Vector integration

   
Note:  i  The line integral F  F1 i  F2 j  F3 k of along curve C is
     

 F . dr   F1dx  F2dy  F3dz where r  x i  y j  z k

C C

  
   dr
 ii  The line integral F of along C in parametric form is  F . dr    F .  dt
 dt 
C C
 

Exercise 8.6

Problem 1: Evaluate ∫ (𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 + 𝑦 )𝑑𝑦 where 𝐶 is the square formed by the lines 𝑥 = ±1
and 𝑦 = ±1

Sol: Given that ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ (𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 + 𝑦 )𝑑𝑦 where 𝐶 is the square formed by the lines
𝑥 = ±1 and 𝑦 = ±1 formed by the lines 𝐴(1,1), 𝐵(−1,1), 𝐶(−1, −1) and 𝐷(1, −1)

(i) ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ along line 𝐴𝐵: equation of line 𝐴𝐵 is 𝑦 = 1 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 0 and 𝑥 → 1 to −1

Then ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ (𝑥 + 𝑥. 1)𝑑𝑥 = + = − + − + =−

(ii) ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ along line 𝐵𝐶: equation of the line 𝐵𝐶 is 𝑥 = −1 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 0 and 𝑦 → 1 to −1

Then ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ ((−1) + 𝑦 )𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (1 + 𝑦 )𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦 +

= −1 − − 1+

=−

(iii) ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ along line 𝐶𝐷: equation of the line 𝐶𝐷 is 𝑦 = −1 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 0 and 𝑥 → −1 to 1

Then ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ (𝑥 + 𝑥. −1)𝑑𝑥 = − = − − − − =

(iv) ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ along line 𝐶𝑂: equation of the line 𝐷𝐴 is 𝑥 = 1 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 0 and 𝑦 → −1 to 1

Then ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ (1 + 𝑦 )𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦 + = 1+ − −1 − =

∴ ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ along the curve bounded by square 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is − − + + = 0

1
Problem 2: Evaluate ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ where 𝐹⃗ = (5𝑥𝑦 − 6𝑥 )𝑖 + (2𝑦 − 4𝑥)𝑗 and 𝐶 is the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥

from (1,1) to (2,8).

Sol: Given that 𝐶 is the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 from (1,1) to (2,8)

Then 𝑑𝑦 = 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 and 𝑥 → 1 to 2

∴ ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ (5𝑥𝑦 − 6𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑦 − 4𝑥)𝑑𝑦

= ∫ (5𝑥. 𝑥 − 6𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥 − 4𝑥). 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= ∫ (6𝑥 + 5𝑥 − 12𝑥 − 6𝑥 )𝑑𝑥

= 6 +5 − 12 −6

= (𝑥 + 𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 2𝑥 )

= 35

     
 
Problem 4 : Evaluate  F . dr where F  3 x 2  6 y i  14 yz j  20 xz 2 k and C is path joining
C

the points  0,0,0  and 1,1,1 along x  t , y  t 2 , z  t 3

Sol: Given curve C is x  t , y  t 2 , z  t 3 from  0,0,0  to 1,1,1
dx  dt , dy  2tdt , z  3t 2 dt
Since x is varying from 0  1, we have t is varying from 0  1
   
 
Given F  3 x 2  6 y i  14 yz j  20 xz 2 k

 
1,1,1

 F . dr    3x 
 6 y dx  14 yzdy  20 xz 2 dz
2
Consider
C  0,0,0 
1

   
2
  3.t 2  6.t 2 dt  14.t 2 .t 3 .2tdt  20.t. t 3 .3t 2 dt
0
1


  3t 2  6t 2  28t 6  60t 9 dt 
0
t 1
 t3 t3 t7 t10 
 
t 1
  3  6  28  60   t 3  2t 3  4t 7  6t10  1 2  4  6  5
 3 3 7 10 t 0 t 0

2
    
The surface integral of F over the surface S is  F . Nds where N is unit normal drawn outwords
S

to the given surface.

 
Note:  i   F . NdS  Let R be the projection of S in yz -plane
S
  dydz
  F . N  
N .i
 
R

 ii   F . NdS  Let R be the projection of S in xz-plane

S
  dxdz
  F . N  
N. j
 
R

 iii   F . NdS  Let R be the projection of S in xy -plane

S
  dxdy
  F . N  
R N.k

Exercise 8.8
   
Problem 4: If F  2 yi  3 j  x 2 k and S is the surface of y 2  8 x in the first octant bounded by
 
the planes y  4and z  6,show that  F . NdS  132
   
S

Sol: Given that F  2 yi  3 j  x 2 k

S is the surface of y 2  8 x
Take   8 x  y 2
 
Then   8i  2 y j and   82   2 y   64  4 y 2
2

 
  8i  2 y j
Unit normal  N  
 64  4 y 2
 
Then  F . NdS  Let R be the projection of S in yz -plane
S
  dydz
=  F . N  
R N .i
 
6 4    
   
2 yi  3 j  x 2 k .
8i 2 y j
64  4 y 2
dydz
8
0 0
64  4 y 2
6 4
dydz
   16 y  6 y 
0 0
8

3
 y 4
11  y 2 
6 4 6 6
11 11
  ydydz     dz   8dz  22  z  z  0  22  6   132
z 6

0 0
4 4 0  2  y 0 4 0

Problem: Evaluate where ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑁⃗ 𝑑𝑠 where 𝑭⃗ = (𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝒛)⃗ + (𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙)⃗ + (𝒛𝟐 − 𝒙𝒚)𝒌⃗ taken
ovethe rectangular parallelopiped 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝒂, 𝟎 ≤ 𝒚 ≤ 𝒃, 𝟎 ≤ 𝒛 ≤ 𝒄.

Sol: Given 𝐹 = (𝑥 − 𝑦𝑧)𝚤⃗ + (𝑦 − 2𝑥)𝚥⃗ + (𝑧 − 𝑥𝑦)𝑘⃗ and 𝑆 is the surface bounded by rectangular
parallelopiped bounded by 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑏, 𝑧 = 0 and 𝑧 = 𝑐.

I. ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑁⃗ 𝑑𝑠 over the surface 𝐴𝐷𝐸𝐺: Equation of the surface is 𝑥 = 𝑎 which is parallel to 𝑦𝑧-plane

Take 𝑁. 𝑑𝑠 = 𝚤⃗𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧. B E

∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑁⃗ 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ ∫ (𝑥 − 𝑦𝑧) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 F G

= ∫ ∫ (𝑎 − 𝑦𝑧) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

= 𝑎 𝑏𝑐 − O A X

C D

II. ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑁⃗ 𝑑𝑠 over the surface 𝑂𝐵𝐹𝐶: Z

Equation of the surface is 𝑥 = 0 which is 𝑦𝑧- plane.
Take 𝑁⃗ 𝑑𝑠 = −𝚤⃗𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧.
Then ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑁⃗ 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ ∫ −(0 − 𝑦𝑧) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

= ∫ ∫ 𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 𝑧𝑑𝑧 = . =

III. ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑁⃗ 𝑑𝑠 along the surface BEFG: Equation of the surface is 𝑦 = 𝑏, which is parallel to 𝑥𝑧- plane

Take 𝑁⃗ 𝑑𝑠 = 𝚥⃗𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧.
Then ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑁⃗𝑑𝑠 = ∫ ∫ (𝑏 − 𝑥𝑧) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧

=∫ 𝑏 𝑥− 𝑧 𝑑𝑧

=∫ 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑎𝑏 𝑧 − . = 𝑎𝑏 𝑐 −

IV. ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑁⃗ 𝑑𝑠 over the surface 𝑂𝐴𝐶𝐷: The equation of the surface is 𝑦 = 0, which is lies in 𝑥𝑧-plane.

Take 𝑁⃗ 𝑑𝑠 = −𝚥⃗𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧.
Then ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑁⃗𝑑𝑠 = ∫ ∫ −(0 − 𝑥𝑧) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧

= ∫ ∫ 𝑥𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 𝑧𝑑𝑧 = . =

4
V. ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑁⃗ 𝑑𝑠 along the surface 𝐺𝐹𝐶𝐷: Equation of the surface is 𝑧 = 𝑐, which is parallel to 𝑥𝑦- plane.

Take 𝑁⃗ 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑘⃗ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

Then ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑁⃗𝑑𝑠 = ∫ ∫ (𝑐 − 𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

=∫ 𝑐 𝑥− 𝑦 𝑑𝑦

=∫ 𝑎𝑐 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑎𝑐 𝑦 − . = 𝑎𝑏𝑐 −

VI. ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑁⃗ 𝑑𝑠 along the surface 𝑂𝐴𝐸𝐵: Equation of the surface is 𝑧 = 0 , which is lies in 𝑥𝑦- plane.

Take 𝑁⃗ 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑘⃗ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

Then ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑁⃗ 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ ∫ −(0 − 𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

= ∫ ∫ 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = . =

Thus ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑁⃗ 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑎 𝑏𝑐 − + + 𝑎𝑏 𝑐 − + + 𝑎𝑏𝑐 − + = 𝑎𝑏𝑐(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)

Green’s theorem in the 𝒙𝒚-plane:

If 𝑃, 𝑄, 𝑃 and 𝑄 are continuous in a region 𝐸 of the 𝑥𝑦-plane bounded by a closed curve 𝐶, then
∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄 𝑑𝑦 = ∬ − 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

Problem 1: Verify Green’s theorem for ∫𝑪 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒚 where 𝑪 is bounded by the curves

𝒚 = 𝒙 and 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐

Sol: Given ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 where 𝐶 is bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑥

At the point of intersection 𝑥 = 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑥 − 𝑥 = 0 ⟹ 𝑥(𝑥 − 1) = 0 ⟹ 𝑥 = 0,1

Here 𝑃 = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 , 𝑄 = 𝑥

and = 𝑥 + 2𝑦, = 2𝑥

By Green’s theorem, we have

∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∫ − 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∫ 2𝑥 − (𝑥 + 2𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥

= ∫ ∫ (𝑥 − 2𝑦)𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥

=∫ 𝑥𝑦 − 2. 𝑑𝑥

5
 = ∫ 0 − (𝑥 − 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥

=− −

=− −

=−

Verification: ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ (𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑦

(i) ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ along line 𝑦 = 𝑥 : equation of curve is 𝑦 = 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 and 𝑥 → 0 to 1

∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ (𝑥. 𝑥 + (𝑥 ) )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 . 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (3𝑥 + 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 3. + = + =

(ii) ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ along line 𝑦 = 𝑥: equation of the curve is 𝑦 = 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥 and 𝑥 → 1 to 0

∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ (𝑥. 𝑥 + 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 3. = 0 − 1 = −1

∴ ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ along the curve bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 is −1=−

Since ∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∫ − 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

Therefore, Green’s theorem is verified.

Problem: Apply Green’s theorem to evaluate ∫𝑪 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒚 where 𝑪 is the

boundary of the area enclosed by the 𝑿- axis and the upper half circle 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐

Sol: Given ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (2𝑥 − 𝑦 )𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 + 𝑦 )𝑑𝑦

Here 𝑃 = 2𝑥 − 𝑦 , 𝑄 = 𝑥 + 𝑦

and = −2𝑦, = 2𝑥

By Green’s theorem ∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∫ − 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

Therefore ∫ (2𝑥 − 𝑦 )𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 + 𝑦 )𝑑𝑦 = ∬ (2𝑥 + 2𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

= 2 ∫ ∫ (𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑟 sin 𝜃). 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃, using polar coordinates

= 2 ∫ ∫ (cos 𝜃 + sin 𝜃)𝑟 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃

6
 = 2 ∫ (cos 𝜃 + sin 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃

= ∫ (cos 𝜃 + sin 𝜃)𝑑𝜃

= (sin 𝜃 − cos 𝜃)

= (sin 𝜋 − cos 𝜋) − (sin 0 − cos 0)

= 0 − (−1) − (0 − 1)

= 𝑎

Exercise 8.8

Problem 1: Verify Green’s theorem for ∫𝑪 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟖𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒙 + (𝟒𝒚 − 𝟔𝒙𝒚)𝒅𝒚 where 𝑪 is a boundary of
the region bounded by 𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝒚 = 𝟎 and 𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟏

Sol: Given ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (3𝑥 − 8𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦

Here 𝑃 = 3𝑥 − 8𝑦 , 𝑄 = 4𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦

and = −16𝑦, = −6𝑥

By Green’s theorem, we have

∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∫ − 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∫ (−6𝑦 + 16𝑦)𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥

=∫ ∫ 10𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥

= ∫ 10 𝑑𝑥

= ∫ 5(1 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

( )
=5
×

=5

Verification: ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ (3𝑥 − 8𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦

7
 (i) ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ along line 𝑦 = 0: equation of line is 𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 0 and 𝑥 → 0 to 1

Then ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ 3𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 3 =

(ii) ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ along line 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑥: equation of the line is 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = −𝑑𝑥 and 𝑥 →

1 to 0

Then ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ (3𝑥 − 8(1 − 𝑥) )𝑑𝑥 + (4(1 − 𝑥) − 6𝑥(1 − 𝑥)). −𝑑𝑥

= ∫ (−14𝑥 + 29𝑥 − 12)𝑑𝑥

= −14 + 29 − 12𝑥

= 0— + − 12

(iii) ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ along line 𝑥 = 0: equation of the line is 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 0 and 𝑦 → 1 to 0

Then ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ 4𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 4. = 2(0 − 1) = −2

∴ ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ along the curve bounded by the given triangle is + −2=

Since ∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∫ − 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

Therefore, Green’s theorem is verified.

Problem 2: Verify Green’s theorem for ∫𝑪 𝒙𝟐 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + (𝒚 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙)𝒅𝒚 where 𝑪 is the
rectangle with vertices (𝟎, 𝟎), (𝝅, 𝟎), (𝝅, 𝟏) and(𝟎, 𝟏)

Sol: Given that ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (𝑥 − cosh 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦 + sin 𝑥)𝑑𝑦

Here 𝑃 = 𝑥 − cosh 𝑦 , 𝑄 = 𝑦 + sin 𝑥

and = − sinh 𝑦 , = cos 𝑥

By Green’s theorem, we have

𝟏 𝝅
∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∫ − 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∫ (cos 𝑥 + sinh 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

𝝅
= ∫ {sin 𝑥 + 𝑥 sinh 𝑦} 𝑑𝑦

8
 = ∫ 𝜋 sinh 𝑦 𝑑𝑦

= 𝜋(cosh 𝑦)

= 𝜋(cosh 1 − 1)

Verification: ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ (𝑥 − cosh 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦 + sin 𝑥)𝑑𝑦 where 𝐶 is the rectangle with vertices

𝑂(0,0), 𝐴(𝜋, 0), 𝐵(𝜋, 1) and 𝐶(0,1)

(v) ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ along line 𝑂𝐴: equation of line 𝑂𝐴 is 𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 0 and 𝑥 → 0 to 𝜋

∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ (𝑥 − cosh 0)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥 = −𝑥 = −𝜋

(vi) ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ along line 𝐴𝐵: equation of the line 𝐴𝐵 is 𝑥 = 𝜋 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 0 and 𝑦 → 0 to 1

∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ (𝑦 + sin 𝜋)𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = =

(vii) ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ along line 𝐵𝐶: equation of the line 𝐵𝐶 is 𝑦 = 1 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 0 and 𝑥 → 𝜋 to 0

∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ (𝑥 − cosh 1)𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑥 cosh 1 =− − 𝜋 cosh 1

(𝒊𝒗) ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ along line 𝐶𝑂: equation of the line 𝐶𝑂 is 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 0 and 𝑦 → 1 to 0

∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ (𝑦 + sin 0)𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = =−

∴ ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ along the curve bounded by rectangle 𝑂𝐴𝐵𝐶 is

−𝜋 + − − 𝜋 cosh 1 − = 𝜋(cosh 1 − 1)

Since ∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∫ − 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

Therefore, Green’s theorem is verified.

Problem 3: Verify Green’s theorem for ∫𝑪 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒚 where 𝑪 is a boundary of the triangle with
vertices (𝟎, 𝟎), (𝟏, 𝟎) and (𝟏, 𝟏)

Sol: Given that ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 where 𝐶 is triangle with vertices 𝑂(0,0), 𝐴(1,0) and
𝐵(1,1), (𝑜𝑟) bounded by the lines 𝑦 = 0 (𝑂𝐴 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒), 𝑥 = 1 (𝐴𝐵 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒) and 𝑦 = 𝑥 (𝐵𝑂 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒)

Here 𝑃 = 𝑥 𝑦, 𝑄 = 𝑥

9
and =𝑥 , = 2𝑥

By Green’s theorem, we have

∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∫ − 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∫ (2𝑥 − 𝑥 )𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

= ∫ (2𝑥 − 𝑥 ){𝑦} 𝑑𝑥

= ∫ 𝑥(2𝑥 − 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥

= ∫ (2𝑥 − 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥

= 2 −

= −

Verification: ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ 𝑥 𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑦

(i) ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ along line 𝑂𝐴: equation of line 𝑂𝐴 is 𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 0 and 𝑥 → 0 to 1

Then ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ 0𝑑𝑥 = 0

(ii) ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ along line 𝐴𝐵: equation of the line 𝐴𝐵 is 𝑥 = 1 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 0 and 𝑦 → 0 to 1

Then ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ 0 + (1) 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = (𝑦) =1

(iii) ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ along line 𝐵𝑂: equation of the line 𝐵𝑂 is 𝑦 = 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥 and 𝑥 → 1 to 0

Then ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ 𝑥 . 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑥 + 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = + =0− + =−

∴ ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ along the curve bounded by triangle 𝑂𝐴𝐵 is 0 + 1 − =

Since ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∫ − 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

Therefore, Green’s theorem is verified.

Problem 4: Apply Green’s theorem to prove that the area enclosed by a plane curve is ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥
Hence find the area of an ellipse whose semi-major and semi-minor are of lengths 𝑎 and 𝑏.

10
Sol: Given that ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∫ − 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦

Here 𝑃 = − , 𝑄 =

and =− , =

By Green’s theorem, we have

∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∫ − 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∫ + 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝐴

The equation of the ellipse whose semi-major and semi-minor are of lengths 𝑎 and 𝑏 is + =1

Using parametric form, put 𝑥 = 𝑎 cos 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑏 sin 𝜃 where 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋

𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑎 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃, 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑏 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

By Green’s theorem, we have

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑎 cos 𝜃 . 𝑏 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 − 𝑏 sin 𝜃 . − 𝑎 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

= ∫ (cos 𝜃 + sin 𝜃)𝑑𝜃

= ∫ (1)𝑑𝜃 = (𝜃) = (2𝜋) = 𝜋𝑎𝑏

Problem 5: Find the area of a circle of radius 𝑎, using, Green’s theorem.

Sol: The equation of the circle with radius 𝑎 is 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑎

Using parametric form, put 𝑥 = 𝑎 cos 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑎 sin 𝜃 where 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋

𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑎 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃, 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑎 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

By Green’s theorem, we have

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑎 cos 𝜃 . 𝑎 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 − 𝑎 sin 𝜃 . − 𝑎 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

= ∫ (cos 𝜃 + sin 𝜃)𝑑𝜃

= ∫ (1)𝑑𝜃 = (𝜃) = (2𝜋) = 𝜋𝑎

Problem 6: Evaluate ∫ (𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 + 𝑦 )𝑑𝑦 where 𝐶 is the square formed by the lines
𝑥 = ±1, 𝑦 = ±1

Sol: Given that ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 + 𝑦 )𝑑𝑦 where 𝐶 is the square formed by the
lines 𝑥 = ±1, 𝑦 = ±1

11
Here 𝑃 = 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦, 𝑄 = 𝑥 + 𝑦

and = 𝑥, = 2𝑥

By Green’s theorem, we have

𝟏 𝟏
∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∫ − 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∫ (2𝑥 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

𝟏 𝟏
= ∫ ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

=0 ∵ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 0 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Problem 7: Evaluate ∫ (𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 𝑦 + 3)𝑑𝑦 where 𝐶 is the boundary of the region defined by

𝑦 = 8𝑥and 𝑥 = 2

Sol: Given that ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 𝑦 + 3)𝑑𝑦 where 𝐶 is the boundary of the region
defined by 𝑦 = 8𝑥 and 𝑥 = 2

Here 𝑃 = 𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦, 𝑄 = 𝑥 𝑦 + 3

and = −2𝑥, = 2𝑥𝑦

By Green’s theorem, we have

∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∫ − 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

𝟒 𝟐
=∫ ∫ /
(2𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

𝟒 𝟐
=∫ ∫ /
2𝑥(𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

𝟒
= ∫ 2(𝑦 + 1) 𝑑𝑦

𝟒
= ∫ (𝑦 + 1) 4 − 𝑑𝑦

𝟒
=∫ 4𝑦 − +4− 𝑑𝑦

𝟒 𝟒
=∫ 2𝑦 − 𝑑𝑦 + ∫ 4− 𝑑𝑦

𝟒
= 0 + 2∫ 4− 𝑑𝑦 ∵ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 0 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

12
 = 2 4𝑦 − .

= 2 16 −

=2

Stoke’s theorem:

If 𝑆 be an open surface bounded by a closed curve 𝐶 and 𝐹⃗ be any continuously differentiable

vector point function, then ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∬ 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ . 𝑁⃗ 𝑑𝑠

Problem: Verify Stoke’s theorem for the vector 𝐹⃗ = (𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚)𝒊 − 𝒚𝒛𝟐 𝒋 − 𝒚𝟐 𝒛𝒌 over the upper half
surface of 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟏, bounded by its projection on 𝒙𝒚-plane.

Sol: Given that 𝐹⃗ = (2𝑥 − 𝑦)𝚤⃗ − 𝑦𝑧 𝚥⃗ − 𝑦 𝑧𝑘⃗

𝚤⃗ 𝚥⃗ 𝑘⃗
and 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ = = 𝚤⃗(−2𝑦𝑧 + 2𝑦𝑧) − 𝚥⃗(0 − 0) + 𝑘⃗ (0 + 1) = 𝑘⃗
2𝑥 − 𝑦 −𝑦𝑧 −𝑦 𝑧

𝑆 is the upper half surface of 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1 in 𝑥𝑦-plane i.e. 𝐶 is the circle 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1

By Stoke’s theorem, ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ . 𝑁⃗𝑑𝑠

Take 𝑁⃗𝑑𝑠 = 𝑘⃗ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

Then ∫ 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ . 𝑁⃗𝑑𝑠 = ∬ 𝑘⃗ . 𝑘⃗ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∬ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

= ∫ 𝑑𝑠

= Area of the circle 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1

=𝜋

Verification: ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ (2𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑧𝑑𝑧 and 𝐶 is the circle 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1

Using parametric form, put 𝑥 = cos 𝑡 , 𝑦 = sin 𝑡 then 𝑑𝑥 = − sin 𝑡 𝑑𝑡, 𝑑𝑦 = cos 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 and 𝑡 → 0 to 2𝜋

Then ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ (2 cos 𝑡 − sin 𝑡). − sin 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ (− sin 2𝑡 + sin 𝑡 )𝑑𝑡

( )
=∫ − sin 2𝑡 + 𝑑𝑡

13
 = + 𝑡−

= +𝜋−

=𝜋

Since ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ . 𝑁⃗𝑑𝑠

Therefore, Stoke’s theorem is verified.

Problem: Verify Stoke’s theorem for 𝐹⃗ = (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 )⃗ − 𝟐𝒙𝒚⃗ taken around the rectangle bounded
by the lines 𝒙 = ±𝒂, 𝒚 = 𝟎, 𝒚 = 𝒃.

Sol: 𝐹⃗ = (𝑥 + 𝑦 )𝚤⃗ − 2𝑥𝑦𝚥⃗

𝚤⃗ 𝚥⃗ 𝑘⃗
Then 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ = = 𝚤⃗(0 − 0) − 𝚥⃗(0 − 0) + 𝑘⃗ (−2𝑦 − 2𝑦) = −4𝑦𝑘⃗
𝑥 +𝑦 −2𝑥𝑦 0

By Stoke’s theorem, we have

∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ . 𝑁⃗𝑑𝑠 where 𝐶 is the rectangle bounded by lines 𝑥 = ±𝑎, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑏

Take 𝑁⃗𝑑𝑠 = 𝑘⃗ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

Then ∫ 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ . 𝑁⃗ 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ ∫ −4𝑦𝑘⃗ . 𝑘⃗ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

= −∫ ∫ 4𝑦𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

= − ∫ 4𝑦(𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 = − ∫ 4𝑦(2𝑎)𝑑𝑦 = −8𝑎 = −4𝑎𝑏

Verification: ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ (𝑥 + 𝑦 )𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦

(i) ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ along line 𝑦 = 0: equation of line is 𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 0 and 𝑥 → −𝑎 𝑡𝑜 𝑎

∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ (𝑥 + 0 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = =

(ii) ∫ 𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟̅ along line 𝑥 = 𝑎: equation of the line is 𝑥 = 𝑎 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 0 and 𝑦 → 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑏

∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ −2𝑎𝑦𝑑𝑦 = −2𝑎 = −𝑎𝑏

14
 (iii) ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ along line 𝑦 = 𝑏: equation of the line is 𝑦 = 𝑏 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 0 and 𝑥 → 𝑎 𝑡𝑜 − 𝑎

∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ (𝑥 + 𝑏 )𝑑𝑥 = +𝑏 𝑥 = −2 + 𝑎𝑏 =− − 2𝑎𝑏

(iv) ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ along line 𝑥 = −𝑎: equation of the line is 𝑥 = −𝑎 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 → 𝑏 𝑡𝑜 0

∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ 2𝑎𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑎 = −𝑎𝑏

Thus ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ along given rectangle is − 𝑎𝑏 − − 2𝑎𝑏 − 𝑎𝑏 = −4𝑎𝑏

Since ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ . 𝑁⃗𝑑𝑠

Therefore, Stoke’s theorem is verified.

Gauss divergence theorem:

If 𝐹 ia continuously differentiable vector point function in the region 𝑉 bounded by the closed

surface 𝑆, then ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑁⃗ 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑉

Problem: Verify Gauss divergence theorem for 𝐹⃗ = (𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝒛)⃗ + (𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙)⃗ + (𝒛𝟐 − 𝒙𝒚)𝒌⃗ taken
ovethe rectangular parallelopiped 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝒂, 𝟎 ≤ 𝒚 ≤ 𝒃, 𝟎 ≤ 𝒛 ≤ 𝒄.

Sol: Given that 𝐹⃗ = (𝑥 − 𝑦𝑧)𝚤⃗ + (𝑦 − 2𝑥)𝚥⃗ + (𝑧 − 𝑥𝑦)𝑘⃗

𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝐹⃗ = + + = 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2𝑧

Consider ∫ 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑉 = ∫ ∫ ∫ 2(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

=∫ ∫ 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥𝑧 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

=∫ ∫ 2 + 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑎𝑧 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

=∫ 2 𝑦+𝑎 + 𝑎𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑧

=∫ 2 𝑏+𝑎 + 𝑎𝑏𝑧 𝑑𝑧

=2 𝑏𝑧 + 𝑎 𝑧 + 𝑎𝑏

= 𝑎 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑎𝑏 𝑐 + 𝑎𝑏𝑐

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 = 𝑎𝑏𝑐(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)

Verification: Given 𝐹⃗ = (𝑥 − 𝑦𝑧)𝚤⃗ + (𝑦 − 2𝑥)𝚥⃗ + (𝑧 − 𝑥𝑦)𝑘⃗ and 𝑆 is the surface bounded by

rectangular parallelopiped bounded by 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑏, 𝑧 = 0 and 𝑧 = 𝑐

(i) ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑁⃗ 𝑑𝑠 over the surface 𝐴𝐷𝐸𝐺: Equation of the surface is 𝑥 = 𝑎 which is parallel to 𝑦𝑧-
plane

Take 𝑁⃗. 𝑑𝑠 = 𝚤⃗𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 B E

∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑁⃗ 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ ∫ (𝑥 − 𝑦𝑧) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 F G

= ∫ ∫ (𝑎 − 𝑦𝑧) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

= 𝑎 𝑏𝑐 − O A X

C D

(ii) ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑁⃗ 𝑑𝑠 over the surface 𝑂𝐵𝐹𝐶: Z

Equation of the surface is 𝑥 = 0 which is 𝑦𝑧- plane.
Take 𝑁⃗ 𝑑𝑠 = −𝚤⃗𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
Then ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑁⃗𝑑𝑠 = ∫ ∫ −(0 − 𝑦𝑧) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

= ∫ ∫ 𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 𝑧𝑑𝑧 = . =

(iii) ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑁⃗𝑑𝑠 along the surface BEFG: Equation of the surface is 𝑦 = 𝑏 which is parallel to 𝑥𝑧-
plane Take 𝑁⃗ 𝑑𝑠 = 𝚥⃗𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧.
Then ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑁⃗𝑑𝑠 = ∫ ∫ (𝑏 − 𝑥𝑧) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧

=∫ 𝑏 𝑥− 𝑧 𝑑𝑧

=∫ 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑎𝑏 𝑧 − . = 𝑎𝑏 𝑐 −

(iv) ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑁⃗ 𝑑𝑠 over the surface 𝑂𝐴𝐶𝐷: The equation of the plane is 𝑦 = 0, which is lies in 𝑥𝑧-
plane.
Take 𝑁⃗ 𝑑𝑠 = −𝚥⃗𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
Then ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑁⃗𝑑𝑠 = ∫ ∫ −(0 − 𝑥𝑧) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧

= ∫ ∫ 𝑥𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 𝑧𝑑𝑧 = . =

(v) ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑁⃗ 𝑑𝑠 along the surface 𝐺𝐹𝐶𝐷: Equation of the plane is 𝑧 = 𝑐 which is parallel to 𝑥𝑦-
plane.

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 Take 𝑁⃗ 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑘⃗ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

Then ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑁⃗𝑑𝑠 = ∫ ∫ (𝑐 − 𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

=∫ 𝑐 𝑥− 𝑦 𝑑𝑦

=∫ 𝑎𝑐 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑎𝑐 𝑦 − . = 𝑎𝑏𝑐 −

(vi) ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑁⃗𝑑𝑠 along the surface 𝑂𝐴𝐸𝐵: Equation of the surface is 𝑧 = 0 which is lies in 𝑥𝑦-
plane.
Take 𝑁⃗ 𝑑𝑠 = −𝑘⃗ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦.
Then ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑁⃗𝑑𝑠 = ∫ ∫ −(0 − 𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

= ∫ ∫ 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = . =

Thus ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑁⃗𝑑𝑠 = 𝑎 𝑐𝑏 − + + 𝑎𝑐𝑏 − + + 𝑎𝑏𝑐 − + = 𝑎𝑏𝑐(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)

Since ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑁⃗𝑑𝑠 = ∫ 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑉, hence Gauss divergence theorem is verified.

Problem: Verify Divergence theorem for 𝐹⃗ = 𝟒𝒙⃗ − 𝟐𝒚𝟐 ⃗ + 𝒛𝟐 𝒌⃗ taken over the region bounded by
the cylinder 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒, 𝒛 = 𝟎 and 𝒛 = 𝟑.

Sol: Given 𝐹⃗ = 4𝑥𝚤⃗ − 2𝑦 𝚥⃗ + 𝑧 𝑘⃗ and 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝐹⃗ = 4 − 2𝑦 + 2𝑧

By the Gauss divergence theorem ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑁⃗𝑑𝑠 = ∫ 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑉

√
=∫ ∫ √
∫ (4 − 4𝑦 + 2𝑧)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

= 84𝜋
Verification:

(i) ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑁⃗𝑑𝑠 over the surface 𝑧 = 0: Take 𝑁⃗𝑑𝑠 = 𝑘⃗ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

Thus ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑁⃗𝑑𝑠 = ∬ 0 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0

(ii) ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑁⃗𝑑𝑠 over the surface 𝑧 = 3: Take 𝑁⃗𝑑𝑠 = 𝑘⃗ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

Thus ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑁⃗𝑑𝑠 = ∬ 3 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

= 9 × 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4
= 9 × 𝜋(2)
= 36𝜋
∇
(iii) ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑁⃗𝑑𝑠 over the curved surface 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4: Take 𝑁⃗ = |∇ |
= 𝑥𝚤⃗ + 𝑦𝚥⃗

∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑁⃗𝑑𝑠 = ∫ ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑁⃗ ⃗.⃗
= ∫ ∫ (4𝑥 − 2𝑦 ) = 24𝜋

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Since we can see upper surface only surface integration of the curved surface 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4 should be
doubled.

Hence ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑁⃗𝑑𝑠 over the region bounded by the given cylinder is 2 × 24𝜋 + 36𝜋 = 84𝜋.

since ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑁⃗𝑑𝑠 = ∫ 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑉 Gauss divergence is verified

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