Original Article

Design and Performance Analysis of Circular

Microstrip Patch Antenna for Bio-Medical
Applications
Reji M1, Christeena Joesph2, Kishoreraja.P.C3 Radhika Baskar4
1
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Rohini College of Engineering and Technology,
Palkulam, Kanyakumari, India.
2
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology,
Ramapuram, Chennai, India.
3
School of Computer Science and Information Systems, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
4
Department of Wireless Communication, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and
Technical Sciences, Chennai

Corresponding Author: 1rejieceped@[Link]

Abstract - Modern wireless communication systems have attracted considerable interest in medical applications in
recent years. This research paper analyzes the principle and performance of a Circular Microstrip Patch Antenna
(CMPA) designed for biomedical applications. The primary objective of this research is to develop an antenna
design that addresses crucial parameters like bandwidth, Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR), and return loss,
which are crucial for ensuring seamless and dependable wireless communication in medical configurations. The
CMPA has many advantages, including its small size, convenience of fabrication, and compatibility with integration
into implantable and wearable medical devices. The research employs the FEKO software to meticulously design,
simulate, and evaluate the antenna design's performance. The work analyzes the relationship between design
elements and material properties to optimize performance metrics. The results indicate that the proposed CMPA
design is effective. The antenna's VSWR of 1.98 dB demonstrates its ability to reduce signal reflections and energy
loss, thereby facilitating improved signal integrity. The achieved bandwidth of 295 MHz demonstrates the antenna's
ability to accommodate a diverse spectrum of frequencies, thereby enabling flexible communication capabilities. In
addition, a return loss of -10.574 dB indicates an efficient power transmission between the antenna and the
connected system.

Keywords: Microstrip Patch Antenna, Frequency Configuration, VSWR, Bandwidth, Return Loss.
1. Introduction
The next generation of medical communication is The CMPA is a compact and versatile design with
the most extensively utilized patient safety system. applications in numerous fields, such as
The circular antenna is the most common loop telecommunications, aerospace engineering, and
antenna for innovative antenna designs. Straight wire biomedical engineering. This circular, planar antenna
antennas, such as dipoles and monopoles, are utilized offers fabrication simplicity, lightweight construction,
in rectangular, circular configurations [1]; wire and compatibility with contemporary communication
antennas come in various shapes, such as dipoles and systems, among other benefits. It is well-suited for
monopoles. An antenna with variable parameters satellite communication, wireless networks, and bio-
exists for lighter weight, reduced size, low cost, medical implant applications, where its compact size
safety, low volume, and increasing operating and efficient energy transfer contribute to enhanced
efficiency in daily life and manufacturing. The connectivity and data transmission [3].
antenna radiation device can be used for magnetic
resonance imaging, MRI scans, pressure monitoring, The present research compares the VSWR,
healthcare applications, blood sugar testing, medical bandwidth, and return loss of CMPA and rectangular
diagnosis, endoscopy, and radar communication. microstrip patch antenna (RMPA). The CADFEKO
Specified antenna technology transforms the tool was used to create these two antennas.
transducer from one energy to another [2].
SSRG International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Volume 10 Issue 2, 1-15, February 2023
ISSN: 2348-8379/ [Link] © 2022 Seventh Sense Research Group®

2. Related Works parameters such as VSWR, bandwidth, and return

Research on microstrip patch antennas has been loss, this research seeks to advance the wireless
conducted in the past five years. Approximately 4,910 communication systems proposed for medical
articles were published on Google Scholar, 416 on environments [11]. This work aims to pave the way
IEEE Xplore, and 411 in the field of science that were for enhanced wireless connectivity that has the
explicitly related to this research topic. In [4], the potential to reshape the landscape of medical
authors compare a CMPA to a cylindrical dielectric diagnostics, monitoring, and treatment by employing
resonator antenna, both designed for operating at an innovative design strategy and performing a
60GHz with an integrated CMOS circuit. The meticulous performance analysis using FEKO
cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna has a higher software.
gain, bandwidth, and return loss of 10dB than the
CMPA. Consequently, they increase the benefit of These parameters ensure efficient energy
implementing techniques. The study [5] analyzed and transmission, uninterrupted data exchange, and
compared a RMPA operating at 1.8 GHz to its planar reliable signal reception in medical environments. The
counterpart. For this antenna, they attained 5.46 dB research also investigates novel techniques to improve
gain and 6.24 dB directivity. Regarding integrating a these parameters, paving the way for enhanced
communication system, the model in [6] analyzed the efficacy and broader medical applications in the
RMPA and was designed with 1 GHz. Using future.
microwave office software, the VSWR and return loss
for the provided parameters were analyzed [7]. 3. Design of the CMPA
The evolution of wireless communication
The microstrip patch antenna in [8] uses multiple technology has ushered in a new era of connectivity
equations and parameters to rectify the trial-and-error that transcends traditional boundaries and has
method by employing a Genetic Algorithm to applications in various fields. Among these, antenna
improve bandwidth and return loss at a 5 GHz design is fundamental, as it enables seamless
operating frequency. This study investigates the same transmission and reception of signals, which is the
model as the author's previous genetic algorithm foundation of present communication technologies.
research. To improve the performance of this The microstrip patch antenna, renowned for its lesser
microstrip patch antenna, the feed breadth was size, ease of fabrication, and versatility, has risen to
increased [9]. According to my knowledge, prominence in this field. Due to its unique geometry,
comparing two research papers [8, 9], the Genetic the CMPA offers potential benefits for various
Algorithm microstrip patch antenna with variable applications, including biomedical ones [12]. Through
parameters and input width performs better with innovative design strategies and advanced simulation
communication systems. techniques, this study aims to unearth insights that
contribute to enhancing CMPA designs for seamless
In the preceding works, we observed varying integration into the biomedical environment.
parameters that conveyed improved communication
systems for medical technologies. They investigated
most of their work with a Genetic Algorithm for
improved results with microstrip patch antenna
parameters. This study proposes a CMPA design for
medical implants, considering VSWR, bandwidth, and
return loss.

Wireless communication has played a significant

role in revolutionizing medical practices and patient
care in contemporary healthcare. The demand for
efficient and dependable wireless communication
systems has increased as medical devices become
more portable and interconnected. Antennas are
crucial components, dictating the quality of signal
transmission and reception among the components
that drive these systems. This research focuses on the Fig. 1 Schematic of CMPA
complex field of antenna design for biomedical
applications, particularly CMPAs [10]. By addressing

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SSRG International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Volume 10 Issue 2, 1-15, February 2023
ISSN: 2348-8379/ [Link] © 2022 Seventh Sense Research Group®

The significance of a well-designed antenna ε r +1 ε r−1 h

−1 /2
cannot be exaggerated as the demand for wireless ε reff = + [1+ 12 ]
communication within medical applications continues 2 2 W
to rise. This paper investigates the design details of (4)
CMPAs, analyzing the complexities of geometry,
materials, and electromagnetic behaviour. In the The antenna’s length was given as;
following sections, the design methodology and
performance evaluation will be described to realize L=Leff −2 ¿ L n (5)
antennas that stretch the limits of communication
capabilities in biomedical applications [13]. Here, Lnof the antenna is,

Microstrip patch antennas have a lot of popularity Ln=0.412 hs∗Lm

and demand in future technologies. It has easy
(6)
fabrication, cost-effectiveness, device installation, and
a low-profile structure. Microstrip patch antennas are
The physical length of the patch was computed
used for numerous applications like less weight, low
utilizing the equation follows,
cost, and small size with high-performance systems.
The most common antenna methods for feeding are
the microstrip line, proximity coupling, aperture Leff =L+ 2 ∆ L
coupling, and coaxial probe. The dielectric materials (7)
of the substrate are FR4 epoxy glass reinforced, and it
is popular with all microstrip patch antenna designs. The electric length and height of the microstrip
The CMPA and RMPA are developed using the patch antenna of the formula is,
formula given in the following equations [14].
W
3.1. CMPA ∆L
( ε reff −0.8 ) ( h +0.264 )
The patch of radius (a) can be calculated for a =0.412
h W
CMPA using the following equations. (ε reff −0.258)( +0.8)
F h
a= (8)
2h πF
{1+ [ln ( )+1.7726]}1/ 2
π ϵr F 2h Where fr was the resonant frequency of the
(1) antenna, ε 0 was the permittivity, and μ 0 was the
permeability in free space respectively, and ε r was
Here F is the frequency.
the substrate’s dielectric constant, W was the
9
rectangular patch’s width, L was the rectangular
8.761× 10 patch’s length, ∆𝐿 was the extension length, Leff was
F=
f r √❑ the effective length, h was the substrate height, and
(2) ε reff was the efficient dielectric constant [16].
Here, a was the radius of the patch, h was the The mathematical equations of antenna for
patch’s substrate height, ϵ r was the substrate’s VSWR, return loss and bandwidth are given as the
dielectric constant, F was the frequency, and f r was formula for microstrip patch antenna are,
the resonant frequency [15].
VSWR−1
R LS =−20 log 10 ( )
3.2. RMPA VSWR+1
The patch of the width (W) is defined as, (9)

c R LS =−20 log 10 (C r)
W= √❑
2fr (10)
(3)
Reflection coefficient of the microstrip patch antenna
The effective dielectric constant of the RMPA was,

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ISSN: 2348-8379/ [Link] © 2022 Seventh Sense Research Group®

−Return Loss
C r=10 4. Results and Discussion
20
(11) The result was obtained by using the mathematical
equation and FEKO software at the medical implants
Where; for the innovative antenna design for the medical
implants. The various parameters height (H), width
VSWR−1 (W), length (L), dielectric constant, and feedline
cr = width of the materials and FR4 substrate, at a
VSWR +1 frequency for the medical system, were accomplished
(12) as per the equation given in 9 and 10 [21].
The VSWR of the microstrip patch antenna was Fig. 2 shows the layout design of a CMPA and the
given as [17], gain for the resonant frequency in the medical field.
The proposed CMPA layout was designed at the
Cr +1 resonant frequency used in medical implants, the
VSWR= substrate’s length was 1.58 mm and thickness was
C r −1
3.18 mm.
(13)
Fig. 3 observed that the gain for CMPA and
The bandwidth microstrip patch antenna of the
compared RMPA in the POSTFEKO software is 10.0
formula is calculated using the formula [18]
dB for CMPA with the stimulation frequencies for the
medical usage implants.
Fup−Flow
Bandwidth= ∗100 %
fr Fig. 4 shows that the graph for the proposed
(14) CMPA using VSWR for a resonant frequency of
medical application is proposed, and the VSWR is
Where C r was the Reflection Coefficient, F up, and 1.98 dB plotted.
Flow were the being of upper and lower frequencies Fig. 5 shows that the excitation of the return loss
for the proposed CMPA and the impedance matching
and f r was the resonant frequency [19].
of the RF circuit for the CMPA for return loss is -
10.5745 dB is calculated.
Utilizing FEKO software, the testing arrangements
of CMPA and RMPA are created. The testing Fig. 6 shows the results of the bandwidth of the
environment consists of an Intel Core i3 eighth- CMPA is 295 MHz, and for the RMPA is 179 MHz.
generation processor system with 4 GB RAM. The When comparing both antennas, the CMPA achieved
antenna design corresponds to a 2.45 GHz frequency 16% better than the RMPA.
range. As inputs to the patch antenna design [20],
parameters like height, length, breadth, and feedline Fig. 7 shows the pattern radiation and released
width are determined. gain of the CMPA of the horizontal and vertical UV
plane of the far-field using FEKO software.
The computational electromagnetic (CEM)
validates a tool to perform basic validation on the The CMPA was designed in FEKO software for
designed antenna in FEKO software to identify the VSWR, return loss and bandwidth. The two groups’
errors, and the result of the antenna was stimulated to data is collected by varying the frequency for Table 1
the VSWR, Bandwidth and Return Loss. and tabulated.

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SSRG International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Volume 10 Issue 2, 1-15, February 2023
ISSN: 2348-8379/ [Link] © 2022 Seventh Sense Research Group®

Fig. 2 Layout design of a CMPA

Fig. 3 Gain for CMPA and RMPA in the POSTFEKO software

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ISSN: 2348-8379/ [Link] © 2022 Seventh Sense Research Group®

Fig.4 VSWR of CMPA

Fig. 5 Excitation of the return loss for the CMPA

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ISSN: 2348-8379/ [Link] © 2022 Seventh Sense Research Group®

Fig. 6 Bandwidth of the CMPA and RMPA

Fig. 7 Horizontal and vertical UV plane of the far-field pattern radiation and released gain

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SSRG International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Volume 10 Issue 2, 1-15, February 2023
ISSN: 2348-8379/ [Link] © 2022 Seventh Sense Research Group®

The data are accumulated for the designed two groups SD 0.25 0.648 81.31
of CMPA by varying the frequency for the medical
implants obtained in CADFEKO Software as
represented in table 1. The performance characteristics of the proposed
CMPA and the RMPA for biomedical applications are
Table 1. VSWR, Bandwidth and Return Loss of the Proposed elucidated by comparing the CMPA and RMPA. The
CMPA data highlights Several important parameters: gain,
CMP Retur VSWR, return loss, and bandwidth. Gain quantifies an
VSWR Bandwidth antenna's capability to focus on radiated energy in the
A n Loss
(dB) (MHz)
group (dB) specified directions. In this comparison, the CMPA
demonstrates a 10.0 dB gain, consistent with its
2 1.31 -6.644 285 design optimization for medical implants. The VSWR
quantifies the exchange of energy efficiency between
2 1.42 -7.942 221 the antenna and transmission line. The CMPA's
impressive VSWR of 1.98 dB indicates outstanding
2 2.45 -8.159 294
impedance matching and minimal signal reflection.
2 2.87 -8.346 238
In contrast, the RMPA has a VSWR of 2.35 dB,
2 2.68 -9.673 245 indicating that its impedance matching is relatively
decent but not optimal. The superior ability of the
2 1.15 -7.107 298 circular design to optimize energy transfer, which is
crucial for maintaining signal integrity in medical
2 1.32 -8.43 252 applications, is highlighted by its lower VSWR.
Return loss measures the amount of incident energy
2 1.23 -9.061 255
reflected by an antenna. The CMPA’s return loss was
2 1.95 -8.589 299 -10.5745 dB, while the return loss of the RMPA was -
9.721 dB. These values demonstrate that the circular
2 2.11 -9.721 289 design obtains a more effective impedance match with
the connected system, resulting in increased energy
absorption and decreased energy reflection. The return
loss of the CMPA indicates its advantage in
Table 2. Results Comparison of the Proposed Antenna minimizing signal losses and maximizing
Return Loss Bandwidth communication efficiency. Bandwidth measures the
Group VSWR (dB)
(dB) (MHz) frequency spectrum over which an antenna can
function effectively. The bandwidth of the CMPA is
CMPA 1.98dB -10.5745dB 295MHz 295 MHz, whereas the bandwidth of the RMPA is 179
MHz. This significant distinction highlights the
RMPA 2.35dB -9.721 dB 179MHz
circular design's capacity to accommodate a broader
spectrum of frequencies, facilitating flexible
communication capabilities in medical settings.
Table 2 shows the comparison of values of CMPA
1.98 dB VSWR, -10.5745 dB return loss and 295
The results indicate that the CMPA outperforms
MHz bandwidth and RMPA 2.35 dB VSWR, -9.721
the RMPA. Its superior gain, lower VSWR, improved
dB return loss and 179 MHz bandwidth observed. The
return loss, and wider bandwidth demonstrate its
statistically significant difference in the CMPA and
potential as an efficient and dependable option for
RMPA of the two groups resulted in a VSWR, return
biomedical applications.
loss, and bandwidth. The mean and standard deviation
of the VSWR, return loss and bandwidth for the
CMPA and RMPA are shown in Table 3. 5. Conclusion
This research analyzed the design and
performance of CMPA and RMPA for biomedical
Table 3. Mean and SD Results of the Proposed Antenna
applications. Gain, VSWR, return loss, and bandwidth
Parameter VSWR Return Bandwidth were emphasized as important performance
(dB) Loss (dB) (MHz) parameters. The findings demonstrate that the CMPA
has superior characteristics to the RMPA, making it a
MEAN 2.16 -10.14 237
promising option for wireless communication in
medical implant scenarios. The gain of 10.0 dB

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ISSN: 2348-8379/ [Link] © 2022 Seventh Sense Research Group®

demonstrated the CMPA's ability to radiate energy versatile biomedical communication capabilities.
efficiently. The model's remarkable 1.98 dB VSWR Future efforts can optimize CMPA geometry, address
and -10.5745 dB return loss highlight its exceptional integration challenges in bio-medical devices, validate
impedance matching, which results in minimal signal results through real-world testing, and investigate
reflection and energy loss. The CMPA also featured a multiband operation for improved medical
considerable bandwidth of 295 MHz, allowing for communication capabilities.

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