Algebra 2.

5 AwesomeMath Summer Program 2024

Summations

1 Problem Set 8
Problem 1: For −1 < r < 1, let S(r) denote the sum of the geometric series

12 + 12r + 12r2 + 12r3 + · · · .

Let a between −1 and 1 satisfy S(a)S(−a) = 2016. Find S(a) + S(−a).

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Problem 2: Compute √ √ √
5+ 6 7 + 12 64 + 992
√ √ +√ √ + ··· + √ √ .
2+ 3 3+ 4 31 + 32

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Problem 3: An infinite geometric series has sum 2005. A new series, obtained by squaring each
term of the original series, has 10 times the sum of the original series. The common ratio of the
original series is m
n where m and n are relatively prime integers. Find m + n.

Problem 5:

1+
1
1 + 21

1+
1
1 + 22

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Problem 4: The sum of the first 2011 terms of a geometric sequence is 200. The sum of the first
4022 terms is 380. Find the sum of the first 6033 terms.

1+
1
1 + 23
 
··· 1 +
1
1 + 210

=
m
n
,
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where m and n are relatively prime positive integers. Find m + n.

Problem 6: (a) Explain the difference between the following two sums.
n
X n
X
ak , aℓ .
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k=1 ℓ=1

(b) Explain the difference between the following two sums.

n n
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X X
ak , ak .
k=1 ℓ=1

Problem 7: Let a1 , a2 , . . . be a sequence defined by a1 = a2 = 1 and an+2 = an+1 + an for n ≥ 1.

Find
∞
X an
.
4n+1
n=1

Problem 8: Let A be the set of positive integers that have no prime factors other than 2, 3, or 5.
The infinite sum
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + ···
1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 12 15 16 18 20
m
of the reciprocals of all the elements of A can be expressed as n, where m and n are relatively
prime positive integers. What is m + n?

1
Algebra 2.5 AwesomeMath Summer Program 2024
Problem 9: What is the value of
20 100
! !
k2
X X
k
log5k 3 · log9k 25 ?
k=1 k=1

1
2 n(n+1) .
P∞
Problem 10: Let S = n=1 3n Compute S.

Problem 11: A sequence of positive integers with a1 = 1 and a9 + a10 = 646 is formed so that the
first three terms are in geometric progression, the second, third, and fourth terms are in arithmetic
progression, and, in general, for all n ≥ 1, the terms a2n−1 , a2n , a2n+1 are in geometric progression,

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and the terms a2n , a2n+1 , and a2n+2 are in arithmetic progression. Let an be the greatest term in
this sequence that is less than 1000. Find n + an .

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Problem 12: Evaluate the infinite product
∞
Y n3 − 1
.
n3 + 1

Problem 13: Prove that the inequality

holds for all positive integers n.

1 1 eM
n=2

1
2 2 · 4 4 · 8 8 · · · (2n ) 2n < 4
1
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Problem 14: Compute
∞  3n  3n !
Y 1 1
1− + .
2 4
n=0

Problem 15: Let α be the positive real solution to x3 + 25 x − 1 = 0. Find the exact numerical
value of α2 + 2α5 + 3α8 + 4α11 + · · · .
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Problem 16: Let Fn be the nth Fibonacci number, where as usual F1 = F2 = 1 and Fn+1 =
Fn + Fn−1 . Find the value of the infinite sum
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1 1 2 Fn
+ + + ··· + n + ··· .
3 9 27 3
∞ n−1
X X k
Problem 17: Compute .
2n+k
n=1 k=1

Problem 18: Let (an ) and (bn ) be the sequences of real numbers such that,

(2 + i)n = an + bn i
√
for all integers n ≥ 0, where i = −1. What is
∞
X an bn
?
7n
n=0

2
Algebra 2.5 AwesomeMath Summer Program 2024
Problem 19: The three roots of the cubic 30x3 − 50x2 + 22x − 1
are distinct real numbers between
0 and 1. For every nonnegative integer n, let sn be the sum of the nth powers of these three roots.
What is the value of the infinite series

s0 + s1 + s2 + s3 + . . . ?

Problem 20: Consider the set of all fractions of the form 2m /3n with 0 ≤ m ≤ n. For example, 19
8
and 27 would be included in this set, but not 32
81 . Determine the sum of all the numbers in this set.

Problem 21: Let a0 , a1 , . . . be a sequence such that a0 = 3, a1 = 2, and an+2 = an+1 + an for all
n ≥ 0. Find

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8
X an
.
an+1 an+2
n=0

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360
X 1
Problem 22: The summation √ √ is the ratio of two relatively prime posi-
k=1
k k + 1 + (k + 1) k
tive integers m and n. Find m + n.

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Problem 23: For any complex number w = a + bi, |w| is defined to be the real number
If w = cos 40◦ + i sin 40◦ , then compute

|w + 2w2 + 3w3 + · · · + 9w9 |−1 .

You may express your answer in terms of trigonometric functions.

√
a2 + b2 .
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Problem 24: The polynomial 9x3 + 9x2 − 1 has three real roots r, s, and t, all between −1 and
∞
X
1. Calculate the value of rk sm tn , where the sum extends over all ordered triples k, m, n of
k,m,n=0
non-negative integers.
es

Problem 25: The polynomial 1 − 2x + 4x2 − 8x3 + · · · + 220 x20 − 221 x21 can be expressed as
c0 + c1 y + · · · + c20 y 20 + c21 y 21 where y = x + 21 . Find c2 .

Problem 26: Find the value of

Aw

60 X
k
X n2
.
61 − 2n
k=1 n=1

Problem 27: Define

2020
X
−1
S = tan (2020) + tan−1 (j 2 − j + 1).
j=0
mπ
Then S can be written as n , where m and n are relatively prime positive integers. Find m + n.

Problem 28: Let

2018
X
P (x) = x4037 − 3 − 8 · 3n−1 xn .
n=1

Find the number of complex roots z of P (x) with |z| > 1, counting multiplicity.

3
Algebra 2.5 AwesomeMath Summer Program 2024
√ √ √
Problem 29: For positive integer k, define xk = 3k + k 2 − 1 − 2( k 2 − k + k 2 + k). Then
√ √ √ √
x1 + x2 + · · · + x1681 = m − n, where m and n are positive integers. Find m + n.

Problem 30: Suppose that a positive integer N can be expressed as the sum of k consecutive
positive integers
N = a + (a + 1) + (a + 2) + · · · + (a + k − 1)
for k = 2017 but for no other values of k > 1. Considering all positive integers N with this property,
what is the smallest positive integer a that occurs in any of these expressions?

Problem 31: Let n be a positive integer, and let x and y be a positive real number such that

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xn + y n = 1. Prove that
n n
! !
X 1 + x2k X 1 + y 2k 1
· < .

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1 + x4k 1 + y 4k (1 − x) · (1 − y)
k=1 k=1

Problem 32: Compute

∞
X 1

.

Note that n
k


is defined as n!
k!(n−k)! .
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n=2009
n
2009

Problem 33: For any positive integer n, let ⟨n⟩ denote the closest integer to
∞
X 2⟨n⟩ + 2−⟨n⟩
√
n. Evaluate
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.
2n
n=1

Problem 34: Find the value of

∞ X
∞ X
∞
X ab(3a + c)
.
4a+b+c (a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
a=1 b=1 c=1
es

Problem 35: Evaluate ∞ 2

P
n=0 Arccot(n + n + 1), where Arccot t for t ≥ 0 denotes the number θ
in the interval 0 < θ ≤ π/2 with cot θ = t.
Aw

Problem 36: Express

∞ X
∞
X 1
m2 n + mn2 + 2mn
n=1 m=1
as a rational number.

Problem 37: The sequence of integers {ai }∞

i=0 satisfies a0 = 3, a1 = 4, and
q p 
an+2 = an+1 an + 2
an+1 − 1 a2n − 1

for n ≥ 0. Evaluate the sum

∞  
X an+3 an+2 an+1 an
− + − .
an+2 an an+3 an+1
n=0

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Algebra 2.5 AwesomeMath Summer Program 2024
Problem 38: Sum the series
∞ X
∞
X m2 n
.
3m (n3m + m3n )
m=1 n=1

Problem 39: Define the function f : R \ {−1, 1} → R to be

∞ a b
X x2 3
f (x) = .
a,b=0
1 − x2a+1 3b+1
 
p
Suppose that f (y) − f y1 = 2016. Then y can be written in simplest form as q. Find p + q.

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(R \ {−1, 1} refers to the set of all real numbers excluding −1 and 1.)

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es
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