CEFR-A1.

UNIT 1. GRAMMAR 1
Personal pronouns

I YOU HE

SHE IT WE

YOU THEY
UNIT 1. GRAMMAR 2
Verb TO BE affirmatives AM and ARE

PERSONAL PRONOUN AFFIRMATIVE CONTRACTION

I am I'm
You are You're
We are We're
You are You're
They are They're

UNIT 2. GRAMMAR 1
Verb TO BE - Affirmatives
Use the verb to be to talk about facts:

I am Jerry.
He is eight years old.
My parents are teachers.

You can use the full form of the verb to be or a short form.

PERSONAL PRONOUN AFFIRMATIVE CONTRACTION

I am I'm
You are You're
He is He's
She is She's
It is It's
We are We're
You are You're
They are They're
UNIT 2. GRAMMAR 2
Regular plurals
To make regular plurals, we usually add -s to the end of a noun:

I have a red cup → I have three red cups

That is my car → Those are cars

We also add -es to the end of a noun if it ends in -ch, -s, -x, -z, -ss

She is a witch → They are witches!

He is the boss → We are the bosses

If the noun ends in -y, we can change it to -ies

Alisson is just a baby → I don't like babies

This is my city → Are these cities big?

UNIT 3. GRAMMAR 1
Verb TO BE - Interrogative
To ask questions with the verb TO BE we say the verb first, and then the person.

Verb TO BE Personal pronoun

Am I
Are you
Is he
Is she good?
Is it
Are we
Are you
Are they
To answer those questions, we can use short answers.

I am. I am not/ I'm not.

you are. you are not / you're not / you aren't.
he is. he is not / he's not / he isn't.
she is. she is not./ she's not / she isn't.
Yes, No,
it is. it is not / it's not / it isn't.
we are. we are not / we're not / we aren't.
you are. you are not / you're not / you aren't.
they are. they are not / they're not /they aren't.

You can add what, when, who, how to the verb to be to ask about lots of things.

age: How old are you?

occupation: What is your job?

colours: What colour is your shirt?

nationality: Where are you from?

UNIT 3. GRAMMAR 2
Possessive adjectives

Personal Pronoun Possessive adjective Examples

I My That is my cat.
You Your I am your father.
He His He loves his car.
She Her Peter is her boyfriend.
It Its Clean behind its ears.
We Our He is our cousin.
You Your Let me take your coats.
They Their Luke is their dog.
UNIT 4. GRAMMAR 1
Verb TO BE
We use the verb to be to talk about qualities and states, age and location.

We use ( ' ) to represent missing letters. Contractions are very common in English, especially in

speaking and informal writing.

SUBJECT Verb TO BE CONTRACTION

I am I'm
You are You're
He is He's
She is She's
It is It's
We are We're
You are You're
They are They're

I'm happy.
He's tall.
You're 10 years old.
They're in the park.

Verb TO BE - NEGATIVE

SUBJECT Verb TO BE + NOT CONTRACTION

I am not I'm not
You are not You're not / You aren't
He is not He's not / He isn't
She is not She's not / She isn't
It is not It's not / It isn't
We are not We're not / We aren't
You are not You're not / You aren't
They are not They're not / They aren't
I'm not happy.
He isn't tall. / He's not tall.
You aren't 10 years old. / You're not 10 years old.
They aren't in the park. / They're not in the park.

Verb TO BE - INTERROGATIVE

Verb TO BE SUBJECT
Am I
Are you
Is he
Is she good?
Is it
Are we
Are you
Are they

Short answers

I am. I am not/ I'm not.

you are. you are not / you're not / you aren't.
he is. he is not / he's not / he isn't.
she is. she is not./ she's not / she isn't.
Yes, No,
it is. it is not / it's not / it isn't.
we are. we are not / we're not / we aren't.
you are. you are not / you're not / you aren't.
they are. they are not / they're not /they aren't.

Am I happy?
Is he tall?
Are you 10 years old?
Are they in the park?
UNIT 4. GRAMMAR 2
Verb TO HAVE (GOT)
We can use have or have got to talk about relationships, possession, illnesses and characteristics

of people or things.

Have got is more commonly used in informal style.

Affirmative:

I / you / we / they + have / have got

he / she / it + has / has got

Short forms:

have got → 've got

has got → 's got

Examples:

I have got a headache / I've got a headache.

She has got a car / She's got a car.

Negative:

I / you / we / they + have not / have not got

he / she / it + has not / has not got

Short forms:

have not got → haven't got

has not got → hasn't got

Examples:

They haven't got a big house.

He hasn't got green eyes.

Interrogative:

have/has + subject + got…?

Short answers:

Yes, subject + have/has.

No, subject + haven't/hasn't.

Examples:
A: Have you got a car?
B: Yes, I have.
A: Has she got brown hair?
B: No, she hasn't.

We do not use contractions with have because it is the main verb, and we need an auxiliary verb to

make negative and interrogative sentences.

Affirmative: (No contractions)

I / you / we / they + have

he / she / it + has

Examples:

I have a headache.
She has a car.
Negative:

I / you / we / they + do + not + have

he / she / it + does + not + have

Short forms:

do not have → don't have

does not have → doesn't have

Examples:
They don't have a big house.
He doesn't have green eyes.

Interrogative:

Do + I / you / we / they + have...?

Does he / she / it + have...?

Short answers:

Yes, subject + do / does.

No, subject + don't / doesn't.

Examples:

Do you have a car?

Yes, I do.
Does she have brown hair?
No, she doesn't.
We cannot use have got with some actions and experiences:

have + breakfast/lunch/dinner, a glass of water/juice/wine/milk/etc., a cup of tea/coffee/etc.,

something to eat (a sandwich, etc.).

have + a bath/shower, a break, a rest, a party.

have + an accident, a dream, a look (at something).

have + a conversation, a chat, a discussion (with someone).

have + difficulty, trouble, fun/a good time.

have + a baby (= give birth to a baby).

I have breakfast with my family every morning. NOT: I have got breakfast…
He has (=eat) a salad for lunch every day. NOT: He has got a salad…
The children always have nightmares NOT: The children always have got nightmares.

UNIT 5. GRAMMAR 1
Question words with TO BE
When we add where, what or who to questions with verb to be, we make open questions.

WH-Word Asks about Example

What a thing or an action What is your name?
My name is Rosa.
Where a place or a location Where are you?
I am behind the wardrobe.
Who a person Who is he?
He is my best friend!
UNIT 5. GRAMMAR 2
Demonstratives
Demonstratives help people know what they are talking about.

THIS - THAT (one thing)

THESE - THOSE (more than one thing)

THIS

This is a lunchbox

THAT

That is a banana

THESE

These are erasers

THOSE
Those are houses
UNIT 6. GRAMMAR 1
There is / There are
We use there is/there are to say something exists.

We use there is for singular.

There is a dog in my swimming pool.

We use there are for plural.

There are five cups on the table.

To make negatives, we add not to the verb to be.

There aren't kids here.

There isn't a book next to the computer.

UNIT 6. GRAMMAR 2
Prepositions of place
We use words like IN, ON, AT, NEXT TO, BEHIND, IN FRONT OF, ABOVE, and UNDER to express

WHERE something is.

IN

There is a key in the box.

ON

There is a cat on the table.

UNDER

There is a pair of glasses under the table.

ABOVE

There is a cat above the box.

NEXT TO

There is a dog next to the lunchbox.

BEHIND

There is a tree behind the house.

IN FRONT OF

There is a dog in front of the house.

AT

They are at home.

UNIT 7. GRAMMAR 1
Articles a, an, the, zero
Articles go before nouns.

We can use a definite article (the) or an indefinite article (a/an).

A/AN, indefinite article

We use it when we do not talk about a particular thing.

- one thing

I want an ice-cream
- jobs

He's a teacher
- to mean ‘one’

I'm eating a burger

- We use a before a consonant sound,

a car, a house, a pet

- We use an before a vowel sound.

an apple, an elephant, an island

THE, definite article

We use the for specific things.

- when everyone knows what we are talking about

Do you remember the question from the test? I have the answer.
- with unique things
Look at the sky.
The sun is shining.
ZERO ARTICLE, no article

Sometimes, we don’t use articles.

- for names

Sandra is very tall.

- plurals with general meaning

Lions have manes.

UNIT 7. GRAMMAR 2
Possessive 's
We use possessive 's to show that an animal or a person owns something.

We use 's

- to talk about things that belong to somebody

This is Daniel's log.

- when a person creates something

We are reading Will Smith's biography.

- for relationships

Martin is Lisa's brother.

UNIT 8. GRAMMAR 1
There is / There are - Interrogatives
We use there is / there are in questions to ask if something exists.

To make questions with there is / there are we change the order of the words.

verb TO BE there
SINGULAR Is there a bag on the floor?

PLURAL Are there kids at the theatre?

UNIT 8. GRAMMAR 2
Prepositions of place II
We use words like OPPOSITE, BETWEEN, IN FRONT OF, BELOW and ABOVE to express WHERE

something is.

OPPOSITE

The dog is opposite the cat.

BETWEEN

The dog is between the cats.

IN FRONT OF

The dog is in front of the cat.

BELOW

The ball of wool is below the cat.

ABOVE

The lightbulb is above the cat.

UNIT 9. GRAMMAR 1
Prepositions of TIME
IN/ON

We use on for days and dates.

We use in for parts of the day, months, seasons and years.

IN ON

2006 my birthday

the summer 12th of October

December Tuesday

the morning Thursday morning

the afternoon

the evening

UNIT 9. GRAMMAR 2
WHEN
Remember:

We use... to ask about... Examples

- Who is she?
WHO a person or people
- She is my sister.

- What do you do?

WHAT things or actions
- I am a teacher.

- Where is Anna?
WHERE places or locations
- She is in the kitchen.
We use when to ask about a time or an event.

- When is your birthday?

- My birthday is (It’s) on March 3rd.
- When is Christmas?
- Christmas is in December. / It’s in December.

UNIT 10. GRAMMAR 1

Present simple
We use the present simple to describe routines, habits, and recurrent activities.

I wake up at 6:00 a.m.

They go to the park every Saturday.

To describe general and scientific facts.

Elephants live in Africa.

Planets orbit around the sun.

To describe indications.

Turn the volume up.

Do not wear hats in the classroom.

To describe future scheduled plans.

I have a dentist appointment tomorrow at 8:00 a.m.

We have a meeting at 6:00 p.m.
Sentence formation

Subject + verb + object

I like apples.
We do our homework.
They love chocolate.
You play football every Wednesday.

Negative sentence formation

Subject + do not (don't) + verb infinitive + object

I don't like apples.
We don't do our homework.
They don't love chocolate.
You don't play football every Wednesday.

Interrogative sentence formation

Auxiliary verb (do) + subject + verb infinitive + object +?

Do you like apples? Do they love chocolate?

- Yes, I do. - Yes, they do.

- No, I don't. - No, they don't.

Do we do our homework? Do you play football every Wednesday?

- Yes, we do. - Yes, we do.

- No, we don't. - No, we don't.

UNIT 11. GRAMMAR 1
Present simple HE/SHE/IT
The present simple is a time tense used to talk about facts, routines and states.

When used with pronouns I, you, we and they, the verb will be in the present and it will look like the

verb in the infinitive.

But if the verb is used with pronouns he, she or it, then the verbs will be changed to fit these pro-

nouns instead.
You make dinner everyday.
She makes dinner everyday.
We will simply add letter -s to most verbs in order to say them in the present simple. However, there

are some exceptions.

If the verb ends in -sh, -ch or -ss, then we will add -es at the end of it to use it in the present simple.

Watch - He watches TV.

Finish - It finishes at noon.

Pass - She passes her classes.

If the verb instead ends in -y, we will add -ies at the end of the verb. The exception to this rule is if

the verb ends in a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) + letter -y.

Fly - The eagle flies fast.

Play - He plays games.

Lastly, in the cases of the verbs do and go, what we will add to the verbs is -es.

Go - It goes very quickly.

Do - He does gymnastics.

UNIT 11. GRAMMAR 2

Present simple HE/SHE/IT Interrogatives and Negatives
When we want to say a sentence in the present simple in the interrogative or in the negative, we need

help from an auxiliary verb (TO DO) to create it.

In the case of I, you, we and they, the auxiliary will always be do.

But if we are using pronouns she, he or it, then the auxiliary will become does and the main verb will

be used in the infinitive.

Negative: Interrogative:

I do not (don't) know where to go. Do we know where to go?

She does not (doesn't) know where to go. Does she know where to go?
We do not (don't) enjoy watching films. Do you enjoy watching films?
He does not (doesn't) enjoy watching films. Does he enjoy watching films?
They do not (don't) wash the dishes. Do they wash the dishes?
It does not (doesn't) wash the dishes. Does it wash the dishes?
UNIT 12. GRAMMAR 1
Telling time
To tell the time, you have to use a clock. You can have: a digital clock, or an analogue clock.

This is how you can tell the time in an analogue clock:

It's twelve o'clock It's ten past ten It's twenty-five to three It's a quarter to six
 It's half past two It's five to twelve It's twenty past twelve

To tell the time with digital clocks, you can do the same or you can also say both numbers on the

screen.

15:00 pm - It's three o'clock.

14:05 pm - It's five past two.

12:55 pm - It's five to one.

07:30 am - It's half past seven.

Remember! We say 'a.m.' for the time before noon and 'p.m.' after noon.
We always go to the cinema at 8pm.
I have breakfast at 7am.
UNIT 12. GRAMMAR 2
Prepositions of TIME

IN ON AT
MONTHS: DAYS: SPECIFIC MOMENTS OF DAY:

In September On Tuesday At noon

SEASONS: On Friday At 10.30
In Autumn DATES: MEALTIMES:

YEARS: On September 12th At lunchtime

In 2025 On Wednesday 2nd At dinnertime
DECADES: PARTS OF SPECIFIC DAYS: HOLIDAYS:

In the 2010s On Saturday morning At Christmas

In the 90s On Sunday evening At the weekend
CENTURIES: EXPRESSIONS:

In the 1800s At the moment

In the 21st century At night
LONG PERIODS OF TIME:

In the past
In the ice age
PARTS OF THE DAY:

In the morning
In the afternoon