10.

1 Laws of Positive Integral Indices

Name: _________________________ Class: ___________

Objective: Learn the laws of positive integral indices for am  an and am  an.

Key Points
1. If both m and n are positive integers, then
am  an = am + n
2. If a  0 and both m and n are positive integers, then
am
(i) am  an = = a m − n , where m > n
an

Simplify the following expressions.

1. (a) m6 × m7 (b) 8n4 × n9
= =

2. (a) 4r5  7r7 (b) (5s3)(–3s5)

= =

n10
3. (a) m12  m6 (b)
8n5
= =

6 5 4 4y9
4. (a) b × b × b (b)
2y3  8y3

= =

(c) 2a 5  6a8 12a 7

=

2
 7. (a) m6n × n2 (b) –h2k3 × h2k3
= =

8. (a) (x3y5)(8x5y) (b) (–4w6v4)(–2w3v7)

= =

9. (a) r 6s4  r3 (b) (–hk10) ÷ hk6

= =

10. (a) a × ab2 × ab3 (b) u 5v 9  8v 4  3u 9v

= =

r 3  3rs 3 20s 5 t 9
11. (a) (b)
r 2s 5st  t 2
= =

12. (a) 30a 4b3  (−5ab2 )  2a 6b (b) 6 x 2 y8  x5 y  (−24 xy 3 )

= =

2
 10.2 Polynomials

Name: _________________________ Class: ___________

Objectives:
1. Understand the concepts of monomials and polynomials.
2. Understand the meanings of coefficients, degrees (or orders), constant terms, like terms and unlike terms.
3. Learn how to simplify polynomials and arrange the terms in ascending (or descending) powers of a variable.
4. Learn how to find the values of polynomials by substitution.

Key Points
1. A monomial is an algebraic expression with only one term. It can be
2
(i) a number, e.g. 1, –4, , 3.2,
3
(ii) a variable with a positive integral index, e.g. x, a2, b3,
(iii) the product of a number and variable(s), each with a positive integral index, e.g. 3t, –4xy.
2. For a monomial containing variable(s),
(i) the coefficient of the monomial: its numerical part
(ii) the degree (or order) of the monomial: the sum of the indices (or powers) of all the variables

3. Monomials that contain the same variable(s) to the same power(s) are called like terms. Otherwise, they are called
unlike terms.
4. A polynomial can be a monomial or the sum of two or more monomials, e.g. 1, m, 2x3, 5a + 6, –x + 4y2 + 5xz.
5. For a polynomial,
(i) a term of the polynomial: each monomial in the polynomial
(ii) the constant term: the term that does not contain any variable
(iii) the degree (or order) of the polynomial: the highest degree of all the term(s) in the polynomial

1. Determine whether each of the following algebraic expressions is a monomial. If it is, put a ‘✓’ in
the box; otherwise, put a ‘’.

 xyz  −5a 2b6  9  3x

x+ y
4
 −  6 x5 + 4 x3  99x 99  xy
x2

2. Complete the following table.

8a 6 b 3
Monomial 35p15 − xy 4 −100x5 y 6 z 7
3

Coefficient

Degree

2
3. In each of the following, write down all the like terms on the answer line provided.
x
(a) 3x, 3x2, , x3, 3
3
y
(b) −6, −6y, 6xy, y,
6
(c) xy2, x2y, −8yx2, 8x2, 8y2

4. Complete the following table.

Number Coefficient of Constant Degree of

Polynomial
of terms x3 x2 x term polynomial

(a) x3 – x2 + 4x – 2

(b) x + 4x3 – 8
x x2
(c) −
2 5

5. Complete the following table.

Polynomial Number of terms Constant term Degree of polynomial

(a) 7 + 3x2y – 5y2

(b) rs 2 + 4rs 3 + r 4 s

1
(c) − + m3n 2 + mn6 − 7 n5
3

Key Points
Arrangement of terms
e.g. Consider the polynomial 3x – 4x2 – 2x3 + 5.
(i) Arranged in descending powers of x: –2x3 – 4x2 + 3x + 5
(ii) Arranged in ascending powers of x: 5 + 3x – 4x2 – 2x3
Note: For a polynomial in two or more variables, its terms can also be arranged in descending powers or ascending powers of
one of the variables.
e.g. Consider the polynomial 2x3y + xy3 + 5x2 – 3y2.
(i) Arranged in descending powers of x: 2x3y + 5x2 + xy3 – 3y2
(ii) Arranged in descending powers of y: xy3 – 3y2 + 2x3y + 5x2
6. Arrange the terms of the following polynomials in descending powers of the variables, and in
ascending powers of the variables.
Descending power Ascending power

(a) 8x2+ 4x3 + 9x – 6 ________________________ ________________________

(b) –3 + y2 + 7y3 – 5y – y6 ________________________ ________________________

3
Key Points
Polynomials containing like terms can be simplified by adding or subtracting the coefficients of the like terms.
e.g. 2+4 2–4

(i) 2x + 4x = 6x (ii) 2a2 – 4a2 = –2a2

7. Simplify the following polynomials.

(a) 6x2 + 3x – 7x2 – 8x (b) 5ac – 6ab + 4ba – 6ac
= =
Note that ab = ba.

(c) 2ab2 + 3ba2 – 5b – 4b2a (d) –x3y + 7xy3 + 5y3x – 9yx3

= =

8. Simplify 10x + 6x3 + 3 – 7x3 – 9x and arrange the terms in descending powers of x.

9. Simplify 7y3 + 6y2 – 9 – 3y2 + 9y3 – 8 and arrange the terms in ascending powers of y.

4
Key Points
When the values of the variables in a polynomial are given, we can find the value of the polynomial by substitution.
e.g. Consider the polynomial 8x2 – 4x + 11.
When x = 0, the value of the polynomial = 8(0)2 – 4(0) + 11 = 11

2
11. Find the value of the polynomial 3x 2 − x − 4 in each of the following cases.
3
1
(a) x = −3 (b) x =
3

12. Find the value of the polynomial − 4 pq 2 + 5 p 2 − q + 1 in each of the following cases.
1
(a) p = −4, q = 3 (b) p = − , q = −2
5

13. Consider the polynomial x3 + (k + 2)x2 – 3kx – 4k +3, where k is an unknown constant. It is
given that the coefficient of x2 of the polynomial is 5.
(a) Find the value of k.
(b) Find the value of the polynomial when x = –1.

14. When x = 2, the value of the polynomial 2kx3 – 12k + 7x is 2, where k is an unknown constant.
(a) Find the value of k.
(b) Find the value of the polynomial when x = –2.

5
 10.3 Addition and Subtraction of
Polynomials
Name: _________________________ Class: ___________

Objective: Learn the addition and subtraction of polynomials.

Key Points
Addition and subtraction of polynomials can be performed by the following steps:
Step 1 Remove the brackets.
Step 2 Group the like terms.

Step 3 Combine the like terms.

Simplify the following expressions. (1 – 4)

1. (a) ( s 2 − 1) − (3s 2 − 1) (b) (4t 2 + 5t ) + (7t 2 − 3t ) ~ Example 10.6(a)

= =

2. (a) (6m2 − 1 − 9m) + (7m2 − 4m) (b) (2r 2 − r 3 ) − (5r 2 − 3r 3 − 3r 4 ) ~ Example 10.6(b)

= =

3. (a) ( x 2 + 4 xy − 5 y 2 ) + (3x 2 + 6 xy − 5 y 2 ) (b) (ab + 5bc − c 2 ) − (6c 2 − 7ab − 5bc)

= =

6
4. (a) (−2 x 2 y − 3x3 + 9) − (6 x3 + 5 − 12 yx 2 ) (b) (4 p 2 + 2q3 − 5 pq) − (q3 − 6 − 4qp + p 2 )
= = ~ Example 10.8

5. Complete the following operations.

(a) 4a 3 − 2a 2 + 7 a − 8 (b) 4 x 2 − 2 xy 2 + y 2 − 5
+) − 2a3 − 2a 2 − 6a + 11 −) 2 x 2 − 6 xy 2 + 5 y 2 + 9

Simplify the following expressions. (6 – 8)

6. (a) ( x + 2) + ( x − 3) + (3 − x) (b) ( y − 3) − (1 − 3 y ) + (3 y + 1)
= =

7. (a) (1 − y 2 ) + (3 y − 5) − (4 + y + 3 y 2 ) (b) (4 x 2 + x) + (−3x + 8) − (4 x 2 − x − 6) ~ Example 10.9

= =

8. (a) (6 x − 6 z ) + (4 x − 3 y + 4 z ) − (8 x − 9 y ) (b) (5 y 2 + 5x − 3xy) − (3 yx − 4 x) + (7 x − 6 y 2 )

= =

7
9. Simplify the following expressions and arrange the terms in descending powers of x.
(a) (8x 3 + 4 x − 5x 2 ) + (5x 2 + x + 9 x 3 ) (b) ( x + 9 x 3 ) − (3 − x 3 ) − (5 x 3 − x)
= =

10. Simplify the following expressions and arrange the terms in ascending powers of y.
(a) (2 y 2 − 5 y + 4) − (6 − 2 y + 3 y 2 ) (b) ( y 2 − 1) + (− y + y 2 ) − (2 − y + y 2 )
= =

11. (a) Simplify (1 – a – 2a2) + (a3 + 2a2 – a).

(b) Hence, find the value of the above expression when a = –2.

8
12. Tom has $(7 p 2 − 2 p + 4) . It is known that the amount of money David has is $(2 p 2 + 3)
less than that Tom has.
(a) Express the amount of money David has in terms of p.
(b) Hence, find the total amount of money they have when p = 20.

13. In the figure, ABC is a triangle with sides (5x – 3y + 3) cm,

(5x – y – 1) cm and (3x + 2y – 1) cm. (5x – 3y + 3) cm (3x + 2y – 1) cm
(a) Express the perimeter of △ABC in terms of x and y.
(b) Hence, find the perimeter of △ABC when x = 5 and y = 1.
B C
(5x – y – 1) cm

9
 10.4 Multiplication of Polynomials

Name: _________________________ Class: ___________

Objectives: 1. Learn the multiplication of a monomial and a polynomial.

2. Learn the multiplication of a binomial and a polynomial.

Key Points
Multiplication of polynomials can be performed by applying the distributive law of multiplication:

a(x + y) = ax + ay or (x + y)a = xa + ya

Expand the following expressions. (1 – 2)

1. (a) 5( x 2 − 4 x + 1) ~ Example 10.10(a) (b) (2 y 2 + 3 y − 4)(7 y) ~ Example 10.10(b)

= =

2. (a) 3x3 (2 x 2 − 5x + 4) (b) −5ab(4a 2 + 2ab − 3b2 ) ~ Example 10.10(c)

= =

3. Expand and simplify the following expressions.

(a) 5k 2 − 2k (4 − 3k ) ~ Example 10.11(a) (b) (4 − 9 w) w − 5w(8 − 2w) ~ Example 10.11(b)
= =

10
Expand the following expressions. (4 – 8)
4. (a) ( x + 1)( x + 7) (b) (2 p + 7)( p − 3) ~ Example 10.12(a)

= =

5. (a) (3 x − 1)( 4 x − 5) (b) − 2(4 y + 3)(3 y − 7)

= =

6. (a) (5 x + 8 y)2 ~ Example 10.12(b) (b) −3(7 s − 2) 2

= =

7. (a) (m + 1)( m 2 − m − 1) (b) (5 x 2 + x − 2)( 2 − x)

= =

8. (a) (3 + 2m)(2m2 − 3m + 4) (b) (2 x − 5 y + 4)(3x − 4 y )

= =

11
Expand and simplify the following expressions, and arrange the terms in descending powers of the
variables. (9 – 10)
9. (a) 3(5 x + 1) + 2(3 − 4 x) (b) x(9 x − 3) − 3x(2 x + 5 − x 2 )
= =

10. (a) (3 p − 1)( p − 2) + 5 p (b) (3 − 4 y )6 y + (5 y − 2)(5 y + 2)

= =

Expand and simplify the following expressions, and arrange the terms in ascending powers of the
variables. (11 – 12)
11. (a) 2[6x(3x – 2) + 5x] (b) 7x2 – 5[3x(6 – x)]
= =

12. (a) (5m − 1) 2 + 5(2m + 1) (b) 4(2 + y) − (1 + 3 y) 2

= =

12
13. Find the product of −6 + 7k − 2k 2 and k 2 − 3k , and arrange the terms in descending powers
of k. ~ Example 10.13
Solution

14. In the figure, ABCD is a rectangle and BC = (4x + 5) cm. AB is

A D
shorter than BC by (2x + 2) cm.
(a) Express the length of AB in terms of x.
(b) Express the area of the rectangle in terms of x. B C
(4x + 5) cm

Solution
(a) (b)

15. In the figure, ABCD is a trapezium with AB = (x – 1) cm, A (3x – 1) cm D

BC = (2x2 – x – 3) cm and AD = (3x – 1) cm.
(a) Express the area of the trapezium in terms of x. (x – 1) cm

(b) Hence, find the area of the trapezium when x = 3.

B C
(2x2 – x – 3) cm
Solution
(a) (b)

13
 Answers (Enhanced)
10 Manipulation of Simple Polynomials
Enhanced Worksheet 10.2 (b) 64 cm

8. (a) − x2 − 5x

(b) − ac − 2ab Enhanced Worksheet 10.4

(c) −2ab2 + 3ba2 − 5b 1. (a) 5x2 − 20x + 5

(d) −10 x 3 y + 12 xy 3 (b) 14 y 3 + 21y 2 − 28 y

9. − x3 + x + 3 2. (a) 6x5 −15x4 + 12x3

10. −17 + 3 y 2 + 16 y 3 (b) −20a3b −10a2b2 + 15ab3

8 3. (a) 11k 2 − 8k (b) −36w + w2

11. (a) 25 (b) −3
9
4. (a) x 2 + 8x + 7 (b) 2 p 2 + p − 21

2 5. (a) 12 x2 −19 x + 5 (b) −24 y 2 + 38 y + 42

12. (a) 222 (b) 6
5
6. (a) 25 x 2 + 80 xy + 64 y 2
13. (a) 3 (b) 4
(b) −147s 2 + 84s −12
14. (a) −3 (b) 70
7. (a) m3 − 2m −1 (b) 9x2 + 4x − 4 − 5x3

Enhanced Worksheet 10.3 8. (a) 4m3 − m + 12

1. (a) −2s2 (b) 11t 2 + 2t (b) 6 x 2 − 23xy + 12 x + 20 y 2 − 16 y

2. (a) 13m2 −1 −13m (b) −3r 2 + 2r 3 + 3r 4 9. (a) 7x + 9 (b) 3x3 + 3x2 −18x

3. (a) 4 x 2 + 10 xy − 10 y 2 10. (a) 3 p2 − 2 p + 2 (b) y 2 + 18 y − 4

(b) 8ab + 10bc − 7c2 11. (a) −14x + 36x2 (b) −90x + 22x2

4. (a) 10 x 2 y − 9 x 3 + 4 12. (a) 6 + 25m2 (b) 7 − 2 y − 9 y2

(b) 3 p 2 + q 3 − pq + 6 13. −2k 4 + 13k 3 − 27k 2 + 18k

14. (a) (2 x + 3) cm
5. (a) 2a3 − 2a2 + a + 3
(b) (8 x 2 + 22 x + 15) cm 2
(b) 2 x 2 + 4 xy 2 − 4 y 2 − 14
15. (a) ( x 3 − 3 x + 2) cm 2
6. (a) x+2 (b) 7y −3
(b) 20 cm2
7. (a) −8 − 4 y 2 +2 y (b) − x + 14

8. (a) 2x − 2z + 6 y (b) − y 2 + 16 x − 6 xy

9. (a) 17 x3 + 5x (b) 5 x3 + 2 x − 3

10. (a) −2 − 3y − y 2 (b) −3 + y 2

11. (a) 1 − 2a + a3 (b) −3

12. (a) $(5 p 2 − 2 p + 1) (b) $4725

13. (a) (13x − 2 y + 1) cm

14