(CE0047)
MODULE 2
PART 1 – Matrix Algebra OVERVIEW
At the end of this module, the student should be able to:
• Understanding Matrix Notation and Identify the different Types of Matrices
• Perform operations in Matrices
• Compute the Determinants, Adjoint, Inverse and Rank of a Matrix
MATRIX ALGEBRA
A MATRIX consists of a rectangular array of
elements. It is arranged in “m” rows and “n”
columns and is enclosed by a pair of parenthesis
or brackets. The elements maybe numbers,
variables, functions, integrals, derivatives or
even other matrices.
MATRIX NOTATION
a11 a12 … a1n
a21 a22 … a2n
[A]=
+
…
…
am1 am2 … amn
MATRIX NOTATION
Matrix is denoted by a single symbol. For
example, Matrix A is denoted as [A].
A horizontal set of elements is called “row” and a
vertical set is called “column”. Every elements of
the matrix is denoted as aij .
MATRIX NOTATION
The first subscript ‘ i ‘ means the number of the
row in which the element lies. The second
subscript ‘ j ‘ designates the position of the
element along the column.
For example: a31 means that the element is in
row 3 and column 1.
MATRIX NOTATION
The size of the matrix depends on the number of
rows and number of columns. If the matrix
consists of “m” rows and “n” columns, The
matrix is said to be a m x n Matrix.
MATRIX NOTATION
Example of a Matrix:
2 -3 0
[A]= 4 5 -10
7 8 -9
Matrix A consists of 3 rows and 3 columns.
Matrix A is a 3 x 3 Matrix.
TYPES OF MATRIX
TYPES OF MATRIX
VECTORS:
Row Vector – is a type
of matrix with one row [A]= 2 -3 0
and “n” columns.
TYPES OF MATRIX
VECTORS:
Column Vector – is a
type of matrix with one 2
column and “m” rows. [A]= 4
7
TYPES OF MATRIX
SQUARE MATRIX:
A matrix with an equal
number of rows and 2 -3 0
column. Square Matrix [A]= 4 5 -10
is also called a matrix
7 8 -9
of order “n” (n –
number of row/column).
TYPES OF MATRIX
SQUARE MATRIX:
A matrix with an equal
number of rows and 2 -3 0
column. Square Matrix [A]= 4 5 -10
is also called a matrix
7 8 -9
of order “n” (n –
number of row/column).
TYPES OF MATRIX
SQUARE MATRIX:
The diagonal consisting
of the elements aij 2 -3 0
where i = j is called the [A]= 4 5 -10
principal or main
7 8 -9
diagonal of the matrix.
TYPES OF MATRIX
SQUARE MATRIX - SYMMETRIC MATRIX
A matrix whose row
elements equal to 5 1 2
column elements – that [A]= 1 3 7
is aij = aji.
2 7 8
TYPES OF MATRIX
SQUARE MATRIX - SCALAR MATRIX
A diagonal matrix
where all elements 4 0 0
along the main [A]= 0 4 0
diagonal are all equal.
0 0 4
TYPES OF MATRIX
SQUARE MATRIX - IDENTITY MATRIX
A diagonal matrix
where all elements 1 0 0
along the main [A]= 0 1 0
diagonal are equal to 1.
0 0 1
TYPES OF MATRIX
SQUARE MATRIX - UPPER TRIANGULAR MATRIX
A matrix where all
elements below the 3 -10 2
main diagonal are equal [A]= 0 9 7
to zero..
0 0 1
TYPES OF MATRIX
SQUARE MATRIX - LOWER TRIANGULAR MATRIX
A matrix where all
elements above the 3 0 0
main diagonal are equal [A]= 11 6 0
to zero..
-8 2 5
TYPES OF MATRIX
SQUARE MATRIX - BANDED MATRIX
A matrix where all
elements equal to zero 3 2 0
except of a band [A]= 1 -4 -6
centered on the main
0 -2 5
diagonal. Band width =
3.
TYPES OF MATRIX
SQUARE MATRIX - BANDED MATRIX
A banded matrix with a
band width of 3 is 3 2 0
called [A]= 1 -4 -6
tridiagonal matrix.
0 -2 5
TYPES OF MATRIX
NULL MATRIX
A matrix where all
elements are equal to 0 0 0
zero. It is also called [A]= 0 0 0
ZERO Matrix.
0 0 0
MODULE 2
PART 2 – Matrix OPERATION
At the end of this module, the student should be able to:
• Understanding Matrix Notation and Identify the different Types of Matrices
• Perform operations in Matrices
• Compute the Inverse of a Matrix
OPERATIONS WITH
MATRICES
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION
Matrices can be added or subtracted if they are
the size. Matrices are added by adding the
CORRESPONDING ELEMENTS of the given
matrices. If Matrix C is the result of the
operation:
cij = aij ± bij ± …
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION
EXAMPLE NO. 1
-6 2 -5 Find [A] + [B]
[A]= 3 0 1
-11 4 9
-2 1 3
[B]= -8 1 7
3 4 5
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION
EXAMPLE NO. 1
-6 2 -5 Solution:
[A]= 3 0 1 cij = aij ± bij
-11 4 9
c11 = -6 + -2 = -8
-2 1 3
c12 = 2 + 1 = 3
[ B ] = -8 1 7
c13 = -5 + 3 = -2
3 4 5
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION
EXAMPLE NO. 1
-6 2 -5 Solution:
[A]= 3 0 1 cij = aij ± bij
-11 4 9
c21 = 3 + -8 = -5
-2 1 3
c22 = 0 + 1 = 1
[ B ] = -8 1 7
c23 = 1 + 7 = 8
3 4 5
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION
EXAMPLE NO. 1
-6 2 -5 Solution:
[A]= 3 0 1 cij = aij ± bij
-11 4 9
c31 = -11 + 3 = -8
-2 1 3
c32 = 4 + 4 = 8
[ B ] = -8 1 7
c33 = 9 + 5 = 14
3 4 5
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION
EXAMPLE NO. 1
c11 = -6 + -2 = -8. c21 = 3 + -8 = -5 c31 = -11 + 3 = -8
c12 = 2 + 1 = 3 c22 = 0 + 1 = 1 c32 = 4 + 4 = 8.
c13 = -5 + 3 = -2 c23 = 1 + 7 = 8 c33 = 9 + 5 = 14
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION
EXAMPLE NO. 1
-8. 3 -2
[C]= -5 1 8
-8 8. 14
SCALAR MULTIPLICATION
Given: Matrix A, where [A] = [aij] and k is a
scalar, then k[A] = [kaij].
To compute k[A], Scalar value, k is multiplied on
every elements of the Matrix A.
SCALAR MULTIPLICATION
EXAMPLE NO. 2
k = -5 Find k[A]
-2 7 -3
[A]= 3 5 2
1 -4 1
SCALAR MULTIPLICATION
EXAMPLE NO. 2
Solution:
-2 7 -3
k [ A ] = -5 3 5 2
1 -4 1
SCALAR MULTIPLICATION
EXAMPLE NO. 2
Solution:
-5 x -2 -5 x 7 -5 x -3
k[A]= -5 x 3 -5 x 5 -5 x 2
-5 x 1 -5 x -4 -5 x 1
SCALAR MULTIPLICATION
EXAMPLE NO. 2
Solution:
10 -35 15
k[A]= -15 -25 -10
-5 20 -5
MATRIX MULTIPLICATION
Multiplication of Matrix A and Matrix B is
defined only when the number of columns of
Matrix A and the number of rows of Matrix B are
equal Then the product of Matrix A and Matrix B
has a size of the number of rows of Matrix A by
the number of columns of Matrix B.
MATRIX MULTIPLICATION
Let say, the size of Matrix A is m x q and the size
of Matrix B is q x n. If [A][B] = [C], the size of
Matrix C is m x n.
b11 b12
a11 a12 a13 a14
b21 b22
[A] = a21 a22 a23 a24 [B] =
b31 b32
a31 a32 a33 a34
b41 b42
MATRIX MULTIPLICATION
b11 b12
a11 a12 a13 a14
b21 b22
[A] = a21 a22 a23 a24 [B] =
b31 b32
a31 a32 a33 a34
b41 b42
c11 c12
[A][B] = [C] = c21 c22
c31 c32
MATRIX MULTIPLICATION
The product of Matrix A and Matrix B is
calculated by multiplying the ROWS of [A] by the
COLUMNS of [B].
b11 b12
a11 a12 a13 a14
b21 b22
[A] = a21 a22 a23 a24 [B] =
b31 b32
a31 a32 a33 a34
b41 b42
MATRIX MULTIPLICATION
Matrix Multiplication is not commutative.
[A][B] ≠ [B][A]
MATRIX MULTIPLICATION
EXAMPLE NO. 3
4 -5 Find [A][B]
[A]= 3 2
-1 9
5 0 1 3
[B]= -8 6 2 -7
MATRIX MULTIPLICATION
EXAMPLE NO. 3
4 -5 Solution:
[A]= 3 2
-1 9 c11 = (4 x 5) + (-5 x -8)
5 0 1 3 c11 = 60
[B]= -8 6 2 -7
MATRIX MULTIPLICATION
EXAMPLE NO. 3
4 -5 Solution:
[A]= 3 2
-1 9 c12 = (4 x 0) + (-5 x 6)
5 0 1 3 c12 = -30
[B]= -8 6 2 -7
MATRIX MULTIPLICATION
EXAMPLE NO. 3
4 -5 Solution:
[A]= 3 2
-1 9 c13 = (4 x 1) + (-5 x 2)
5 0 1 3 c13 = -6
[B]= -8 6 2 -7
MATRIX MULTIPLICATION
EXAMPLE NO. 3
4 -5 Solution:
[A]= 3 2
-1 9 c14 = (4 x 3) + (-5 x -7)
5 0 1 3 c14 = 47
[B]= -8 6 2 -7
MATRIX MULTIPLICATION
EXAMPLE NO. 3
4 -5 Solution:
[A]= 3 2
-1 9 c21 = (3 x 5) + (2 x -8)
5 0 1 3 c21 = -1
[B]= -8 6 2 -7
MATRIX MULTIPLICATION
EXAMPLE NO. 3
4 -5 Solution:
[A]= 3 2
-1 9 c22 = (3 x 0) + (2 x 6)
5 0 1 3 c22 = 12
[B]= -8 6 2 -7
MATRIX MULTIPLICATION
EXAMPLE NO. 3
4 -5 Solution:
[A]= 3 2
-1 9 c23 = (3 x 1) + (2 x 2)
5 0 1 3 c23 = 7
[B]= -8 6 2 -7
MATRIX MULTIPLICATION
EXAMPLE NO. 3
4 -5 Solution:
[A]= 3 2
-1 9 c24 = (3 x 3) + (2 x -7)
5 0 1 3 c24 = -5
[B]= -8 6 2 -7
MATRIX MULTIPLICATION
EXAMPLE NO. 3
4 -5 Solution:
[A]= 3 2
-1 9 c31 = (-1 x 5) + (9 x -8)
5 0 1 3 c31 = -77
[B]= -8 6 2 -7
MATRIX MULTIPLICATION
EXAMPLE NO. 3
4 -5 Solution:
[A]= 3 2
-1 9 c32 = (-1 x 0) + (9 x 6)
5 0 1 3 c32 = 54
[B]= -8 6 2 -7
MATRIX MULTIPLICATION
EXAMPLE NO. 3
4 -5 Solution:
[A]= 3 2
-1 9 c33 = (-1 x 1) + (9 x 2)
5 0 1 3 c33 = 17
[B]= -8 6 2 -7
MATRIX MULTIPLICATION
EXAMPLE NO. 3
4 -5 Solution:
[A]= 3 2
-1 9 c34 = (-1 x 3) + (9 x -7)
5 0 1 3 c34 = -66
[B]= -8 6 2 -7
MATRIX MULTIPLICATION
EXAMPLE NO. 3
c11 = 60 c21 = -1 c31 = -77
c12 = -30 c22 = 12 c32 = 54
c13 = -6 c23 = 7 c33 = 17
c14 = 47 c24 = -5 c34 = -66
MATRIX MULTIPLICATION
EXAMPLE NO. 3
60 -30 -6 47
[ C ] = -1 12 7 -5
-77 54 17 -66
TRANSPOSE
The transpose operation of a matrix rearranges
the elements of the matrix such that the rows
are switched into columns or vice versa.
The transpose of Matrix A is written as [A]T.
[A]T = [aij]T = [aji]
TRANSPOSE
EXAMPLE NO. 4
Transpose of A:
9 -5 11
[A]= -15 8 23
16 10 -4
TRANSPOSE
EXAMPLE NO. 4
Transpose of A:
9 -15 16
[A] T = -5 8 10
11 23 -4
MODULE 2
PART 3 – DETERMINANTS
At the end of this module, the student should be able to:
• Understanding Matrix Notation and Identify the different Types of Matrices
• Perform operations in Matrices
• Compute the Determinants of a Matrix
DETERMINANT OF A
MATRIX
DETERMINANTS
The determinant is a number or scalar quantity
that represents a square matrix. It is a useful
quantity that is used to find the inverse of a
matrix, and to solve systems of linear equations.
If [A] = [aij] a square matrix, then determinant of
[A] is denoted as:
|A| or det A
DETERMINANTS
There are several ways of evaluating
determinants of a matrix. Determining the
determinant of a matrix is often difficult if the
size of the matrix is larger than 3 x 3.
DETERMINANT OF 2 x 2 MATRIX
The determinant of a 2 x 2 matrix is just the
difference of the product of the elements on both
diagonals of the matrix. Thus,
a11 a12
If Matrix A =
a21 a22
det [A] = |A| = a11a22 – a21a12
DETERMINANT OF 2 x 2 MATRIX
EXAMPLE NO. 5
4 -6
Find the Determinant of Matrix A =
1 11
Solution:
det A = |A| = [(4 x 11) – (-6 x 1)]
4 -6
det A = |A| = 50
1 11
DETERMINANT OF 3 x 3 MATRIX
The determinant of a 3 x 3 matrix can be
obtained using Augmented Matrix. The value of
the determinant is the sum of the first three
products of right-downward-sloping diagonals
minus the sum of the last three products of
right-upward-sloping diagonals.
DETERMINANT OF 3 x 3 MATRIX
a11 a12 a13
If Matrix A = a21 a22 a23
a31 a32 a33
To form an Augmented Matrix, the two first
column of the matrix will be copied after the last
column.
DETERMINANT OF 3 x 3 MATRIX
Augmented Matrix A =
a11 a12 a13 a11 a12
a21 a22 a23 a21 a22
a31 a32 a33 a31 a32
DETERMINANT OF 3 x 3 MATRIX
a11 a12 a13 a11 a12
a21 a22 a23 a21 a22
a31 a32 a33 a31 a32
det A = |A| =
[a11a22a33 + a12a23a31 + a13a21a32]
– [a31a22a13 + a32a23a11 + a33a21a12]
DETERMINANT OF 3 x 3 MATRIX
EXAMPLE NO. 6
9 -2 1
Find the Determinant of Matrix A = -3 4 0
2 -5 6
Solution:
9 -2 1 9 -2
-3 4 0 -3 4
2 -5 6 2 -5
DETERMINANT OF 3 x 3 MATRIX
EXAMPLE NO. 6
9 -2 1 9 -2
-3 4 0 -3 4
2 -5 6 2 -5
det A = |A| =
[(9)(4)(6) + (-2)(0)(2) + (1)(-3)(-5)]
– [(2)(4)(1) + (-5)(0)(9) + (6)(-3)(-2)]
det A = |A| = 187
DETERMINANT OF ANY SIZE OF SQUARE MATRIX
Using the methods used in 2 x 2 and 3 x 3 matrix
to evaluate the determinant is not applicable for
higher order of a Square Matrix. There are
another two methods to solve the determinant of
the matrix. These are:
• COFACTOR EXPANSION
• UPPER TRIANGULAR METHOD
DETERMINANT OF ANY SIZE OF SQUARE MATRIX
COFACTOR EXPANSION
Let A be a square matrix of order n. Then the
determinant of the matrix A is:
DETERMINANT OF ANY SIZE OF SQUARE MATRIX
COFACTOR EXPANSION
where: aij - elements of the chosen row of the
matrix A
i - row position of the element aij
j - column position of the element aij
|Mij| - determinant of the square matrix
of order (n – 1) obtained by
removing the row number i and
column number j. (Minor Matrix)
COFACTOR EXPANSION
EXAMPLE NO. 7
9 -2 1
Find the Determinant of Matrix A = -3 4 0
2 -5 6
Solution: Choose any row of the given matrix.
9 -2 1
-3 4 0
2 -5 6
COFACTOR EXPANSION
EXAMPLE NO. 7
9 -2 1 -2 1
det A = [(-1)(2 + 1)](-3)
-3 4 0 -5 6
2 -5 6
COFACTOR EXPANSION
EXAMPLE NO. 7
9 -2 1 -2 1
det A = [(-1)(2 + 1)](-3)
-3 4 0 -5 6
2 -5 6 9 1
+ [(-1)(2 + 2)](4)
2 6
COFACTOR EXPANSION
EXAMPLE NO. 7
9 -2 1 -2 1
det A = [(-1)(2 + 1)](-3)
-3 4 0 -5 6
2 -5 6 9 1
+ [(-1)(2 + 2)](4)
2 6
9 -2
+ [(-1)(2 + 3)](0)
2 -5
COFACTOR EXPANSION
EXAMPLE NO. 7
9 -2 1 det A = [(-1)(2 + 1)](-3) (-7)
-3 4 0
+ [(-1)(2 + 2)](4) (-52)
2 -5 6
+ [(-1)(2 + 3)](0)(-41)
det A = -21 + 208 + 0
det A = 187
DETERMINANT OF ANY SIZE OF SQUARE MATRIX
UPPER TRIANGULAR METHOD
When the size of a matrix is very large, cofactor
expansion becomes inconvenient to use. Upper
triangular method is used because the
determinant of a matrix is just the product of
the main diagonal elements when Matrix A is
reduced to an upper triangular matrix.
DETERMINANT OF ANY SIZE OF SQUARE MATRIX
UPPER TRIANGULAR METHOD
To reduce a matrix into upper triangular form,
elementary row operations are used.
• Interchanging any two rows
• Multiplying every element of any row by a non-zero
number
• Adding a non-zero scalar multiple of the elements of
any row to the corresponding elements of another
row. [ new Row N ← Row N – f x (Row M) ]
DETERMINANT OF ANY SIZE OF SQUARE MATRIX
UPPER TRIANGULAR METHOD
where: new Row N – new Value of Row N
Elements after performing row
operation
Row N - value of Row N before
performing row operation
Row M Row of Main Diagonal
element considered in row operation
f (factor) -
UPPER TRIANGULAR METHOD
EXAMPLE NO. 8
9 -2 1
Find the Determinant of Matrix A = -3 4 0
2 -5 6
Solution:
All elements below the main diagonal elements
must be equal to zero.
UPPER TRIANGULAR METHOD
EXAMPLE NO. 8
Start with the first element of main diagonal
ROW OPERATIONS
9 -2 1
R2
-3 4 0 new R2 ← R2 – x R1
R1
2 -5 6 R3
new R3 ← R3 – x R1
R1
UPPER TRIANGULAR METHOD
EXAMPLE NO. 8 R2
new R2 ← R2 – x R1
9 -2 1 R1
-3 4 0 −3
new R2 ← −3 − 9 0
9
2 -5 6
−3 10
new R2 ← 4 − −2
9
−3 1
new R2 ← 0 − 1
9
UPPER TRIANGULAR METHOD
EXAMPLE NO. 8 R
new R3 ← R3 – x R1
9 -2 1 R1
0 10/3 1/3 2
new R3 ← 2 − 9 0
9
2 -5 6
2 41
new R3 ← −5 − −2
9 9
2 52
new R3 ← 6 − 1
9 9
UPPER TRIANGULAR METHOD
EXAMPLE NO. 8
After reducing the elements below the first
element of the main diagonal to zero, move to
next element.
9 -2 1 R
new R3 ← R3 – x R2
0 10/3 1/3 R2
0 -41/9 52/9
UPPER TRIANGULAR METHOD
EXAMPLE NO. 8 R
new R3 ← R3 – x R2
9 -2 1 R2
0 10/3 1/3 41 −41/9 10
new R3 ← − 0
9 10/3 3
0 -41/9 52/9
52 −41/9 1 187
new R3 ← −
9 10/3 3 30
UPPER TRIANGULAR METHOD
EXAMPLE NO. 8
9 -2 1
0 10/3 1/3
0 0 187/30
det A = (9)(10/3)(187/30)
det A = 187
MODULE 2
PART 4 – RANK OF A MATRIX
At the end of this module, the student should be able to:
• Understanding Matrix Notation and Identify the different Types of Matrices
• Perform operations in Matrices
• Compute the Determinants of a Matrix
RANK OF A MATRIX
RANK OF A MATRIX
The rank of a matrix is defined as the dimension
of linearly dependent space spanned by its
columns or rows.
RANK OF A MATRIX
Here are some of the properties of a rank of a matrix:
• Only Rank of Null Matrix is zero
• ρ(In) = n, where: ρ – rank of; and In – Unit
matrix of order n
• Rank of A (m x n) ≤ minimum (m, n)
• Rank of A of order n = n if |A| ≠ 0
< n if |A| = 0
• ρ(AT) = ρ(A)
RANK OF A MATRIX
There are two ways to determine the Rank of a
Matrix:
1. Normal Method (Using Determinant)
2. Echelon Form Method
RANK OF A MATRIX: NORMAL METHOD
The rank of a matrix is the order of highest order
non – zero minor (meaning that the determinant
of any minor of the given matrix is not equal to
zero) .
RANK OF A MATRIX: NORMAL METHOD
EXAMPLE NO. 9
2 4 3
Given A = -4 -8 -6
1 3 2
Solution:
Determinant of A = |A| = 0
Then, Rank of [A] < 3
RANK OF A MATRIX: NORMAL METHOD
EXAMPLE NO. 9
2 4 3
Given A = -4 -8 -6
1 3 2
Considering Minor Matrix M33:
|M33| = [(2)(-8) – (4)(-4)] = 0
If the determinant of first Minor Matrix considered
is equal to zero, choose another Minor Matrix (Mij)
RANK OF A MATRIX: NORMAL METHOD
EXAMPLE NO. 9
2 4 3
Given A = -4 -8 -6
1 3 2
Considering Minor Matrix M13:
|M13| = [(-4)(3) – (1)(-8)] = - 4
RANK OF A MATRIX: NORMAL METHOD
EXAMPLE NO. 9
If there is at least 1 Minor Matrix have non-zero
determinant, therefore the order of the Minor
Matrix with non-zero determinant is the rank of
the matrix.
Answer: ρ(A) = 2
RANK OF A MATRIX: ECHELON FORM METHOD
A matrix is said to be in echelon for if:
• All elements to the left side of the leading
element (a non-zero element on the left-most
non-zero elements of a row) is equal to zero.
• Number of zeros on the left side of leading
element of the row should increase as the row
number increases.
RANK OF A MATRIX: ECHELON FORM METHOD
To convert the Matrix into echelon form,
Elementary Row Operation must be used.
Then, the rank of the matrix is:
ρ(A) = Rn – Rn=0
where: Rn – Number of rows in the given matrix
Rn=0 – Number of Rows with zero elements
RANK OF A MATRIX: ECHELON FORM METHOD
EXAMPLE No. 10
1 2 1
Given A = -2 -3 1
3 5 0
Solution:
Perform Elementary Row Operations:
RANK OF A MATRIX: ECHELON FORM METHOD
EXAMPLE No. 10
After Row operations:
1 2 1
A= 0 1 3
0 0 0
Answer: ρ(A) = 3 – 1 = 2
1. Numerical Methods For Engineers and Scientists: An
Introduction with Applications Using MATLAB, Gilat,
A., Subramaniam, V.
2. Numerical Methods For Engineers and Scientists,
Hoffman, Joe D.
