502 (theory with quite code)

By Kush
1. Summarize various Operators, built-in functions and standard
library modules that deal with Python's numeric type.

Answer: - Python operators, functions, and modules make working with

numbers in Python flexible and efficient, allowing for anything from
basic calculations to advanced mathematical and statistical
operations.

1. Operators:

Arithmetic Operators:

● +(Addition): a + b
● -(Subtraction): a- b
● *(Multiplication): a * b
● /(Division): a / b (always returns a float)
● //(Floor Division): a // b (returns the largest integer ≤ the
result)
● %(Modulo): a % b(remainder of division)
● **(Exponentiation): a ** b (a raised to the power of b)

Comparison Operators: Used for comparing numeric values.

● ==, !=, <, >, <=, >=

Assignment Operators: Used to assign values with operations.

● +=,-=, *=, /=, //=, %= (modify variable by an operation and

reassign).

2. Built-in Functions: -

● Type Conversion:
A) int(): Converts a value to an integer.
B) float(): Converts a value to a floating-point number.
C) complex(): Converts a value to a complex number (e.g.,
complex(5, 3) → 5 + 3j.
● Basic Math:
A) abs(): Returns the absolute value of a number.
 B) round(): Rounds a floating-point number to a specified number
of decimal places.
C) pow(): Raises a number to a specific power (pow(base, exp[,
mod])).

● Miscellaneous:
A) divmod(): Returns a tuple of quotient and remainder, e.g.,
divmod(10, 3) → (3, 1).
B) sum(): Adds up all elements in an iterable.
C) min(), max(): Find the smallest or largest number in an
iterable.

3. Standard Library Modules

● math: Provides a range of mathematical functions.

A) [Link](x): Returns the square root of x.
B) [Link](x): Returns the factorial of x.
C) [Link](a, b): Returns the greatest common divisor.
D) [Link], math.e: Constants for π and e.
E) Trigonometric functions: [Link](), [Link](), [Link]().
F) Rounding functions: [Link](), [Link]().

● random: For generating random numbers.

A) [Link](a, b):Returns a random integer between a and b.
B) [Link](sequence): Returns a random element from a
sequence.
C) [Link](a, b): Returns a random floating-point number
between a and b.

● decimal: For decimal floating-point arithmetic with high precision.

A) [Link](): Creates a decimal object.
B) [Link]().prec = n: Sets the precision to n digits.

● fractions: For rational number calculations.

A) [Link](numerator, denominator): Creates a
fraction.
B) Provides accurate fractional operations like addition,
subtraction, etc.

● statistics: For statistical calculations. A)[Link](data):

Returns the mean (average) of data. B)[Link](data):
Returns the median of data. C)[Link](data): Returns the mode
of data.
2. (a) Define various types of looping statements
in Python. (b)Write a program for ‘pyramid' of
digits as given below:

Answer: - (a) 1. Looping Statements in Python

● for loop: Used to iterate over a sequence (list, tuple, dictionary,

set, or string) or a range of numbers.

For i in range(5):
Print(i)

● while loop: Repeats as long as a condition is true.

i = 0
While I < 5:
Print(i)
i += 1

● Nested Loops: A loop inside another loop. The inner loop runs for
every iteration of the outer loop.

For i in range (3):

For j in range (3):
Print (i,j)

B) 1
1 2 1
1 2 3 2 1
1 2 1
1

Def print_pattern():
For i in range(1, 4);
print(“ ”*(3 - i), end = “d”)
For j in range (1, i*2):
If j ≤ i:
print (j, end = “”)
else:
print(i * 2 - j, end = “”)
print ()
For i in range (2, 0, -1):
print(“” * (3 - i), end= “”)
 For j in range (1, i * 2):
If j ≤ i:
print(j, end = “”)
else:
print(i * 2 - j, end = “”)

Print_pattern()

3. What is the lambda function ? What are the

characteristics of a lambda function ? Give an
example.

Answer: A lambda function in Python is a small, anonymous function

defined without a name. It is created using the lambda keyword and is
often used for short, simple operations. Lambda functions can take
any number of arguments but only contain a single expression.

lambda arguments: expression

The expression is evaluated and returned when the lambda function is

called.

Characteristics of Lambda Functions:

1. Anonymous: Lambda functions do not have a name unless explicitly
assigned to a variable.
2. Single Expression: They can contain only a single expression,
which is evaluated and returned.
3. Inline Usage: Often used where a function is needed temporarily,
such as in map(), filter(), or sorted().
4. Concise: They are written in a single line, making the code more
compact.
5. No Statements: Unlike regular functions, they cannot include
statements (e.g., loops or assignments). \
6. Scope: They inherit variables from the enclosing scope, known as
lexical scoping. colle

Example of a Lambda Function

1. Basic Example:
# A lambda function to add two numbers
Add = lambda x,y: x + y
print(add(5, 3)) # Output: 8
2. Using Lambda with Built-in Functions:
 map() Function: Applies a lambda function to each item in an
iterable.

Numbers = [ 1, 2, 3, 4]
Squared = list(map(lambda x: x ** 2, numbers))
print(squared) # Output: [1, 4, 9, 16]

filter() Function: Filters elements based on a condition.

Numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
Even-numbers = list(filter(lambda x:x % 2 = 0, numbers))
Print(even_numbers) # Output: [2, 4]

sorted() Function with Key:

Words = [“apple”, “banana”, “cherry”]
sorted_words = sorted(words, key=lambda x: len(x))
print(sorted_words) # Output: [‘apple’, ‘cherry’, ‘banana’]

4. State the various applications of Python.

Answer: Python is a versatile and widely-used programming language

with applications across various domains. Its simplicity, readability,
and extensive library support make it ideal for numerous tasks. Here
are the primary applications of Python:

1. Web Development
Python frameworks like Django, Flask, and FastAPI simplify the
development of scalable and secure web applications.
● Examples: A)Building websites and APIs. B)Backend development.
C)Handling databases and server-side logic.

2. Data Science and Analysis

Python is a go-to language for data scientists due to its
powerful libraries like NumPy, Pandas, and Matplotlib.
● Applications: a)Data manipulation and analysis.
b)Datavisualization. c)Statistical modeling.

3. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning

Python is extensively used for AI and ML due to libraries like
TensorFlow, PyTorch, Scikit-learn, and Keras.
● Applications: a) Predictive modeling. b) Natural Language
Processing (NLP). c) Image and speech recognition.
4. Automation and Scripting
Python simplifies repetitive tasks through automation scripts.
● Applications: a) File management. b) Webscraping (using
BeautifulSoup, Scrapy). c) Automating tests and workflows.

5. Game Development
With libraries like Pygame, Python can be used for prototyping
and building simple games.
● Applications: a) 2Dgamedevelopment. b) Game scripting and
logic implementation.

6. Desktop Application Development

Python's GUI libraries like Tkinter, PyQt, and Kivy make it
suitable for building cross-platform desktop applications.
● Applications: a)Productivity tools (to-do apps, calculators).
b)Multimedia applications.

7. Embedded Systems
Python is used in microcontrollers like Raspberry Pi for
developing hardware control systems.
● Applications: a)IoT(Internet of Things) devices. B)Robotics.

8. Cyber security and Ethical Hacking

Python's flexibility makes it popular in cybersecurity and
penetration testing.
● Applications: a)Writing security tools. b)Analyzing malware.
c)Network scanning (e.g., Scapy, Nmap).

9. Scientific Computing Python is widely used in scientific research

for simulations, computations, and experiments.
● Libraries: SciPy, SymPy, and Astropy.
● Applications: a) Physics and chemistry simulations. b)Numerical
analysis.

10. Mobile Application Development

Though less common, frameworks like Kivy and BeeWare allow
Python to be used in mobile app development.
● Applications: a)Prototyping mobile interfaces. b)Developing
Android and iOS apps.

11. Cloud Computing

Python plays a vital role in cloud computing due to its
compatibility with cloud platforms like AWS, Google Cloud, and Azure.
● Applications: a)Managing cloud infrastructure. b)Automating cloud
services.
12. Education - Python is beginner-friendly and is widely used to
teach programming concepts. ● Applications: ○ Teaching coding to
beginners. ○ Creating interactive learning tools.

13. DevOps - Python aids in automating deployment, monitoring, and

system administration tasks. ● Applications: ○ Writing scripts for
CI/CD pipelines. ○ Infrastructure as Code (IaC) using tools like
Ansible.

14. Financial Technology (FinTech) - Python is heavily used in

financial services for algorithmic trading, risk management, and
financial analysis. ● Applications: ○ Stock market analysis. ○
Cryptocurrency trading bots.

15. Web Scraping - Python makes it easy to extract data from websites
for analysis or application building. ● Libraries: BeautifulSoup,
Scrapy, Selenium. ● Applications: ○ Price monitoring. ○ Competitor
analysis.

16. Audio and Video Processing - Python libraries like OpenCV and
PyDub enable multimedia processing. ● Applications: ○ Video editing
and manipulation. ○ Audio analysis and conversion.

17. Testing and QA - Python tools simplify software testing and

quality assurance. ● Applications: ○ Unit testing with unittest. ○
Automated UI testing with Selenium.

18. Blockchain Development - Python is used for creating blockchain

systems and cryptocurrencies. ● Applications: ○ Building smart
contracts. ○ Cryptocurrency analysis.

5. Explain the basic functionality of the match()

function.

Answer: - The match() function in Python is part of the re module

(regular expressions). It is used to check if a pattern matches the
beginning of a given string. If the pattern is found at the start of
the string, the function returns a match object; otherwise, it
returns None.

[Link](pattern,string, flags=0)
Parameters
1. pattern: The regular expression pattern to match.
2. string: The string where the pattern will be searched.
3. flags (optional): Special flags to modify the behavior of the
pattern (e.g., [Link] for case-insensitive matching).

Description
● match() only checks for matches at the beginning of the string.
● If the pattern does not match the starting position of the string,
the function returns None.

Return Value
● If amatchis found, a match object is returned.
● If nomatch is found, None is returned.

Example 1: Matching a pattern

import re

#Match ‘Hello’ at the start of the string

Result = [Link](r‘Hello’, ‘Hello, World!’)
if result:
print(“Match found:”, [Link]()) # Output: Match found:
Hello
else:
Print(“No match”)

Example 2: No Match

import re

#Try to match ‘World’ at the beginning of the string

Result = [Link](r‘World’, ‘Hello, World!’)

If result:
Print(“Match found:”, [Link]())
else:
Print(“No match”) # Output: No match

6.(a) Which Python objects are immutable? Explain

with examples.

Answer: (a) Immutable Objects in Python

Immutable objects are those whose state (value) cannot be changed
after they are created. In Python, several built-in types are
immutable:
Immutable Python Objects:
1. Numbers: Integers (int), Floating-point numbers (float), Complex
numbers (complex), and Booleans (bool) are immutable.

Example: x = 10
X += 1 # Creates a new object instead of modifying the
print(x) existing one

# Output: 11

2. Strings: Strings are immutable, meaning any operation that

modifies a string creates a new string.

Example: s = “Hello”
S += “World” #Creates a new string
Print(s) #Output: Hello World

3. Tuples: Tuples are immutable collections of objects.

Example: t = (1, 2, 3)
# t[0] = 10 # Error: Tuples cannot be modified
Print(t) # Output: (1, 2, 3)

4. Frozen Sets: Unlike sets, which are mutable, frozen sets are
immutable.

Example: fs = frozenset([1, 2, 3]) #[Link](4) #Error: Cannot add to

a frozen set
Print(fs) # Output: frozense({1, 2, 3})

Why Use Immutable Objects?

● Thread Safety: Immutable objects can be safely shared across

threads without the risk of unintended side effects.
● Hashability: Immutable objects can be used as keys in dictionaries
and elements in sets.

7. Discuss various applications of Artificial

Intelligence.
Answer: Artificial Intelligence (AI) has transformed industries and
everyday life through its ability to mimic human intelligence and
perform tasks autonomously. Below are the various applications of AI
across different fields:

1. Healthcare

AI is revolutionizing healthcare by improving diagnostics, treatment

planning, and patient care.

● Applications:
○ Medical Imaging and Diagnosis: AI algorithms analyze medical
images (X-rays, MRIs, CT scans) to detect diseases like cancer and
fractures with high accuracy.
○ Predictive Analytics: AI predicts disease outbreaks, patient
health deterioration, and treatment outcomes.
○ Virtual Health Assistants: AI-powered chatbots provide 24/7
medical advice and appointment scheduling.
○ Drug Discovery: AI accelerates the identification of new
drugs and vaccines.
○ Robotic Surgery: Precision-guided robots assist in complex
surgical procedures.

● Example: Google's DeepMind developed an AI model to detect eye

diseases using retinal scans.

2. Education

AI enhances the learning experience by personalizing content and

automating administrative tasks.

● Applications:
○ Personalized Learning: AI analyzes students' strengths and
weaknesses to tailor learning plans.
○ Grading Automation: AI automates the evaluation of
assignments and exams.
○ Virtual Tutors: AI-powered assistants help students
understand complex topics in real time.
○ Language Learning: AI provides real-time translations and
pronunciation corrections.

● Example: Duolingo uses AI to adapt lessons based on a user’s

progress.
3. Transportation

AI drives innovation in transportation by improving efficiency,

safety, and customer experience.

● Applications:
○ Autonomous Vehicles: Self-driving cars use AI for navigation,
traffic analysis, and obstacle avoidance.
○ Traffic Management: AI systems optimize traffic flow and
reduce congestion.
○ Predictive Maintenance: AI predicts vehicle breakdowns to
prevent accidents and delays.
○ Smart Logistics: AI optimizes routes and delivery schedules
for supply chain efficiency.

● Example: Tesla’s Autopilot uses AI for autonomous driving.

4. Finance

AI is widely used in the financial sector for fraud detection,

customer service, and decision-making.

● Applications:
○ Fraud Detection: AI systems analyze transaction patterns to
identify fraudulent activities.
○ Robo-Advisors: AI offers personalized investment advice
based on financial goals.
○ Credit Scoring: AI evaluates creditworthiness using
alternative data sources.
○ Algorithmic Trading: AI executes high-frequency trades based
on market trends.

● Example: PayPal uses AI to detect and prevent fraudulent

transactions.

5. Retail and E-commerce

AI transforms the shopping experience by offering personalized

recommendations and streamlining operations.

● Applications:
○ Product Recommendations: AI analyzes customer preferences to
suggest relevant products.
 ○ Customer Service: AI chatbots handle inquiries, complaints,
and order tracking.
○ Inventory Management: AI predicts demand and automates
restocking.
○ Visual Search: AI allows users to search for products using
images.

● Example: Amazon's Alexa uses AI for voice shopping and smart home
integration.

6. Entertainment

AI powers the creation, distribution, and personalization of

entertainment content.

● Applications:
○ Content Recommendation: AI suggests movies, music, and shows
based on user preferences (e.g., Netflix, Spotify).
○ GameDevelopment: AI creates intelligent and adaptive
characters in video games.
○ Deepfake Technology: AI generates realistic face swaps and
voice clones.
○ Content Creation: AI generated music, art, and scripts.

● Example: OpenAI’s GPT is used to create engaging stories and game

scripts.

7. Manufacturing

AI improves efficiency and reduces costs in manufacturing by

automating processes and predicting failures.

● Applications:
○ Predictive Maintenance: AI monitors machinery to predict and
prevent breakdowns.
○ Quality Control: AI detects defects in products using
computer vision.
○ Robotics: AI-driven robots handle repetitive and hazardous
tasks.
○ Supply Chain Optimization: AI predicts demand and manages
inventory.

● Example: BMW uses AI-powered robots in its manufacturing plants.

8. Agriculture

AI enhances agricultural productivity by providing data-driven

insights and automation.

● Applications:
○ Crop Monitoring: AI-powered drones analyze crop health and
detect diseases.
○ Precision Farming: AI optimizes irrigation, fertilization,
and pest control.
○ Yield Prediction: AI forecasts crop yields based on weather
and soil data.
○ Automated Harvesting: AI-driven robots harvest crops
efficiently.

● Example: Blue River Technology’s "See & Spray" system uses AI to

target weeds and reduce pesticide use.

[Link] is Operator in Python? Explain each type of

operator with suitable examples.

Answer: In Python, operators are special symbols or keywords used to

perform operations on variables and values. They enable computations,
comparisons, logical operations, and more.

Types of Operators in Python

1. Arithmetic Operators: These are used to perform basic mathematical

operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, etc.

2. Assignment Operators: These are used to assign values to variables

and perform operations simultaneously.

3. Comparison Operators: These compare two values and return a

boolean result (True or False).

4. Logical Operators: These are used to combine conditional

statements.

5. Bitwise Operators: These operate at the bit level on binary

numbers.
6. Identity Operators: These check whether two variables point to the
same object in memory.
7. Membership Operators: These check if a value is a member of a
sequence (like a list or string).

8. Special Operators:

● Ternary Operator: A one-line conditional expression.

Example: x = 5 if 10 > 5 else 3→x = 5

● Operator Precedence: Determines the order of operation in

expressions.
Example: 3 + 5 * 2→Multiplication is performed first, result = 13.

[Link] function in Python? Write a program

generating Fibonacci series of n numbers.

Answer: A function in Python is a block of organized, reusable code

that performs a specific task. Functions help to modularize code,
make it more readable, and avoid repetition.

Types of Functions in Python

1. Built-in Functions: Predefined functions like print(), len(), etc.

2. User-Defined Functions: Functions created by users to perform
specific tasks.

Syntax of a Function

Def function_name(parameters):
#Optional docstring explaining the function.
#Function body
Return value #Optional

Key Points

● Defining a Function: Use the def keyword.

● Calling a Function: Use its name followed by parentheses.
● Parameters: Input to the function.
● Return Value: Output of the function using the return
statement.

Example: Fibonacci Series of n Numbers

The Fibonacci series is a sequence where each number is the sum of
the two preceding ones, starting with 0 and 1.

Def fibonacci_series(n):

Generates the Fibonacci series up to n numbers.

#Starting values
A, b = 0, 1
Series = []

For_in range(n):
[Link](a) #Append the current number to the series
a, b = b, a + b #Update values for the next iteration

return series

#Input: Number of terms in the series

num_terms = int(input(“Enter the number of terms:”))

# Function call and display the result

if num_terms < 0:
print(“please enter a positive integer.”)
else:
print(“Fibonacci series:”, fibonacci_series(num_terms))

The End