SINGLE ROW FUNCTIONS

1. LENGTH( ) NOTE : DUAL TABLE

2. CONCAT( ) It is a DUMMY table which has 1 col and 1 row .
3. UPPER( ) Which is used to output the result .
4. LOWER( )
5. INITCAP( ) ➢ DESC DUAL ;
6. REVERSE( )
7. SUSBTR( ) ➢ SELECT *
8. INSTR( ) FROM DUAL ;
9. REPLACE( )
10. MOD( )
11. TRUNC( ) 2. CONCAT( ) : "It is used to join the given two strings '
12. ROUND( )
13. MONTHS_BETWEEN( ) SYNTAX : CONCAT ( 'string1' , 'String2' )
14. LAST_DAY( )
15. TO_CHAR( ) Example :
16. NVL( ) NULL VALUE LOGIC
Input : Smith
1. LENGTH : "It is used to count the number of characters present Output : Mr. Smith
In the given string ".
SELECT CONCAT( 'Mr. ' , ENAME )
SYNTAX: LENGTH ( 'string' ) FROM EMP
WHERE ENAME ='SMITH' ;
Example :
3. UPPER( ) : "It is used to convert a given string to upper case "
➢ WAQT count number of characters present in 'SMITH' .
SYNTAX: UPPER ( 'string' )
SELECT LENGTH ( ENAME )
FROM EMP LENGTH(ENAME) 4. LOWER( ) :"It is used to convert a given string to lower case "
WHERE ENAME ='SMITH' ;
5
SYNTAX: LOWER( 'string' )
SELECT LENGTH( 'SMITH' )
FROM DUAL ;
5. INITCAP( ):"It is used to convert a given string to initial capital letter
SELECT LENGTH( 'HELLO WORLD' ) 11 case ".
FROM DUAL;
SYNTAX: INITCAP( 'string' )
 e -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1

6. REVERSE( ): "It is used to reverse a given string ". Q S P I D E R

e 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
SYNTAX: REVERSE( 'string' )
Example : SUBSTR( 'QSPIDER' , 2 , 3 ) SPI
Example : Example : SUBSTR( 'QSPIDER' , 3 , 3 ) PID
REVERSE( 'SMITH' )
Example : SUBSTR( 'QSPIDER' , 2 ) SPIDER
SELECT REVERSE( 'SMITH' ). HTIMS
FROM DUAL ; Example : SUBSTR( 'QSPIDER' , 1 , 6 ) QSPIDE
UPPER( 'smith' ) Example : SUBSTR( 'QSPIDER' , 4, 1) I
SELECT UPPER( 'smith' ). Example : SUBSTR( 'QSPIDER' , 1 , 1 ) Q
SMITH
FROM DUAL ;
Example : SUBSTR( 'QSPIDER' , 7 , 1) R
SELECT LOWER( 'SMITH' ). LOWER( 'SMITH' ) Example : SUBSTR( 'QSPIDER' , 6 ) ER
FROM DUAL ; smith Example : SUBSTR( 'QSPIDER' , 0 , 3 ) QSP
Example : SUBSTR( 'QSPIDER' , 6 , 6 ) ER
SELECT INITCAP( 'SMITH' ).
FROM DUAL ; INITCAP( 'SMITH' ) Example : SUBSTR( 'QSPIDER' , -2 , 1 ) E
Smith Example : SUBSTR( 'QSPIDER' , -5 , 3 ) PID
Example : SUBSTR( 'QSPIDER' , -7 , 2 ) QS
7. SUBSTR : "It is used to extract a part of string from the given Example : SUBSTR( 'QSPIDER' , -1 ) R
Original string " .

➢ WAQT extract first 3 characters of the emp names .

SYNTAX: SUBSTR ( 'Original_String' , Position [ , Length ] )
SELECT SUBSTR(ENAME, 1,3)
NOTE: Length is not mandatory , FROM EMP;
Example : If length is not mentioned then

➢ WAQT extract last 3 characters of the employee names .

SELECT SUBSTR(ENAME, -3 )
FROM EMP;
➢ WAQT to display first half of employee names . ➢ WAQT to display second half of employee names .

ENAME OUTPUT
ENAME OUTPUT
SMITH ITH
SMITH SM
MILLER LER
MILLER MIL
JONES NES
JONES JO
WARD RD
WARD WA
8. REPLACE ( ) : "It is used to replace a string with another string in
SELECT SUBSTR( ENAME , 1 , LENGTH( ENAME ) / 2 ) The original string.
FROM EMP ; Null
SYNTAX:REPLACE ( 'Original_String' , 'string' [, 'new_String' ] )
SMITH SUBSTR( ENAME , 1 , LENGTH( ENAME ) / 2 )
Example : REPLACE ( 'BANANA' , 'A' , 'C' ) BCNCNC
SUBSTR( 'SMITH' , 1 , LENGTH ( 'SMITH' ) / 2 )
Example : REPLACE ( 'BANANA' , 'N' , 'ABC' ) BAABCAABCA
SUBSTR( 'SMITH' , 1 , 5 / 2 )
Example : REPLACE ( 'OPPO' , 'O' , 'J' ) JPPJ
SUBSTR( 'SMITH' , 1 , 2 )
Example : REPLACE ( 'BANANA' , 'A' ) BNN
SM
Example : REPLACE ( 'ENGINEERING' , 'E' ) NGINRING
Example : REPLACE ( 'ENGINEERING' , 'E' , '123' ) 123N123123GINRING
WARD SUBSTR( ENAME , 1 , LENGTH( ENAME ) / 2 )
SUBSTR( 'WARD' , 1 , LENGTH ('WARD' ) / 2 )
SUBSTR( 'WARD' , 1 , 4 / 2 ) NOTE : if the third argument is not mentioned the default
SUBSTR( 'WARD' , 1 , 2 ) Value of it is Null .
WA
1. WAQTD the number of times char 'A' is present in BANANA !!!

2. WAQTD to count number of time 'A' is present in SELECT LENGTH('BANANA') - LENGTH ( REPLACE( 'BANANA','A' )
FROM DUAL ;
'MALAYALAM' Length ( 'BANANA' ) - LENGTH( REPLACE('BANANA','A') )
Length ('BANANA') - LENGH ('BNN' )
SELECT LENGTH('MALAYALAM') - LENGTH ( REPLACE( 6-3
'MALAYALAM','A' ) = 3 times 'A' is present in BANANA
FROM DUAL ;
9. INSTR ( ) : "it is used to obtain the position in which the string is present in the Original string ".
It is used to search for a string in the Original string if present it returns the POSITION
Else it returns 0 ".

Syntax: INSTR( 'Original_String' , 'String' , Position [, Occurrence] )

Note : if occurrence is not Mentioned then , the default value of Occurrence is 1 .

B A N A N A
1 2 3 4 5 6

Example : INSTR( 'BANANA' , 'A' , 1 , 1 ) POS: 2

Example : INSTR( 'BANANA' , 'A' , 2 , 1 ) POS: 2
Example : INSTR( 'BANANA' , 'A' , 1 , 2 ) POS: 4
Example : INSTR( 'BANANA' , 'A' , 1 , 3 ) POS: 6
Example : INSTR( 'BANANA' , 'A' , 1 , 4 ) POS: 0
Example : INSTR( 'BANANA' , 'A' , 4 , 2 ) POS: 6
Example : INSTR( 'BANANA' , 'A' , 2 ) POS: 2
Example : INSTR( 'BANANA' , 'N' , 2 , 1) POS: 3
Example : INSTR( 'BANANA' , 'O' , 1 ,1 ) POS: 0
Example : INSTR( 'BANANA' , 'NA' , 2 , 2 ) POS: 5
Example : INSTR( 'BANANA' , 'A' , 3 , 3 ) POS: 0
Example : INSTR( 'BANANA' , 'ANA' , 1 , 2 ) POS: 4
1. WAQTD NAMES OF THE EMPLOYEES IF THEY HAVE CHAR 'A' PRESENT IN THEIR NAMES

SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE INSTR( ENAME , 'A' , 1 ,1 ) > 0 ;

2. WAQTD NAMES OF THE EMPLOYEES IF THEY HAVE CHAR 'A' PRESENT ATLEAST TWICE IN
THEIR NAMES

SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE INSTR( ENAME , 'A' , 1 , 2 ) > 0 ;

3. WAQTD NAMES OF THE EMPLOYEES IF THEY HAVE CHAR 'A' PRESENT ATLEAST THRICE IN
THEIR NAMES

SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE INSTR( ENAME , 'A' , 1 , 3 ) > 0 ;
4.) WAQTD NAMES OF THE EMPLOYEES IF THEY HAVE CHAR 'A' EXACTLY TWICE

SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE INSTR( ENAME , 'A' , 1 , 2 ) > 0 AND INSTR( ENAME , 'A' , 1 , 3 ) = 0 ;

OR

SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE ( LENGTH( ENAME ) - LENGTH( REPLACE( ENAME ,'A') ) ) = 2;

ALLEN INSTR('ALLEN','A',1,2) Pos:0 INSTR('ALLEN','A',1,3) Pos:0

ADAMS INSTR('ADAMS','A',1,2) Pos:3 INSTR('ADAMS','A',1,3) Pos:0
AATISH INSTR('AATISH','A',1,2) Pos:2 INSTR('AATISH','A',1,3) Pos:0
AAA INSTR('AAA' ,'A',1 ,2) Pos:2 INSTR('AAA' ,'A',1 ,3) Pos:3
MALAYALAM INSTR('MALAYALAM' , 'A' , 1, 2 ) Pos:4 INSTR('MALAYALAM' , 'A' , 1, 3 ) Pos:6

ALLEN LENGTH( 'ALLEN' ) - LENGTH( REPLACE( 'ALLEN' ,A' ) ) =2

5 - LENGTH( 'LLEN' )
5-4
1 != 2
ADAMS 5 - LENGTH('DMS' )
5-3
2 =2
AAAAO 5 - LENGTH('O')
5-1
4 != 2
SINGLE ROW FUNCTIONS
10. MOD( ) : "It is used to obtain modulus/remainder of the given number "
10. MOD( )
11. TRUNC( ) Syntax: MOD ( m , n ) n)m(
12. ROUND( )
Example : SELECT MOD( 5 , 2 )
13. MONTHS_BETWEEN( ) FROM DUAL ; 1
14. LAST_DAY( )
15. TO_CHAR( ) 1 . WAQTD ENAMES OF THE EMPLOYEES WHO EARN SALARY IN MULTIPLES OF 3
16. NVL( )
SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE MOD( SAL , 3 ) = 0 ;

2. WAQTD DETAILS OF THE EMPLOYEE WHO HAVE ODD EID

SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE MOD( EID , 2 ) = 1 ;

Syntax: ROUND ( Number [, Scale ] ) The default value of scale is 0

Example : ROUND ( 5.6 ) 6

Example : ROUND ( 5.5 ) 6 LHS RHS
Example : ROUND ( 5.4 ) 5
Example : ROUND ( 9.9 ) 10 Before the Decimal After the Decimal
Example : ROUND ( 9.4 ) 9
-ve SCALE +ve SCALE
Example : ROUND (8.6 , 0 ) 9
Decimal
11. ROUND( ) : " It is used to Round-off the given number
based on the scale value "

Syntax: ROUND ( Number [, Scale ] ) The default value of scale is 0

Example : ROUND ( 5.6 ) 6

Example : ROUND ( 5.5 ) 6 LHS RHS
Example : ROUND ( 5.4 ) 5
Example : ROUND ( 9.9 ) 10 Before the Decimal After the Decimal
Example : ROUND ( 9.4 ) 9
-ve SCALE +ve SCALE
Example : ROUND (8.6 , 0 ) 9
Decimal

When the scale is -ve it indicated the digits before the decimal ROUND ( 8421 .12 , -1 )
And the digit count begins from 1 .

Example : ROUND ( 8421 .12 , -1 ) 8420

5.6 6 Rounding off to units place
Example : ROUND ( 8426 .12 , -1 ) 8430
Example : ROUND ( 15426 4.12 , -2 ) 154300
Example : ROUND ( 338 222 , -4 ) 340000
Example : ROUND ( 25 14 , -3 ) 3000
And the digit count begins from 0 .
When the scale is +ve it indicated the digits after the decimal
And the digit count begins from 0 . Example : ROUND ( 124.2 3541 , 0 ) 124 ( 124.23541 , 0 ) = 124
Example : ROUND ( 124. 23 541 , 1 ) 124.2 ( 124.23541 , 1 ) = 124.2
Example : ROUND ( 124.23541 , 0 ) 124 ( 124.23541 , 0 ) = 124
Example : ROUND ( 124. 235 41 , 2 ) 124.24
( 123.6712638723 , 6 ) =
Example : ROUND ( 124. 235439 1 , 5 ) 124.23544 123.671264
Syntax: TRUNC( Number [, Scale ] )

Example : TRUNC ( 5.6 ) 5

Example : TRUNC ( 5.5 ) 5
Example : TRUNC ( 5.4 ) 5 NOTE :
Example : TRUNC ( 9.9 ) 9 DATE COMMANDS :
Example : TRUNC ( 9.4 ) 9 i. SYSDATE : " it is used to obtain Todays Date "
ii. CURRERNT_DATE : " it is also used to obtain todays date "
Example : TRUNC (8.6 , 0 ) 8
iii. SYSTIMESTAMP : "It is used to obtain date , time and time zone "
Example: TRUNC( 45 1258.32541 , -5) 400000
SQL> SELECT SYSDATE
2 FROM DUAL ;

SYSDATE

17-MAY-20

SQL> SELECT CURRENT_DATE

2 FROM DUAL ;
CURRENT_D

17-MAY-20

SQL> SELECT SYSTIMESTAMP

2 FROM DUAL ;

SYSTIMESTAMP

17-MAY-20 05.05.52.356000 PM +05:30

13. MONTHS_BETWEEN( ) :"It is used to Obtain the number of months present between the
Given two dates "

Syntax: MONTHS_BETWEEN ( DATE1 , DATE2 )

SELECT TRUNC( MONTHS_BETWEEN( SYSDATE , HIREDATE ) ) || ' Months'

FROM EMP

TRUNC(MONTHS_BETWEEN(SYSDATE,HIREDATE))||'MONTH

473 Months
470 Months

14. LAST_DAY( ): " it is used to Obtain the last day in the particular of the given date" .

Syntax: LAST_DAY( DATE ) ;

SQL> SELECT LAST_DAY( SYSDATE ) SYSDATE = 08-JUL-2020

2 FROM DUAL ;

LAST_DAY

31-JUL-20
 Syntax: TO_CHAR( DATE , 'Format _ Models')
Format Models :
i. YEAR : TWENTY TWENTY
ii. YYYY : 2020
iii. YY : 20
iv. MONTH : JULY
v. MON : JUL
vi. MM : 07
vii. DAY : WEDNESDAY
viii. DY : WED
ix. DD : 08
x. D : 4 ( day of the week )
xi. HH24 : 17 hours
xii. HH12 : 5 hours
xiii. MI : 22 minutes
xiv. SS : 53 seconds
xv. 'HH12:MI:SS' : 5 : 22 : 53
xvi. 'DD-MM-YY' : 17 - 05 - 20
xvii. 'MM-DD-YYYY' : 05 - 17 - 2020
 A 500 + NVL ( 100 , 0 ) 500 + 100 600
16. NVL( ) : [ NULL VALUE LOGIC ] " It is used to eliminate the side effects of using null in arithmetic B 1000 + NVL ( null , 0 ) 1000 + 0 1000
operations " . C 2000 + NVL ( 200 , 0 ) 2000+200 2200
D 2000 + NVL( null , 0 ) 2000 + 0 2000
WAQTD NAME AND TOTAL SALALRY OF ALL THE EMPLOYEES?
ENAME SAL COMM After using NVL
SELECT ENAME , SAL + COMM
A 500 100 ENAME SAL+nvl(COMM ,0)
FROM EMP ;
B 1000 NULL A 600
C 2000 200 B 1000
D 2000 NULL ENAME SAL+COMM
C 2200
A 600
D 2000
B NULL
1. List employees whose name having 4 characters
C 2200 SELECT * FROM EMP
D NULL WHERE LENGTH(ENAME)=4 ;

2. List employees whose job is having 7 characters

Null value logic : Syntax : NVL ( Argument1 , Argument2 )
SELECT *
FROM EMP
Argument 1 : Here write any column / exp which can result In null . WHERE LENGTH(JOB)=4;
Argument 2 : Here we write a numeric value which will be substituted
if argument 1 results in Null , 3. Find out how many times letter 'S' occurs in 'qspiders'
If argument 1 is NOT NULL then the same value will be considered . SELECT LENGTH('QSPIDERS') - LENGTH( REPLACE( 'QSPIDERS' , 'S' ) )
FROM DUAL ;

4. List the employees whose job is having last 3 characters as 'man'

SELECT ENAME , SAL + NVL ( COMM , 0 )
SELECT *
FROM EMP ;
FROM EMP
WHERE SUBSTR( JOB , -3 ) = 'MAN' ;

5. List employees whose job is having first 3 characters as 'man'.

SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE SUBSTR( JOB , 1 , 3 ) = 'MAN' ;
STATEMENTS ARE CLASSIFIED INTO 5 DIFFERENT TYPES
➢ DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE ( DDL ) [ [Link]]
➢ DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE ( DML )
➢ TRANSACTION CONTROL LANGUAGE ( TCL )
➢ DATA CONTROL LANGUAGE ( DCL )
➢ DATA QUERY LANGUAGE ( DQL )

1. DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE ( DDL ):

" DDL is used to construct an object in the database and deals with the Structure of the Object "

It has 5 statements :
1. CREATE
2. RENAME
3. ALTER
4. TRUNCATE
5. DROP

1. CREATE : " IT IS USED TO BUILD / CONSTRUCT AN OBJECT "

Object / Entity can be a Table or a View ( Virtual Table ) .

How to Create a Table :

➢ Name of the table

🞂 Tables cannot have same names .
➢ Number of Columns .
➢ Names of the columns .
➢ Assign datatypes for the Columns.
➢ Assign Constraints [ NOT MANDATORY ] .
 Example :
Example 1:
CREATE TABLE CUSTOMER
Table_Name : CUSTOMER (
Number of Columns : 4 CID Number(2) primary key ,
CNAME Varchar(10) ,
Customer CNO Number(10) not null check( length( CNO ) = 10 ) ,
Column_Name CID CNAME CNO ADDRESS ADDRESS Varchar(15)
Datatypes Number(2) Varchar(10) Number (10) Varchar(15) );
Null / Not Null Not Null Not Null Not Null Null
Unique Unique Unique
Check Check ( length( CNO ) = 10 )
Primary Key Primary Key

Not Mandatory
Syntax to create a table :

CREATE TABLE Table_Name CREATE TABLE CUSTOMER_DATA

( (
Column_Name1 datatype constraint_type , CID NUMBER(3) PRIMARY KEY,
Column_Name2 datatype constraint_type , CUST_NAME VARCHAR(25) NOT NULL,
Column_Name3 datatype constraint_type , CUST_MOB NUMBER(10) NOT NULL CHECK(LENGTH(CUST_MOB)=10),
. CUST_ADD VARCHAR(100) NULL
. );
Column_NameN datatype constraint_type
);
 Syntax to create a table :
NOTE : To Describe the table: CREATE TABLE Table_Name (
Column_Name1 datatype constraint_type ,
Syntax: DESC Table_Name ; Column_Name2 datatype constraint_type ,
CID Column_Name3 datatype constraint_type ,
.
Example 2: .
Column_NameN datatype ,
Table_Name : PRODUCT Constraint Foreign key references Parent_Table_Name(Column_Name)
Number of Columns : 4 );

Product

Column_Name PID PNAME PRICE CID

CREATE TABLE CUSTOMER_DATA
Datatypes Number(2) Varchar(10) Number (7,2) Number(2) (
Null / Not Null Not Null Not Null Not Null Null CID NUMBER(3) PRIMARY KEY,
CUST_NAME VARCHAR(25) NOT NULL,
Unique Unique
CUST_MOB NUMBER(10) NOT NULL CHECK(LENGTH(CUST_MOB)=10),
Check Check ( Price > 0 ) CUST_ADD VARCHAR(100) NULL
Primary Key Primary Key );

Foreign Key Foreign Key

Example :

CREATE TABLE PRODUCT (

PID Number(2) primary key , PNAME
Varchar(10) NOT NULL,
PRICE Number(7,2) NOT NULL check( Price> 0) ,
CID Number(2) ,
Constraint CID_FK Foreign Key(PID) references CUSTOMER_DATA( CID )
);
 [Link] : "IT IS USED TO CHANGE THE NAME OF THE OBJECT "
Syntax: RENAME Table_Name TO New_Name ; ➢ TO RENAME A COLUMN :

Example : Syntax: ALTER TABLE Table_Name

RENAME Customer TO Cust ; RENAME COLUMN Column_Name TO new_Column_Name ;

3. ALTER :" IT IS USED TO MODIFY THE STRUCTURE OF THE TABLE " Example : ALTER TABLE Cust
RENAME COLUMN CNO TO PHONE_NO ;
➢ TO ADD A COLUMN :
➢ TO MODIFY THE DATATYPE : EARLIER : CUST_NAME VARCHAR(25) NOT NULL
Syntax: ALTER TABLE Table_Name
ADD Column_Name Datatype Constraint_type ; Syntax: ALTER TABLE Table_Name
MODIFY COLUMN_NAME New_Datatype;
Example : ALTER TABLE CUSTOMER
ADD MAIL_ID VARCHAR(40) NULL;
TO DROP A COLUMN : Example : ALTER TABLE CUSTOMER
MODIFY CUST_NAME
VARCHAR(30) ;
Syntax: ALTER TABLE Table_Name
DROP COLUMN Column_Name ; ➢ TO MODIFY NOT NULL CONSTRAINTS :

Example : Syntax: ALTER TABLE Table_Name

ALTER TABLE CUSTOMER DROP MODIFY COLUMN_NAME Existing_datatype [NULL]/NOT NULL;
COLUMN MAIL_ID;
Example : ALTER TABLE CUSTOMER
MODIFY CUST_ADD Varchar(50) Not Null ;
4. TRUNCATE : " IT IS USED TO REMOVE ALL THE RECORDS FROM THE 5. DROP :" IT IS USED TO REMOVE THE TABLE FROM THE DATABASE "
TABLE PREMANENTLY "
Syntax: TRUNCATE TABLE Table_Name ; Syntax: DROP TABLE Table_Name ;
Example :
Cust DATABASE
Bin Folder
Cid Cname Phone_no Address Cust
1 A 1234567890 BANGALORE Cid Cname Phone_no Address
2 B 1234567899 MYSORE 1 A 1234567890 BANGALORE DROP Bin$123abc
3 C 1234567880 MANGALORE 2 B 1234567899 MYSORE Address
3 C 1234567880 MANGALORE
Example : TRUNCATE TABLE Cust ;

Cust
TO RECOVER THE TABLE :
Cid Cname Phone_no Address
Syntax: FLASHBACK TABLE Table_Name
TO BEFORE DROP ;
 TO RECOVER THE TABLE :
NOTE : DDL STATEMENTS ARE AUTO-COMMIT STATEMENTS
Syntax: FLASHBACK TABLE Table_Name
TO BEFORE DROP ;

Example : Bin Folder

DATABASE
Address : BIN$123ABCXYZ
Cust

FLASHBACK
FLASHBACK TABLE Cust
TO BEFORE DROP ;

TO DELETE THE TABLE FROM BIN FOLDER :

Syntax: PURGE TABLE Table_Name ;

Example : PURGE TABLE Cust ;

Database Bin folder Trash

Cust
DROP PURGE Gone
BIN$123ABC
Forever

FLASHBACK
DROP : IT WILL REMOVE THE
TABLE FROM THE DATABASE
AND SEND IT TO RECYCLE BIN

PURGE : IT WILL
PERMANENTLY IN THE
DATABASE

FLASHBACK : IT WILL
RESTORE THE TABLE
FROM THE BIN
FOLDER TO DATABASE
DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE ( DML )

It is used to Manipulate the Object by performing insertion , updating and deletion .

1. INSERT
2. UPDATE
3. DELETE

1. INSERT : It is used to insert / create records in the table .

Syntax: INSERT INTO Table_Name VALUES( v1 , v2 , v3 …… ) ;

CUSTOMER
CID CNAME CNO ADDDRESS INSERT INTO CUSTOMER (CID, CUST_NAME,
NUMBER(2) VARCHAR(10) NUMBER(10) VARCHAR(20)
PHONE_NO, CUST_ADD) VALUES
INSERT INTO CUSTOMER VALUES( 1 , 'DINGA' , 9876543210 ,'BANGALORE' ) ; (2,'DHONI',6654789654,'BANGALORE');
CID CNAME CNO ADDDRESS
NUMBER(2) VARCHAR(10) NUMBER(10) VARCHAR(20)
1 DINGA 9876543210 BANGALORE
INSERT INTO CUSTOMER VALUES( 2 , 'DINGI' , 9876543211 ,'MANGALORE' ) ;
CID CNAME CNO ADDDRESS
INSERT INTO CUSTOMER (CID, CUST_NAME, PHONE_NO,
NUMBER(2) VARCHAR(10) NUMBER(10) VARCHAR(20)
1 DINGA 9876543210 BANGALORE
CUST_ADD) VALUES (11, 'YASH', 9876543210, 'BANGALORE');
2 DINGI 9876543211 MANGALORE
PRODUCT
[Link] :It is used to modify an existing value .
PID PNAME PRICE CID
NUMBER(2) VARCHAR(10) NUMBER(6,2) NUMBER(3)
Syntax: UPDATE Table_Name
SET Col_Name = Value , Col_Name = Value ,,,,,
INSERT INTO PRODUCT VALUES( 11 , 'iPhone' , 10000 , 2 );
PID PNAME PRICE CID
[WHERE stmt ] ;
NUMBER(2) VARCHAR(10) NUMBER(6,2) NUMBER(3)
CID CNAME CNO ADDDRESS
11 iPhone 10000 2
NUMBER(2) VARCHAR(10) NUMBER(10) VARCHAR(20)
INSERT INTO PRODUCT VALUES( 22 , 'Mac Book' , 20000 , 1 );
1 ABHI 1234567890 BANGALORE
PID PNAME PRICE CID
2 ABDUL 9876543210 MANGALORE
NUMBER(2) VARCHAR(10) NUMBER(6,2) NUMBER(3)
11 iPhone 10000 2
22 Mac Book 20000 1 ➢ WAQT update the phone number of Abdul to 7778889994

UPDATE CUSTOMER
SET CNO = 7778889994
WHERE CNAME ='ABDUL' ;

CID CNAME CNO ADDDRESS

NUMBER(2) VARCHAR(10) NUMBER(10) VARCHAR(20)
UPDATE CUSTOMER 1 ABHI 1234567890 BANGALORE
2 ABDUL 7778889994 MANGALORE
SET CUST_NAME=‘HEMANTH’
WHERE CID=18; INSERT INTO CUSTOMER (CID, CUST_NAME, PHONE_NO,
CUST_ADD) VALUES (1, VIRAT', 9876543210, 'BANGALORE');

UPDATE CUSTOMER SET CID = 9 WHERE CUST_NAME = 'YASH';

 ➢ WAQT change the address of the customer to Mysore whose cid is 1 .

UPDATE CUSTOMER
SET ADDRESS = 'MYSORE'
WHERE CID = 1 ;

CID CNAME CNO ADDDRESS

NUMBER(2) VARCHAR(10) NUMBER(10) VARCHAR(20)
1 ABHI 1234567890 MYSORE
2 ABDUL 7778889994 MANGALORE

[Link] : It is used to remove a particular record from the table .

Syntax: DELETE FROM Table_Name

[ WHERE stmt ];

CID CNAME CNO ADDDRESS

NUMBER(2) VARCHAR(10) NUMBER(10) VARCHAR(20)
1 ABHI 1234567890 BANGALORE
2 ABDUL 1234567891 MANGALORE
➢ WAQT remove abdul from the list of customers .

DELETE FROM CUSTOMER

WHERE CNAME =

CID CNAME CNO ADDDRESS

NUMBER(2) VARCHAR(10) NUMBER(10) VARCHAR(20)
1 ABHI 1234567890 BANGALORE
ASSIGNMENT ON DML STATEMENTS :

1. WAQT update the salary of employee to double their salary if

He is working as a manager .

2. WAQT change the name of SMITH to SMIITH .

3. WAQT modify the job of KING to 'PRESIDENT' .

4. WAQT to change name of ALLEN to ALLEN MORGAN .

5. WAQT hike the salary of the employee to 10% . If employees earn less than
2000 as a salesman .

6. WAQ TO delete the employees who don’t earn commission .

7. WAQ to remove all the employees hired before 1987 in dept 20

8. Differentiate between TRUNCATE and DELETE statements .

 TRUNCATE DELETE
Belongs to DDL Belongs to DML
Removes all the records from the Removes a particular record from the
Table permanently . Table .
Auto COMMIT Not auto COMMIT .

3. TRANSACTION CONTROL LANGUAGE ( TCL )

"It is used to control the transactions done on the database ".

The DML Operations performed on the Database are known as Transactions
such as Insertion , Updating and Deletion .

We have 3 Statements :
1. COMMIT
2. ROLLBACK
3. SAVEPOINT

[Link] : "This statement is used to SAVE the transactions into the DB ".

Syntax: COMMIT ;
 Example :
VALUES( 'C' , 300 ) ; B 200 B 200
Query WORKPLACE DATABASE COMMIT ; C 300 C 300

➢ CREATE T1 NAME SAL NAME SAL

NAME SAL
➢ UPDATE T1 A 1000
SET SAL = 1000 B 200
WHERE NAME = 'A' ; C 300
➢ INSERT INTO T1
VALUES( 'A' , 100 ) ; NAME SAL NAME SAL NAME SAL
➢ COMMIT ;
A 100 A 100 A 1000
COMMIT ;
B 200
C 300

➢ INSERT INTO T1 NAME SAL NAME SAL

VALUES( 'B' , 200 ) ;
A 100 A 100
➢ INSERT INTO T1
VALUES( 'C' , 300 ) ; B 200 B 200
COMMIT ; C 300

If you want to undo any changes before committing, you can use the ROLLBACK command.
However, once you commit, the changes are permanent.
2. ROLLBACK :

This statement is used to Obtain only the saved data from the DB .
It will bring you to the point where you have committed for the last time .

SYNTAX: ROLLBACK ;

3. SAVEPOINT :

This statement is used to mark the positions or restoration points . (nothing

related to DB ) .

SYNTAX: SAVEPOINT Savepoint_Name ;

VALUES( 'B' , 200 ) ; C 300 S2
Example : ➢ INSERT INTO T1 D 400
VALUES( 'C' , 300 ) ; E 500 S3
Query WORKPLACE SAVEPOINT ➢ SAVEPOINT S2 ;
➢ INSERT INTO T1 F 600
➢ INSERT INTO T1 NAME SAL Savepoints VALUES( 'D' , 400 ) ;
VALUES( 'A',100) ; A 100 S1 ➢ INSERT INTO T1 ROLLBACK TO S3
➢ SAVEPOINT S1 ; VALUES( 'E' , 500 ) ;
B 200 ROLLBACK TO S2
➢ INSERT INTO T1 ➢ SAVEPOINT S3 ;
VALUES( 'B' , 200 ) ; C 300 S2 ➢ INSERT INTO T1 ROLLBACK TO S1
➢ INSERT INTO T1 D 400 VALUES( 'F' , 600 ) ;

SYNTAX: ROLLBACK TO Savepoint_Name ;

4. DATA CONTROL LANGUAGE :

"This statement is used to control the flow of data between the users ". We have 2 statements :
1. GRANT
2. REVOKE

[Link] : THIS STATEMENT IS USED TO GIVE PERMISSION TO A USER .

SYNTAX: GRANT SQL_STATEMENT

ON TABLE_NAME
TO USER_NAME ;

[Link] : THIS STATEMENT IS USED TO TAKE BACK THE

PERMISSION FROM THE USER .
SYNTAX: REVOKE SQL_STATEMENT
ON TABLE_NAME
FROM USER_NAME ;

Example :

User 1 : SCOTT User 2 : HR

User 1 : SCOTT User 2 : HR

EMP SELECT *
ENAME SAL FROM [Link] ;
A 100
B 200

GRANT SELECT ON EMP

TO HR ;

EMP SELECT *
ENAME SAL FROM [Link] ;
A 100
B 200

REVOKE SELECT ON EMP

FROM HR ;

SELECT *
ENAME SAL FROM [Link] ;
A 100
B 200
Thank You