ASME B31.

1 (2008)

ASME B31.3 (2008)

ASME B31.8 (2007)

Power piping: typically found in electric power generating stations, in heating and cooling
systems

Process piping: typically found in petroleum refineries, chemical, pharmaceutical, textile and
paper plants

Gas transportation and distribution systems: piping transporting products, predominantly gas

Applicable: boiler external piping from first joint up to and including first block valve for boilers
where:

steam or vapor is generated over 100 kPa

high temperature water over 1103 kPa and/or temperatures of 120 Celsius

Excluding: fatigue due to pressure cycling

Exclusions:
piping systems pressure above 0 and less 105 kPa nonflammable, nontoxic and not damaging to
human tissues

power boilers covered in BPV code and external piping covered in B31.1

tubes, tube headers, crossovers and manifolds of fired heaters

pressure vessels, heat exchangers, pumps

Including: fatigue due pressure cycling and thermal cycling

Exclusions:

pressure vessels, heat exchangers, pumps

metal temperatures below -28.88 Celsius (-20 F) or over 232.22 Celsius (450 F)

piping beyond customer's meter set assembly

piping in refineries, natural gasoline extraction, gas treating plants

vent piping to substantially atmospheric pressures

wellhead assemblies
proprietary items such as equipment

liquid petroleum transportation systems, slurry transportation, carbon dioxide and liquefied
natural gas piping systems

Allowable stress:

as per tables in Appendix A

shear to remain below 80%, bearing to remain below 160% of allowable stress

basis are same as ASME section II Part D Appendix 1 except for cast iron and ductile iron

Allowable stress:

as per Table A-1 and A-2

shear to remain below 80%, bearing to remain below 160% of allowable stress

basis for bolting, cast iron, other material

flanges due to leakage below 75%

allowable stress of unlisted material (not conforming 323.1.2) can not be used
Allowable stress:

as per table Appendix D times temperature derating factor in table 841.116A

Materials: material of unknown specification shall not be used for pressure containing
components

Materials: material of unknown specification shall not be used for pressure containing
components

Materials: material only as per Appendix A

Quality factor E: depending type of weld, radiography and material

Quality factor E: depending type of weld, radiography and material

Quality factor E: depending type of weld, radiography and material

Factor y: factor depending Ferritic, Austenitic, Nickel and design temperature

Factor W: weld strength reduction factor

Factor W: weld strength reduction factor

Factor f: stress range factor

Factor F: design factor

Factor T: temperature derating factor, compensate material allowable stress values for
temperature, Table 841.166A

Pipe under internal pressure (104.1.2 and 104.1.4 (in creep)):

P = internal design pressure

D0 = outside diameter of pipe

SE = maximum allowable stress, including quality factor

tm = minimum required thickness

y = coefficient table 104.1.2A

A = additional thickness to compensate threading, provide additional strength, corrosion

allowance

W = Weld strength reduction factor when in creep range, is 1 outside creep range (table
102.4.7)

Pipe under internal pressure (304.1.2):

P = internal design pressure

D = outside diameter of pipe

S = stress value for material

E = quality factor
t = pressure design thickness

y = coefficient, also from table 304.1.1

W = Weld strength reduction factor

Pipe under internal pressure (841.11):

P = internal design pressure

D = nominal outside diameter of pipe

S = specified minimum yield strength

E = longitudinal joint factor, table 841.115A

t = wall thickness
F = design factor from table 841.114A

T = Temperature derating factor from table 841.116A

Bend under internal pressure (102.4.5):

pipe under internal pressure where I for intrados is:

and I for the extrados is:

and at sidewall I = 1.0,

R = radius of pipe bend

Bend under internal pressure (304.2.1):

pipe under internal pressure where I for intrados is:

and I for the extrados is:

and at sidewall I = 1.0,

R = radius of pipe bend

Bend under internal pressure (841.231):

For cold bends the deflection of longitudinal axis and the radius is limited according table in
paragraph 841.231

Hot bends are to be designed and manufactured according ASME B16.49, the internal pressure
rating shall not be less than that which is calculated for straight seamless pipe and the intrados
wall thickness should be:
where the t the wall thickness of the pipe is

Elbows under internal pressure (102.4.5):

Elbows manufactured according standards listed in Table 126.1 are suitable for use at the
pressure-temperature ratings specified by such standards.

Elbows not according above standards or for which design formulas and not given in the code
shall be based on calculations consistent with the design criteria of this code. These calculations
shall be substantiated by one or more of the means stated in A B C or D of 104.7.2 (Does this
mean or allow that an elbow can be calculated according a bend with uniform thickness? Refer
B31.3)

Elbows under internal pressure (304.2.1):

Elbows manufactured according standards listed in Table 326.1 are suitable for use at the
pressure-temperature ratings specified by such standards.

Elbows not according above standards or for which design formulas and not given in the code
shall be based on calculations consistent with the design criteria of this code. These calculations
shall be substantiated by one or more of the means stated in A B C or D of 304.7.2, or the elbow
can be calculated according the Bend calculation, refer 304.2.2.
Elbows under internal pressure (841.231?):

No specific design rules are listed for fabricated elbows

(Does this mean or allow that an elbow can be calculated according a bend with uniform
thickness? Refer B31.3)

Miter bends under internal pressure (104.3.3):

1. Only straight pipe calculations required if:

2. Pressure shall be limited to 70 kPa if:

or

and thickness is not less than required for straight pipe

3. Pressure shall be limited to 700 kPa if:

and
and thickness is not less than required for straight pipe

4. For pressure over 700 kPa: proof test, FEA, etc required with a defined minimum for closely
spaced and widely spaced miter bend

Miter bends under internal pressure (304.2.3):

1. When theta =< 22.5 deg than max. allowable pressure shall be the lesser of (t = T - c):

and

2. When theta > 22.5 deg than max. allowable pressure shall calculated as (t = T - c):

For all miter bends the R1 shall not be less than:

with A:
(T-c) =< 13 mm → A = 25

13 < (T-c) =< 22 mm → A = 2(T-c)

(T-c) > 22 mm → A = 2(T-c)/3 + 30

Miter bends under internal pressure (841.232):

1. If system hoop stress > 40% of specified minimum yield strength miter bends are not
permitted. Deflections caused by misalignment up to 3 deg are not considered as miters.

2. If 10% < hoop stress < 40% SMYS the deflection of each miter shall not exceed 12.5 deg.

3. If hoop stress < 10% SMYS the total deflection angle shall not exceed 90 deg.

4. If hoop stress > 10% SMYS the distance measured at the crotch shall not be less than one
pipe diameter

Reducer under internal pressure (104.6):

1. Flanged reducer according Table 126.1 are considered suitable at the specified pressure
temperature ratings.

2. Where butt welding reducers are made to a nominal pipe thickness, the reducers shall be
considered suitable for use with pipe of the same nominal thickness.

3. Components not covered by the standards listed in Table 126.1 shall be based on calculation
consistent with this code. Calculations are to be substantiated by one of:

- extensive, successful service experience

- experimental analysis

- proof test

- detailed stress analysis, such as finite element analysis

(Is ASME VIII div.1 UG32 acceptable?)

Reducer under internal pressure (304.6.1(b)):

1. Reducers according Table 326.1 shall be considered suitable for use at established pressure-
temperature ratings or corresponding straight pipe with 87.5% of nominal wall thickness.

2. Concentric reducers not listed in Table 326.1 may be designed according closures as per
ASME VIII div.1
3. Eccentric reducers not listed in Table 326.1 are qualified as unlisted components and shall be
designed and documented substantiated by one of:

- extensive, successful service experience

- experimental analysis

- proof test

- detailed stress analysis, such as finite element analysis

(Is ASME VIII div.1 UG32 acceptable?)

Reducer under internal pressure (831.373):

1. Steel butt welded fittings shall comply with ASME B16.9 or MSS Standard Practice and shall
have pressure and temperature ratings based on stresses for pipe of the same of equivalent
material (831.31b)

2. Other pressure containing components shall be designed the according design philosophy of
this code substantiated by one of:

- extensive, successful service experience

- experimental analysis

- proof test
- engineering calculations

3. Closure heads such as flat, ellipsoidal, spherical or conical heads are allowed for use under
this code. Such items may be designed in accordance with ASME VIII div.1 (UG32).

Stubon under internal pressure (104.3.1(D)):

Required reinforcement area is

= angle between branch and run

with A is additional thickness for corrosion and tolerances, tmh from straight pipe calculation
(104.1.2)

header excess area, with

branch excess

tr is reinforcement pad thickness

weld area

area reinforcement ring

area saddle on right angle connections

Assessment:

Area A2,A3, A4 and A5 to be multiplied by the ratio of allowable working stress, maximum
multiplication factor is 1.0 (para. 104.3.1(D.2.3))

Stubon under internal pressure (304.3.3):

Required reinforcement area is

= angle between branch and run

excess header, with

attached reinforcement, weld area and other area

Assessment:

Area A2, A3 and A4 to be multiplied by the ratio of allowable working stress, maximum
multiplication factor is 1.0 (para. 304.3.3(f3))

If then assess
If then assess

Stubon under internal pressure (831.4 and app. F):

Required reinforcement area is (Fig. F-5):

reinforcement by header

reinforcement by branch with

attached reinforcement, weld area and other area

Assessment:

Area A2 and A3 to be multiplied by the ratio of allowable working stress, maximum

multiplication factor is 1.0 (para. 831.4(f))

Tee (extruded outlet) under internal pressure (104.3.1(G)):

Required reinforcement area is

K = 1.0 when

K = when

K = 0.7 when

reinforcement by header

reinforcement by branch with

excess branch area

Assessment:

Tee (extruded outlet) under internal pressure (304.3.4):

Required reinforcement area is

K = 1.0 when

K = when

K = 0.7 when

reinforcement by header

reinforcement by branch with

excess branch area

Assessment:

If then assess

If then assess

Tee (extruded outlet) under internal pressure (831.4 ref. App. F):
Required reinforcement area is

K = 1.0 when d/D > 0.60

K = 0.6+(2d)/(3D) when 0.15 < d/D <= 0.60

K = 0.7 when d/D <= 0.15

reinforcement by header

reinforcement by branch with

excess branch area

Assessment:

Weldolet (branch) under internal pressure (104.3.1(D)):

Required reinforcement area is

reinforcement by header, with

reinforcement by branch with

with

= thickness pad or height of 60 deg angle fitting with in reinforcement material

= area provided by deposited weld metal

excess weldolet area in reinforcement zone

Assessment:
Area A2,A3, A4 and A5 to be multiplied by the ratio of allowable working stress, maximum
multiplication factor is 1.0 (para. 104.3.1(D.2.3))

Weldolet (branch) under internal pressure (304.3.3):

Required reinforcement area is

reinforcement by header, with

reinforcement by branch with

with

= thickness pad or a height of 0

= area provided by deposited weld metal and attached reinforcement

Assessment:

Area A2, A3 and A4 to be multiplied by the ratio of allowable working stress, maximum
multiplication factor is 1.0 (para. 304.3.3(f3))

Weldolet (branch) under internal pressure (831.4 ref. App. F):

Required reinforcement area is (Fig. F-5):

reinforcement by header

reinforcement by branch with

attached reinforcement, weld area and other area

Assessment:

Area A2 and A3 to be multiplied by the ratio of allowable working stress, maximum

multiplication factor is 1.0 (para. 831.4(f))
Cap under internal pressure (104.4.1(B)):

Can be calculated with ASME VIII div.1 UG-32 app.1-4

L = radius dish

r = radius knuckle

or

Cap under internal pressure (304.4.1(b)):

Can be calculated with ASME VIII div.1 UG-32 app.1-4

L = radius dish

r = radius knuckle
or

Cap under internal pressure (831.372 and 831.373):

Can be calculated with ASME VIII div.1 UG-32 app.1-4

L = radius dish

r = radius knuckle

or

Flat closure under internal pressure (104.4.1(b)):

Can be calculated with ASME VIII div.1 UG 34

…
Flat closure under internal pressure (304.4.1(b)):

Can be calculated with ASME VIII div.1 UG 34

Flat closure under internal pressure (831.373):

Can be calculated with ASME VIII div.1 UG 34

Flange under internal pressure (104.5.1(B)):

Can be calculated according ASME VIII div.1 app. 2 using B31.3 allowable stresses and
temperature limits with:

= design gauge pressure

= bolt design stress at atmospheric temperature

= bolt design stress at design temperature

= product SE

Flange under internal pressure (304.5.1(b)):

Can be calculated according ASME VIII div.1 app. 2 using B31.3 allowable stresses and
temperature limits with:

= design gauge pressure

= bolt design stress at atmospheric temperature

= bolt design stress at design temperature

= product SEW

Flange under internal pressure (831.2):

Allowed to use:

ASME B16 series as listed in Appendix A such as B16.5.

Also MSS SP-44.

For slip-on welding flanges reference is made to ASME VIII div.1 design.

Can ASME VIII div.1 be used for calculation?

Blind flange under internal pressure (104.5.2(B)):

Can be calculated according ASME VIII div.1 UG-34 with:

= sum of allowances

= internal design gauge pressure

= product SE

= pressure design thickness as per ASME VIII div. 1 UG-34

Blind flange under internal pressure (304.5.2(b)):

Can be calculated according ASME VIII div.1 UG-34 with:

= sum of allowances

= internal design gauge pressure

= product SEW

= pressure design thickness as per ASME VIII div. 1 UG-34

Blind flange under internal pressure:

Can ASME VIII div.1 be used?

Blanks (spade) under internal pressure (304.5.3(B)):

= sum of allowances

= inside diameter of gasket

Blanks (spade) under internal pressure (304.5.3(b)):

= sum of allowances

= inside diameter of gasket

Blanks (spade) under internal pressure:

Can ASME VIII div.1 be used?

ASME B31.1 (2008) ASME B31.3 (2008) ASME B31.8 (2007)

Power piping: typically found in Process piping: typically found in Gas transportation and
electric power generating petroleum refineries, chemical, distribution systems:
stations, in heating and cooling pharmaceutical, textile and paper piping transporting
systems plants products, predominantly
gas

Applicable: boiler external piping Exclusions: Exclusions:

from first joint up to and
 piping systems pressure  pressure vessels,
including first block valve for
above 0 and less 105 kPa heat exchangers,
boilers where:
nonflammable, nontoxic pumps
 steam or vapor is and not damaging to
 metal
generated over 100 kPa human tissues
temperatures
 high temperature water  power boilers covered in below -28.88
over 1103 kPa and/or BPV code and external Celsius (-20 F) or
temperatures of 120 piping covered in B31.1 over 232.22
Celsius Celsius (450 F)
 tubes, tube headers,
Excluding: fatigue due to crossovers and manifolds  piping beyond
ASME B31.1 (2008) ASME B31.3 (2008) ASME B31.8 (2007)

pressure cycling of fired heaters customer's

meter set
 pressure vessels, heat
assembly
exchangers, pumps
 piping in
Including: fatigue due pressure
refineries,
cycling and thermal cycling
natural gasoline
extraction, gas
treating plants

 vent piping to
substantially
atmospheric
pressures

 wellhead
assemblies

 proprietary items
such as
equipment

 liquid petroleum
transportation
systems, slurry
transportation,
carbon dioxide
and liquefied
natural gas
piping systems

Allowable stress: Allowable stress: Allowable stress:

 as per tables in Appendix  as per Table A-1 and A-2  as per table
A Appendix D
 shear to remain below
times
 shear to remain below 80%, bearing to remain
temperature
80%, bearing to remain below 160% of allowable
derating factor in
below 160% of allowable stress
table 841.116A
stress
ASME B31.1 (2008) ASME B31.3 (2008) ASME B31.8 (2007)

 basis are same as ASME  basis for bolting, cast iron,

section II Part D Appendix other material
1 except for cast iron and
 flanges due to leakage
ductile iron
below 75%

 allowable stress of
unlisted material (not
conforming 323.1.2) can
not be used

Materials: material of unknown Materials: material of unknown Materials: material only

specification shall not be used for specification shall not be used for as per Appendix A
pressure containing components pressure containing components

Quality factor E: depending type Quality factor E: depending type Quality factor E:
of weld, radiography and of weld, radiography and depending type of weld,
material material radiography and
material

Factor y: factor depending

Ferritic, Austenitic, Nickel and
design temperature

Factor W: weld strength Factor W: weld strength

reduction factor reduction factor

Factor f: stress range factor

Factor F: design factor

Factor T: temperature
derating factor,
compensate material
allowable stress values
for temperature, Table
841.166A
ASME B31.1 (2008) ASME B31.3 (2008) ASME B31.8 (2007)

Pipe under internal pressure Pipe under internal pressure Pipe under internal
(104.1.2 and 104.1.4 (in creep)): (304.1.2): pressure (841.11):

P = internal design pressure P = internal design

P = internal design pressure
pressure
D = outside diameter of pipe
D0 = outside diameter of pipe
D = nominal outside
S = stress value for material
SE = maximum allowable stress, diameter of pipe
including quality factor E = quality factor
S = specified minimum
tm = minimum required thickness t = pressure design thickness yield strength
y = coefficient table 104.1.2A y = coefficient, also from table E = longitudinal joint
304.1.1 factor, table 841.115A
A = additional thickness to
compensate threading, provide W = Weld strength reduction t = wall thickness
additional strength, corrosion factor
F = design factor from
allowance
table 841.114A
W = Weld strength reduction
T = Temperature
factor when in creep range, is 1
derating factor from
outside creep range (table
table 841.116A
102.4.7)

Bend under internal pressure Bend under internal pressure Bend under internal
(102.4.5): (304.2.1): pressure (841.231):

For cold bends the

deflection of
longitudinal axis and the
pipe under internal pressure pipe under internal pressure radius is limited
where I for intrados is: where I for intrados is: according table in
ASME B31.1 (2008) ASME B31.3 (2008) ASME B31.8 (2007)

paragraph 841.231

Hot bends are to be

and I for the extrados is: designed and
and I for the extrados is:
manufactured according
ASME B16.49, the
internal pressure rating
shall not be less than
that which is calculated
and at sidewall I = 1.0, for straight seamless
and at sidewall I = 1.0,
R = radius of pipe bend pipe and the intrados
R = radius of pipe bend
wall thickness should
be:

where the t the wall

thickness of the pipe is

Elbows under internal pressure Elbows under internal pressure Elbows under internal
(102.4.5): (304.2.1): pressure (841.231?):

Elbows manufactured according Elbows manufactured according No specific design rules

standards listed in Table 126.1 standards listed in Table 326.1 are listed for fabricated
are suitable for use at the are suitable for use at the elbows
pressure-temperature ratings pressure-temperature ratings
specified by such standards. specified by such standards.
(Does this mean or allow
that an elbow can be
Elbows not according above Elbows not according above calculated according a
standards or for which design standards or for which design bend with uniform
formulas and not given in the formulas and not given in the
ASME B31.1 (2008) ASME B31.3 (2008) ASME B31.8 (2007)

code shall be based on code shall be based on thickness? Refer B31.3)

calculations consistent with the calculations consistent with the
design criteria of this code. These design criteria of this code. These
calculations shall be calculations shall be
substantiated by one or more of substantiated by one or more of
the means stated in A B C or D of the means stated in A B C or D of
104.7.2 (Does this mean or allow 304.7.2, or the elbow can be
that an elbow can be calculated calculated according the Bend
according a bend with uniform calculation, refer 304.2.2.
thickness? Refer B31.3)

Miter bends under internal Miter bends under internal Miter bends under
pressure (104.3.3): pressure (304.2.3): internal pressure
(841.232):
1. Only straight pipe calculations 1. When theta =< 22.5 deg than
required if: max. allowable pressure shall be 1. If system hoop stress
the lesser of (t = T - c): > 40% of specified
minimum yield strength
miter bends are not
2. Pressure shall be limited to 70 permitted. Deflections
kPa if: and caused by misalignment
up to 3 deg are not
or considered as miters.
and thickness is not less than 2. If 10% < hoop stress <
required for straight pipe 2. When theta > 22.5 deg than
40% SMYS the deflection
max. allowable pressure shall
3. Pressure shall be limited to 700 calculated as (t = T - c): of each miter shall not
kPa if: exceed 12.5 deg.

3. If hoop stress < 10%

and
SMYS the total
and thickness is not less than For all miter bends the R1 shall deflection angle shall
required for straight pipe not be less than: not exceed 90 deg.
4. For pressure over 700 kPa: 4. If hoop stress > 10%
proof test, FEA, etc required with SMYS the distance
a defined minimum for closely measured at the crotch
with A:
spaced and widely spaced miter shall not be less than
ASME B31.1 (2008) ASME B31.3 (2008) ASME B31.8 (2007)

bend (T-c) =< 13 mm → A = 25 one pipe diameter

13 < (T-c) =< 22 mm → A = 2(T-c)

(T-c) > 22 mm → A = 2(T-c)/3 + 30

Reducer under internal pressure Reducer under internal pressure Reducer under internal
(104.6): (304.6.1(b)): pressure (831.373):

1. Flanged reducer according 1. Reducers according Table 1. Steel butt welded

Table 126.1 are considered 326.1 shall be considered fittings shall comply with
suitable at the specified pressure suitable for use at established ASME B16.9 or MSS
temperature ratings. pressure-temperature ratings or Standard Practice and
corresponding straight pipe with shall have pressure and
2. Where butt welding reducers
87.5% of nominal wall thickness. temperature ratings
are made to a nominal pipe
based on stresses for
thickness, the reducers shall be 2. Concentric reducers not listed
pipe of the same of
considered suitable for use with in Table 326.1 may be designed
equivalent material
pipe of the same nominal according closures as per ASME
(831.31b)
thickness. VIII div.1
2. Other pressure
3. Components not covered by 3. Eccentric reducers not listed in
containing components
the standards listed in Table Table 326.1 are qualified as
shall be designed the
126.1 shall be based on unlisted components and shall be
according design
calculation consistent with this designed and documented
philosophy of this code
code. Calculations are to be substantiated by one of:
substantiated by one of:
substantiated by one of:
- extensive, successful service
- extensive, successful
- extensive, successful service experience
service experience
experience
- experimental analysis
- experimental analysis
- experimental analysis
- proof test
- proof test
- proof test
- detailed stress analysis, such as
- engineering
- detailed stress analysis, such as finite element analysis
calculations
finite element analysis
(Is ASME VIII div.1 UG32
3. Closure heads such as
(Is ASME VIII div.1 UG32 acceptable?)
flat, ellipsoidal, spherical
acceptable?)
ASME B31.1 (2008) ASME B31.3 (2008) ASME B31.8 (2007)

or conical heads are

allowed for use under
this code. Such items
may be designed in
accordance with ASME
VIII div.1 (UG32).

Stubon under internal pressure Stubon under internal pressure Stubon under internal
(104.3.1(D)): (304.3.3): pressure (831.4 and
app. F):
Required reinforcement area is Required reinforcement area is
Required reinforcement
area is (Fig. F-5):
= angle between branch and = angle between branch and
run run
reinforce
with A is exces
ment by header
additional thickness for corrosion s header, with
and tolerances, tmh from straight reinforc
pipe calculation (104.1.2) ement by branch with

header
excess area, with
attached
reinforcement, weld
area and other area

Assessment:

attached reinforcement, weld

Area A2 and A3 to be
area and other area
branch multiplied by the ratio of
excess Assessment: allowable working
stress, maximum
Area A2, A3 and A4 to be
multiplication factor is
multiplied by the ratio of
tr is reinforcement pad thickness 1.0 (para. 831.4(f))
allowable working stress,
weld area maximum multiplication factor is
1.0 (para. 304.3.3(f3))
ASME B31.1 (2008) ASME B31.3 (2008) ASME B31.8 (2007)

area reinforcement ring

area saddle on right angle

connections

Assessment:

Area A2,A3, A4 and A5 to be If

multiplied by the ratio of then assess
allowable working stress,
maximum multiplication factor is If then assess
1.0 (para. 104.3.1(D.2.3))

Tee (extruded outlet) under Tee (extruded outlet) under Tee (extruded outlet)
internal pressure (104.3.1(G)): internal pressure (304.3.4): under internal pressure
(831.4 ref. App. F):
Required reinforcement area is Required reinforcement area is
Required reinforcement
area is
K = 1.0 when K = 1.0 when

K = 1.0 when d/D > 0.60

K= when K= when
K = 0.6+(2d)/(3D) when
0.15 < d/D <= 0.60
K = 0.7 when K = 0.7 when
K = 0.7 when d/D <=
0.15

reinforcement reinfo reinforc

by header rcement by header ement by header
ASME B31.1 (2008) ASME B31.3 (2008) ASME B31.8 (2007)

reinforcement reinforceme reinforc

by branch with nt by branch with ement by branch with

excess excess excess

branch area branch area branch area

Assessment: Assessment: Assessment:

If then
assess

If then assess

Weldolet (branch) under internal Weldolet (branch) under internal Weldolet (branch)
pressure (104.3.1(D)): pressure (304.3.3): under internal pressure
(831.4 ref. App. F):
Required reinforcement area is Required reinforcement area is
Required reinforcement
area is (Fig. F-5):
reinforcement reinfo
by header, with rcement by header, with
reinforce
ment by header

reinforc
ement by branch with

reinforcement reinforceme attached

by branch with nt by branch with reinforcement, weld
area and other area

with with Assessment:

= thickness pad or height of 60 = thickness pad or a height of

ASME B31.1 (2008) ASME B31.3 (2008) ASME B31.8 (2007)

deg angle fitting with in 0 Area A2 and A3 to be

reinforcement material multiplied by the ratio of
= area provided by deposited allowable working
= area provided by deposited weld metal and attached stress, maximum
weld metal reinforcement multiplication factor is
excess weldolet area in Assessment: 1.0 (para. 831.4(f))
reinforcement zone
Area A2, A3 and A4 to be
Assessment: multiplied by the ratio of
allowable working stress,
maximum multiplication factor is
Area A2,A3, A4 and A5 to be
1.0 (para. 304.3.3(f3))
multiplied by the ratio of
allowable working stress,
maximum multiplication factor is
1.0 (para. 104.3.1(D.2.3))

Cap under internal pressure Cap under internal pressure Cap under internal
(104.4.1(B)): (304.4.1(b)): pressure (831.372 and
831.373):
Can be calculated with ASME VIII
div.1 UG-32 app.1-4 Can be calculated with
Can be calculated with ASME VIII
ASME VIII div.1 UG-32
div.1 UG-32 app.1-4
app.1-4

L = radius dish

L = radius dish r = radius knuckle

L = radius dish
r = radius knuckle
r = radius knuckle

or

or
or

Flat closure under internal Flat closure under internal Flat closure under
ASME B31.1 (2008) ASME B31.3 (2008) ASME B31.8 (2007)

pressure (104.4.1(b)): pressure (304.4.1(b)): internal pressure

(831.373):
Can be calculated with ASME VIII Can be calculated with ASME VIII
div.1 UG 34 div.1 UG 34 Can be calculated with
ASME VIII div.1 UG 34
… …
…

Flange under internal pressure Flange under internal pressure Flange under internal
(104.5.1(B)): (304.5.1(b)): pressure (831.2):

Can be calculated according Can be calculated according Allowed to use:

ASME VIII div.1 app. 2 using ASME VIII div.1 app. 2 using B31.3
ASME B16 series as
B31.3 allowable stresses and allowable stresses and
listed in Appendix A
temperature limits with: temperature limits with:
such as B16.5.
= design gauge pressure = design gauge pressure
Also MSS SP-44.
= bolt design stress at = bolt design stress at For slip-on welding
atmospheric temperature atmospheric temperature flanges reference is
made to ASME VIII div.1
= bolt design stress at design = bolt design stress at design
design.
temperature temperature

= product SE = product SEW

Can ASME VIII div.1 be
used for calculation?

Blind flange under internal Blind flange under internal Blind flange under
pressure (104.5.2(B)): pressure (304.5.2(b)): internal pressure:

Can be calculated according Can be calculated according

ASME VIII div.1 UG-34 with: ASME VIII div.1 UG-34 with:
Can ASME VIII div.1 be
used?

= sum of allowances = sum of allowances

= internal design gauge = internal design gauge

ASME B31.1 (2008) ASME B31.3 (2008) ASME B31.8 (2007)

pressure pressure

= product SE = product SEW

= pressure design thickness as = pressure design thickness as

per ASME VIII div. 1 UG-34 per ASME VIII div. 1 UG-34

Blanks (spade) under internal Blanks (spade) under internal Blanks (spade) under
pressure (304.5.3(B)): pressure (304.5.3(b)): internal pressure:

Can ASME VIII div.1 be

= sum of allowances = sum of allowances used?

= inside diameter of gasket = inside diameter of gasket