THEORY OF ELASTICITY

A MICRO PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

ALEENA MARIYAM JACOB (TVE24CESE04)

to

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, THIRUVANANTHAPURAM

(Affiliated to the APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University, Thiruvananthapuram)

In partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of

MASTERS OF TECHNOLOGY
in
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Thiruvananthapuram - 655016
DECEMBER 2024
 DEPARTMENT OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
THIRUVANANTHAPURAM

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the micro project report of “THEORY OF ELASTICITY” submitted by
ALEENA MARIYAM JACOB (TVE24CESE04) towards partial fulfilment of the
requirement for the award of the Degree of Masters of Technology in Structural Engineering is
a bonafide record of the work carried out by her under our supervision and guidance. This report
in any form has not been submitted to any other University or Institute for any purpose.

Dr. Priyadarshani R S Dr. Jaya V

Professor Head of the department
Department of Structural Engineering Department of Civil Engineering
 QUESTION – 1
Compare the stress components of the two objects shown in the figure. The diameter is 50mm
for each object with 75mm height. Thin cylinder is subjected to an internal pressure whereas the
solid cylinder is subjected to an external pressure both of magnitude 3 kN. Also analyse using
ABAQUS and compare the results.

SOLUTION

I. THIN-WALLED CYLINDER
A thin-walled cylinder has a small plate thickness compared to the overall diameter of the
cylinder. Consider a pressurized cylindrical vessel with an inner radius ‘r’ and wall thickness ‘t.’
For cylinder having a wall thickness less than or equal to 10% of the inner radius (t ≤ r/10), the
pressure vessel is considered thin walled.
The outer diameter of the given thin-walled cylinder is 50mm. The inner diameter is assumed
to be 46mm and the material is assumed to be steel.

Fig.1. Stress distribution in thin-walled cylinder

1. NUMERICAL SOLUTION

Expressions for stress components developed in a cylinder:

1. Hoop (Circumferential) Stress

𝑃𝑑
𝜎ℎ =
2𝑡
2. Longitudinal (Axial) Stress

𝑃𝑑
𝜎𝑙 =
4𝑡
where,
P = Internal pressure in the cylinder (MPa, psi)
d = Internal diameter of cylinder (mm, in)
t = Cylinder wall thickness (mm, in)

Hoop Stress

3000 × 46
σh =
2×2
= 34500 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Longitudinal Stress

3000 × 46
𝜎𝑙 =
4×2
= 17250 𝑀𝑃𝑎

2. ANALYTICAL SOLUTION

ABAQUS SETUP:

1. Geometry Specifications

o Open Abaqus CAE.

o Create a new part and provide its specifications
 Fig.2. Create part dialogue box

o The outer diameter is 50mm and the inner diameter is assumed to be 46mm.

Fig. 3. Geometry of thin cylinder

o Extrude the geometry to desired depth. Depth is given as 75mm

2. Material Properties

o Young's Modulus: 210,000 MPa

o Poisson's Ratio: 0.3

Fig. 4. Defining elastic properties

3. Appropriate Sectioning

Fig. 5. Applied the material properties to the cylindrical geometry

4. Meshing

o Set an appropriate mesh size

o Assign mesh controls
o Mesh the geometry

Fig. 6. Meshed thin cylinder

5. Boundary and Loading Conditions

o No fixed ends are provided

o Apply an internal pressure of magnitude 3kN
 Fig. 7. Internal pressure applied

6. Step Definition and Adjusting Solver Techniques

7. Analysis

o Assign job and run the analysis using the static general solver in Abaqus

8. Results

o After solving the problem, go to the Visualization module.

o Obtain the stress results for hoop and longitudinal stresses.

RESULTS:

Hoop stress

Fig. 8. Hoop stress distribution

𝜎ℎ,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 36130𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜎ℎ,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 27900𝑀𝑃𝑎
Longitudinal stress

Fig. 9. Longitudinal stress distribution

𝜎𝑙,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3040𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜎𝑙,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = − 3005𝑀𝑃𝑎

II. THICK-WALLED CYLINDER

The given cylinder is a case of thick-walled cylinder subjected to external pressure whose
internal radius, a is zero. The cylinder is a solid cylinder made of steel.

Fig. 10. Thick-walled cylinder

1. NUMERICAL SOLUTION

Expressions for stress components developed in a cylinder:

1. Radial Stress
−𝑃0 𝑏 2 𝑎2
𝜎𝑟 = 2 (1 − 2 )
(𝑏 − 𝑎2 ) 𝑟

2. Hoop Stress
−𝑃0 𝑏 2 𝑎2
𝜎ℎ = 2 (1 + 2 )
(𝑏 − 𝑎2 ) 𝑟

3. Von Mises Stress

𝜎𝑣𝑜𝑛𝑀𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑠 = √𝜎𝜃 2 + 𝜎𝑟 2 − 𝜎𝜃 𝜎𝑟

where,
a = Internal radius of thick cylinder
b = External radius of thick cylinder
r = Internal radius of the elemental ring

P0 = Pressure intensity at external radius of thick cylinder

Radial Stress
−3000 × 252 02
𝜎𝑟 = (1 − )
(252 − 02 ) 252
= −3000 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Hoop Stress

−3000 × 252 02
𝜎ℎ = (1 + )
(252 − 02 ) 252

= −3000 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Von Mises Stress

𝜎𝑣𝑜𝑛𝑀𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑠 = √(−3000)2 + (−3000)2 − (−3000) × (−3000)

= 3000 𝑀𝑃𝑎
2. ANALYTICAL SOLUTION

ABAQUS SETUP:

1. Geometry Specifications

o Create a new part and provide its specifications

Fig. 11. Create part dialogue box

o Diameter is 50mm

Fig. 12. Geometry of the cylinder

o Extrude the geometry to desired depth. Depth is given as 75mm

Fig. 13. 3D geometry of thick cylinder

2. Material Properties

o Young's Modulus: 210,000 MPa

o Poisson's Ratio: 0.3

Fig. 14. Defining elastic properties

3. Meshing

o Set an appropriate mesh size

o Assign mesh controls
o Mesh the geometry

Fig. 15. Meshed thick cylinder

4. Boundary and Loading Conditions

o Fixed ends are provided

o Apply an external pressure of magnitude 3kN
 Fig. 16. Loading and boundary conditions applied

5. Analysis

o Assign job and run the analysis using the static general solver in Abaqus

6. Results

o After solving the problem, go to the Visualization module.

o Obtain the stress results for radial, hoop, and Von Mises stresses.

RESULTS:

Radial stress

Fig. 17. Radial stress distribution

𝜎𝑟,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2604𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜎𝑟,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = −4104𝑀𝑃𝑎
Hoop stress

Fig. 18. Hoop stress distribution

𝜎ℎ,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2603𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜎ℎ,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = − 3086𝑀𝑃𝑎

Von Mises Stress

Fig. 19. Von Mises stress distribution

Max. stress = 7397 MPa
Min. stress = 58.29 MPa
 QUESTION – 2
A cantilever beam of 2m length is of rectangular cross section 80mmx120mm. It is subjected to
an end load of 1kN.Calculate the stress distribution at the fixed end. Find the elasticity solution
and compare it with the FE software solutions.

SOLUTION

1. NUMERICAL SOLUTION

Given,

Length = 2m

Rectangular cross-section = 80mm × 120mm

Load = 1000 N

𝑏𝑑 3
Moment of inertia, 𝐼 =
12

80×1203
=
12

= 11.52 × 106 𝑚𝑚4

Bending stress at a distance y from the neutral axis is given by,

𝑚×𝑦
𝜎=
𝐼
Moment at the fixed end, 𝑀 = 1000 × 2 = 2000𝑁𝑚

ℎ
Distance from the neutral axis, 𝑦 =
2

ℎ
𝑀×
2
Maximum stress, 𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝐼

120×10−3
2000×
2
=
11.52×10−6

= 10.42𝑀𝑃𝑎
ANALYTICAL SOLUTION

ABAQUS SETUP

1. Create the Part:

o Open Abaqus CAE.
o Create a new model and provide its specifications

Fig. 20. Create part dialogue box

o The outer diameter is 10cm and the inner diameter is 6cm.

Fig. 21. Geometry of the beam

2. Define the Material Properties:

o Define the material: Steel

 ▪ Young's Modulus: 25000 MPa
▪ Poisson's Ratio: 0.3

3. Meshing
o Mesh the geometry with solid elements.
o Set an appropriate mesh size.

Fig. 22. Meshed beam

4. Boundary and Loading Conditions

o Set an additional node to apply the concentrated load.
o Apply support condition confining all the degrees of freedom.
o Apply a concentrated load of 1000N at the free end of the cantilever beam.

Fig. 23. Loading and boundary conditions applied

5. Analysis
o Run the analysis using the static general solver in Abaqus.
6. Results
o After solving the problem, go to the Visualization module.
o Obtain the stress results for 𝑆11 , 𝑆22 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑀𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑠
Results:
Maximum stress, 𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 9.991𝑀𝑃𝑎

Fig. 24. Stress distribution

COMPARISION

Numerical Results ABAQUS Results

(MPa) (MPa)
Maximum Stress
(𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) 10.42 9.991