Interview Questions For DBMS
1. What is SQL?
Structured Query Language used for managing and manipulating
databases.
2. What is a primary key?
A column or set of columns that uniquely identifies each row in a table.
3. What is a foreign key?
A field in one table that refers to the primary key in another table.
4. What is normalization?
A process to remove redundancy and ensure data integrity.
5. What is denormalization?
Adding redundancy for faster data retrieval.
6. What is 1NF?
Ensures that all columns have atomic (indivisible) values.
7. What is 2NF?
Removes partial dependencies; table must be in 1NF.
8. What is 3NF?
Removes transitive dependencies; table must be in 2NF.
9. What is BCNF?
Stronger version of 3NF; every determinant must be a candidate key.
[Link] is a candidate key?
A field or combination of fields that can uniquely identify a record.
[Link] is a composite key?
A key composed of two or more fields to uniquely identify a record.
[Link] is a view?
A virtual table created from a query.
[Link] is an index?
A data structure that improves the speed of data retrieval.
[Link] is a join?
Combines rows from two or more tables based on a related column.
[Link] of joins?
Inner, Left, Right, Full, Cross, and Self joins.
[Link] is a subquery?
A query nested inside another query.
[Link] is a transaction?
A sequence of operations performed as a single logical unit of work.
[Link] are ACID properties?
Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability.
[Link] is concurrency control?
Managing simultaneous operations without conflicts.
[Link] is locking?
Mechanism to control access to data during concurrent transactions.
[Link] is deadlock?
A situation where two transactions wait indefinitely for each other.
[Link] is a stored procedure?
A group of SQL statements stored in the database and executed together.
[Link] is a trigger?
A procedure that executes automatically in response to a specific event.
[Link] is a schema?
The structure that defines the organization of data in a database.
[Link] between DELETE and TRUNCATE?
DELETE removes specific rows; TRUNCATE removes all rows without
logging individual deletions.
[Link] between DBMS and RDBMS?
RDBMS uses tables and enforces relationships; DBMS may not.
[Link] is data integrity?
Ensures accuracy and consistency of data over its lifecycle.
[Link] is the difference between WHERE and HAVING clause?
WHERE filters rows before grouping; HAVING filters groups after
aggregation.
[Link] is the GROUP BY clause?
It groups rows that have the same values in specified columns.
[Link] is the ORDER BY clause?
Sorts the result set in ascending (ASC) or descending (DESC) order.
[Link] is the difference between INNER JOIN and OUTER JOIN?
INNER JOIN returns matching rows only; OUTER JOIN returns matched and
unmatched rows.
[Link] is a NULL value in SQL?
Represents missing or unknown data; it is not the same as zero or empty
string.
[Link] do you handle NULL in SQL?
Using IS NULL, IS NOT NULL, or functions like COALESCE() and IFNULL().
[Link] does the DISTINCT keyword do?
Removes duplicate rows from the result set.
[Link] is the use of the LIKE operator?
Performs pattern matching in WHERE clause using % or _.
[Link] is the IN operator?
Checks if a value exists in a list of values.
[Link] is a correlated subquery?
A subquery that uses values from the outer query.
[Link] is the LIMIT clause (or TOP in SQL Server)?
Limits the number of rows returned by a query.
[Link] is the difference between UNION and UNION ALL?
UNION removes duplicates; UNION ALL keeps all records including
duplicates.
[Link] are aggregate functions in SQL?
Functions that operate on sets of rows: SUM(), AVG(), COUNT(), MIN(),
MAX().
