Atomic Structure & Periodic Table

1. Who discovered the electron?

a) Rutherford
b) J.J. Thomson
c) Bohr
d) Chadwick
Answer: b) J.J. Thomson

2. The atomic number is defined by the number of:

a) Protons
b) Neutrons
c) Electrons
d) Nucleons
Answer: a) Protons

3. Isotopes of an element have the same number of:

a) Protons
b) Neutrons
c) Electrons
d) Nucleons
Answer: a) Protons

4. The modern periodic table is arranged by:

a) Atomic mass
b) Atomic number
c) Valency
d) Density
Answer: b) Atomic number

5. Which group in the periodic table contains noble gases?

a) Group 1
b) Group 17
c) Group 18
d) Group 2
Answer: c) Group 18

Chemical Bonding & States of Matter

6. The bond formed by the sharing of electrons is called:

a) Ionic bond
b) Covalent bond
c) Metallic bond
d) Hydrogen bond
Answer: b) Covalent bond

7. Which of the following is the weakest bond?

a) Ionic
b) Covalent
c) Hydrogen
 d) Metallic
Answer: c) Hydrogen

8. Dry ice is the solid form of:

a) CO₂
b) H₂O
c) NH₃
d) O₂
Answer: a) CO₂

9. The state of matter with the highest kinetic energy is:

a) Solid
b) Liquid
c) Gas
d) Plasma
Answer: d) Plasma

10. The process of conversion of gas into liquid is called:

a) Sublimation
b) Condensation
c) Evaporation
d) Fusion
Answer: b) Condensation

Acids, Bases & Salts

11. The pH of a neutral solution is:

a) 0
b) 7
c) 14
d) 10
Answer: b) 7

12. Which gas is released when acids react with metals?

a) Oxygen
b) Hydrogen
c) Nitrogen
d) Carbon dioxide
Answer: b) Hydrogen

13. The chemical formula of baking soda is:

a) NaCl
b) NaHCO₃
c) NaOH
d) Na₂CO₃
Answer: b) NaHCO₃

14. Vinegar contains:

a) Citric acid
b) Acetic acid
c) Hydrochloric acid
 d) Sulfuric acid
Answer: b) Acetic acid

15. Litmus turns red in:

a) Acid
b) Base
c) Salt
d) Water
Answer: a) Acid

Chemical Reactions & Equations

16. The reaction between acid and base is called:

a) Combustion
b) Neutralization
c) Displacement
d) Decomposition
Answer: b) Neutralization

17. Rusting of iron is an example of:

a) Oxidation
b) Reduction
c) Neutralization
d) Sublimation
Answer: a) Oxidation

18. The chemical formula of methane is:

a) CH₄
b) C₂H₆
c) C₃H₈
d) CO₂
Answer: a) CH₄

19. Balancing a chemical equation follows the law of:

a) Conservation of mass
b) Constant proportion
c) Multiple proportion
d) Definite proportion
Answer: a) Conservation of mass

20. Photosynthesis is a type of:

a) Endothermic reaction
b) Exothermic reaction
c) Redox reaction
d) Displacement reaction
Answer: c) Redox reaction

Metals & Non-Metals

 21. The most abundant metal in Earth's crust is:
a) Iron
b) Aluminum
c) Calcium
d) Sodium
Answer: b) Aluminum

22. Which metal is liquid at room temperature?

a) Mercury
b) Sodium
c) Gold
d) Iron
Answer: a) Mercury

23. The alloy of copper and tin is called:

a) Brass
b) Bronze
c) Steel
d) Solder
Answer: b) Bronze

24. Non-metals are generally:

a) Malleable
b) Ductile
c) Brittle
d) Lustrous
Answer: c) Brittle

25. Galvanization is the process of coating iron with:

a) Zinc
b) Tin
c) Copper
d) Nickel
Answer: a) Zinc

Thermodynamics & Energy

26. The SI unit of energy is:

a) Joule
b) Calorie
c) Watt
d) Newton
Answer: a) Joule

27. The process of converting solid directly into gas is called:

a) Sublimation
b) Condensation
c) Evaporation
d) Fusion
Answer: a) Sublimation
 28. The first law of thermodynamics is based on:
a) Conservation of energy
b) Entropy
c) Enthalpy
d) Heat transfer
Answer: a) Conservation of energy

29. The heat required to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1°C is:
a) 1 Joule
b) 1 Calorie
c) 1 Erg
d) 1 Newton
Answer: b) 1 Calorie

30. Exothermic reactions:

a) Release heat
b) Absorb heat
c) Produce light
d) None of these
Answer: a) Release heat

Organic Chemistry

31. The simplest hydrocarbon is:

a) Methane
b) Ethane
c) Ethene
d) Ethyne
Answer: a) Methane

32. The functional group -OH is called:

a) Aldehyde
b) Ketone
c) Alcohol
d) Carboxylic acid
Answer: c) Alcohol

33. Catenation is the ability of:

a) Carbon to form long chains
b) Oxygen to form oxides
c) Nitrogen to form amines
d) Hydrogen to form bonds
Answer: a) Carbon to form long chains

34. The IUPAC name of CH₃COOH is:

a) Methanoic acid
b) Ethanoic acid
c) Propanoic acid
d) Butanoic acid
Answer: b) Ethanoic acid
 35. Which is used as an antiseptic?
a) Ethanol
b) Methanol
c) Propanol
d) Butanol
Answer: a) Ethanol

Environmental Chemistry

36. The main component of biogas is:

a) Methane
b) Ethane
c) Propane
d) Butane
Answer: a) Methane

37. The gas responsible for acid rain is:

a) CO₂
b) SO₂
c) O₂
d) N₂
Answer: b) SO₂

38. The ozone layer is present in:

a) Troposphere
b) Stratosphere
c) Mesosphere
d) Thermosphere
Answer: b) Stratosphere

39. The greenhouse gas with the highest global warming potential is:
a) CO₂
b) CH₄
c) N₂O
d) CFCs
Answer: d) CFCs

40. The pH range of acid rain is:

a) 2-3
b) 7-8
c) 10-11
d) 13-14
Answer: a) 2-3

Additional MCQs (41-70)

41. The hardest natural substance is:

a) Gold
b) Diamond
c) Graphite
 d) Iron
Answer: b) Diamond

42. The chemical name of common salt is:

a) Sodium chloride
b) Sodium carbonate
c) Sodium hydroxide
d) Sodium bicarbonate
Answer: a) Sodium chloride

43. The process of removing impurities from ore is called:

a) Smelting
b) Roasting
c) Refining
d) Concentration
Answer: d) Concentration

44. The catalyst used in the Haber process is:

a) Iron
b) Platinum
c) Nickel
d) Vanadium
Answer: a) Iron

45. The unit of molarity is:

a) mol/L
b) g/L
c) mol/kg
d) g/mol
Answer: a) mol/L

Electrochemistry & Redox Reactions

41. In electrolysis, oxidation occurs at the:

a) Anode
b) Cathode
c) Both electrodes
d) Salt bridge
Answer: a) Anode

42. The process of coating iron with zinc is called:

a) Galvanization
b) Electroplating
c) Anodization
d) Vulcanization
Answer: a) Galvanization

43. In the reaction Zn + Cu²⁺ → Zn²⁺ + Cu, zinc undergoes:

a) Oxidation
b) Reduction
c) Neutralization
d) Sublimation
Answer: a) Oxidation
 44. The SI unit of electrical charge is:
a) Ohm
b) Volt
c) Coulomb
d) Ampere
Answer: c) Coulomb

45. Which cell converts chemical energy to electrical energy?

a) Electrolytic cell
b) Galvanic cell
c) Photovoltaic cell
d) Fuel cell
Answer: b) Galvanic cell

Chemical Kinetics & Equilibrium

46. The rate of a chemical reaction depends on:

a) Temperature
b) Concentration
c) Catalyst
d) All of these
Answer: d) All of these

47. A catalyst:
a) Increases activation energy
b) Decreases reaction rate
c) Provides an alternative pathway
d) Changes equilibrium position
Answer: c) Provides an alternative pathway

48. Le Chatelier’s principle applies to systems in:

a) Dynamic equilibrium
b) Static equilibrium
c) Non-equilibrium
d) Vacuum
Answer: a) Dynamic equilibrium

49. The equilibrium constant (K) for a reaction depends on:

a) Temperature
b) Pressure
c) Catalyst
d) Initial concentration
Answer: a) Temperature

50. The unit of rate constant for a first-order reaction is:

a) mol L⁻¹ s⁻¹
b) s⁻¹
c) L mol⁻¹ s⁻¹
d) L² mol⁻² s⁻¹
Answer: b) s⁻¹
Coordination Compounds

51. The primary valency of a metal ion in a complex is its:

a) Oxidation state
b) Coordination number
c) Ligand charge
d) Spin state
Answer: a) Oxidation state

52. The geometry of [Ni(CN)₄]²⁻ is:

a) Tetrahedral
b) Square planar
c) Octahedral
d) Linear
Answer: b) Square planar

53. EDTA is an example of a:

a) Monodentate ligand
b) Bidentate ligand
c) Hexadentate ligand
d) Chelating agent
Answer: c) Hexadentate ligand

54. The IUPAC name of [Co(NH₃)₆]Cl₃ is:

a) Hexaamminecobalt(III) chloride
b) Cobalt hexaammine chloride
c) Hexaamminecobalt(II) chloride
d) Cobalt(III) hexaammine chloride
Answer: a) Hexaamminecobalt(III) chloride

55. The color of [Cu(H₂O)₆]²⁺ is:

a) Blue
b) Green
c) Yellow
d) Pink
Answer: a) Blue

Biomolecules & Polymers

56. The monomer of cellulose is:

a) Glucose
b) Fructose
c) Ribose
d) Sucrose
Answer: a) Glucose

57. Which is a natural polymer?

a) Nylon
b) PVC
c) Rubber
 d) Teflon
Answer: c) Rubber

58. Enzymes are:

a) Carbohydrates
b) Lipids
c) Proteins
d) Nucleic acids
Answer: c) Proteins

59. The hormone insulin is a:

a) Protein
b) Lipid
c) Carbohydrate
d) Steroid
Answer: a) Protein

60. DNA contains the sugar:

a) Ribose
b) Deoxyribose
c) Glucose
d) Fructose
Answer: b) Deoxyribose

Analytical Chemistry

61. The flame test for sodium gives a:

a) Crimson red color
b) Golden yellow color
c) Apple green color
d) Lilac color
Answer: b) Golden yellow color

62. Lassaigne’s test is used to detect:

a) Nitrogen
b) Halogens
c) Sulfur
d) All of these
Answer: d) All of these

63. Tollen’s reagent is used to identify:

a) Aldehydes
b) Ketones
c) Alcohols
d) Carboxylic acids
Answer: a) Aldehydes

64. The indicator used in acid-base titrations is:

a) Starch
b) Phenolphthalein
c) Litmus
 d) Both b) and c)
Answer: d) Both b) and c)

65. The brown ring test detects:

a) Nitrates
b) Sulfates
c) Phosphates
d) Carbonates
Answer: a) Nitrates

Nuclear Chemistry

66. The isotope used in carbon dating is:

a) C-12
b) C-13
c) C-14
d) C-16
Answer: c) C-14

67. Gamma rays are:

a) Charged particles
b) Neutral particles
c) Electromagnetic waves
d) Sound waves
Answer: c) Electromagnetic waves

68. The half-life of a radioactive element is the time taken for:

a) Half the atoms to decay
b) All atoms to decay
c) Double the atoms to form
d) None of these
Answer: a) Half the atoms to decay

69. Nuclear fusion occurs in the:

a) Sun
b) Nuclear reactor
c) X-ray tube
d) Cathode ray tube
Answer: a) Sun

70. The process of splitting a heavy nucleus is called:

a) Fission
b) Fusion
c) Radioactivity
d) Decay
Answer: a) Fission