Simple magnetism and magnetic fields
&
Poles
netic
>
-
Poles are places in a
magnet to which magnetic materials
are attracted .
and South
>
-
All magnets have 2
poles : North .
If bring two magnets close to each other :
>
-
you
like poles will sel
·
re
·
unlike poles will attract
W
SN
S N
Materiaaeri
agnetic ls als that are attracted to magnets
in their unmagnetised form
>
-
These materials can also be magnetised so
they
can form a
magnet .
iron Nickel Cobalt Neodymium
>
-
Examples : , ,
,
Steel
,
,
Al nics
Induced magnetism
-
material
>
-
When an umagnetised magnetic
brought magnet magnetism
J
is near a is
,
S induced in that object .
&st
in
object the pole
part of the near N
>
- The
of will have Spole induced
paper clips magnet a
N on .
it
g
N
>
-
Vice Versa
That unmagnetised magnetic
>
- is
why
materials are always attracted
to magnets .
and soft magnetic materials
Im
Hard materials not magnetised and
>
-
magnetic are
easily
also not easily demagnetised .
So
they are useful for
making permanent magnets .
Example : Steel
>
- soft magnetic materials are
easily magnetised and
also
easily demagnetised .
So they are useful for
making temporary magnets .
Example : iron
D ② -mag
net &
& inserted magnet
linder
⑫ & removed
cy again
>
-
empty >
-
>
-
(iron)
W
=
Ge
W
O g ⑪
⑪
⑪
O ·
Be ⑪ -
paperclips ⑪
D & ~ magnet ③
S
inserted magnet
& & & removed
linder again
cy
>
empty >
-
feel)
-
>
-
CS N
W
only Y 2 paperclips
g paperclips W >
stuck
⑧
-
remain
O get stuck
·
O
o el
⑪
paperclips el
Example :
You are
given
3 rods X , Y, and 2 .
One of them is a non-
magnetic material
,
one is a
magnet and one
is an
unmagnetised
,
magnetic .
material
I X 2 I Y 2 2 2 2
You are also
given a
known
permanet magnet.
N S
How will you
use the permanent magnet ,
to identify the
above 3 rods X , Y and 27.
,
Fields
netic
↑
>
-
It is a region of space ,
in which a
magnetic North
pole
experiences
a
force -
Fields visualized by drawing field lines
.
>
- are
&
?
Magnetic In
N S
find
>
pattern
of a
bar A B
- D
magnet : j
3 E
L
* >
-
The arrows show the direction of force that will be exerted on
a
free iN pole .
>
- The needle head of a
plotting compass is a N pole so it
will point in the direction of field lines.
The between the lines
-
gap
magnetic field indicates the strength of the
between
pattern
magnetic field
.
two like poles
.
the
↓ ·
Larger gaps mean
field is weak at that
point
·
smaller gaps mean that
field is strong at
point .
magnetic field
between
pattern -
two unlike
poles
X
Plotting of magnetic field lines :
& Using iron filings
Place the magnet paper
on .
sprinkle iron filings around it.
Tap the
paper gently .
⑫advantage :
- Does not
give the direction of field
lines
.
& Using a
plotting compass.
Lay a bar magnet on a sheet of paper. Place the
plotting compass at a point such as A (Figure 4.1.6b),
near one pole of the magnet.
N Mark the position of the poles (n, s) of the compass by
S
pencil dots B, A.
Move the compass so that pole s is exactly over B,
mark the new position of n by dot C.
Continue this process until the other pole of the bar
magnet is reached.
Q f Join the dots to give one line of force and show its
direction by putting an arrow on it.
Plot other lines by starting at different points round
+
the magnet.
t
t
#
Get
↑ ↑
God ,
Eetromagnets
conductor field
>
-
A current carrying produces a magnetic
around it.
by
wine
>
-
This can
be checked placing a
compass
near a
that is carrying a current.
>
- We will learn about the
magnetic field patterns of
straight wires and coils of
wires in later chapters. -
>
-
An electromagnet can be created by winding the wire
around a
soft iron core . (core can have any shape
>
-
When a current flows through
the wire ,
a
temporary
magnetic field is
produced
.
>
-
When the current is switched
off ,
the magnetic field also
disappears.
>
- The strength of the magnetic field of an electromagnet can
increased
be
by :
13 the current
Increasing
2) Increasing the number of turns of the coil
Note : Removing the iron core and justhaving a hollow coil will
-
still produce a magnetic field but it will be weaker
.
Uses of permanent magnets and electromagnets
Permanent magnets made from magnetic materials such as steel retain their magnetism, so
uses of
can be used in applications where the magnetic field does not need to be varied. These include
a compass, computer hard disk, electric motor electricity generator, microphone, loudspeaker
-
and many more everyday devices such as credit and debit cards.
- -
> - permanent
mag nets
- -
An advantage over an electromagnet is that it does not require a current to maintain its
magnetism.
Electromagnets are temporary and are used where one wants to be able to vary the strength
of the magnetic field (by varying the current) and switch it on and off. As well as being used in User of
cranes to lift iron objects, scrap iron, etc. Electromagnets are an essential part of many electrical -
devices such as electric bells, magnetic locks, relays and practical motors and generators.
temporary
magnets
Moving coil ammeter
When a current passes through the coil. The permanent magnet
exerts a force on the coil.
The coil experiences a moment’s (turning effect) and therefore
rotates.
The needle attached to the coil also rotates.
The scale behind the needle is calibrated to give the readings in
Amperes.
coil permanent magnet
Moving coll
loudspeaker Moving magnet loudspeaker
Alternating current passes through the Alternating current passes through the
coil. coil.
The permanent magnet exerts a force on The coil exerts a force on the permanent
the coil. magnet.
Since the current is alternating the force Since the current is alternating the force
also changes direction so coil vibrates also changes direction so magnet vibrates
back and forth. back and forth.
The cone also vibrates and produces The cone also vibrates and produces
sound waves. sound waves.
Fridge magnets Door catchers
.
D C motor A . C Generator
Il
It converts electrical energy to mechanical It converts mechanical energy to electrical
energy. energy.
When current passes through the coil, the When coil is rotated, an EMF is induced in
magnets exert a force on the coil. the coil.
The force produces a turning effect on the So a current flow from the coil to the
coil so it starts to rotate. external circuit.
Hard drives Recording Tape
7 (A . S
current)
2
soft hard
magnetic magnetic
material aterial
& m
Current passes in the coil. Thus magnetises the
recordings head.
When a section of a tape passes in front of the head, it
becomes permanently magnetised in accordance with
the directions of the current.
When the next section passes the head, the directions of
the current has changed so the magnetic poles of that
section have also changed.
Relay :
Relay is used to control a large current by using a small current.
When switch S is closed, a small current passes through the
coil.
↑ This magnetises the iron core.
Opposite poles are induced on the armature so it is attracted
#Snevvvvvv N
towards the core.
Armature rotates and contacts are pushed together.
Contacts are connected to a large power supply and that can be
used to operate a large appliance.
-- - I
S
mains
......
supply
A
coil
Reed switch :
When temperature rises
Resistance of thermistor decreases
zuv
Current in the coil increases
Coil's magnetic field magnetises the metal
contacts.
N S
S
They will attract each other so the circuit with
the lamp is complete.
A ↑ an a d
-
glass tube
iron
con
facts
Gr
Scrapeyards
iron
