of single multiplier
resistor and this entire combination of resistors is in series with the PMMC galvanometer.
The circuit diagram of multi range DC voltmeter is shown in below figure.
We have to place this multi range DC voltmeter across the two points of an electric
circuit, where the DC voltage of required range is to be measured. We can choose the
desired range of voltages by connecting the switch s to the respective multiplier resistor.
Let, m 1 , m 2 , m 2 and m 4 are the multiplying factors of DC voltmeter when we
consider the full range DC voltages to be measured as, V1 , V2 , V3 and V4 respectively.
Following are the formulae corresponding to each multiplying factor.
V1
m1 =
Vm
V2
m2 =
Vm
V3
m3 =
Vm
V4
m4 =
Vm
In above circuit, there are four series multiplier resistors, Rse1 , Rse2 , Rse3 and Rse4 .
Following are the formulae corresponding to these four resistors.
Rse1 = Rm (m 1 − 1)
Rse2 = Rm (m 2 − 1)
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Rse3 = Rm (m 3 − 1)
Rse4 = Rm (m 4 − 1)
So, we can find the resistance values of each series multiplier resistor by using above
formulae.
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