Howdoes AIwork?

 AI requires a foundation of specialized hardware and software for

writing and training machine learning algorithms.
 AI system accepts data input in the form of speech,text,image,etc.
The system the processes data by applying various rules and
algorithms,interpreting, predicting,and acting on the input data.
 Upon processing, the system provides an out come,i.e.,success or
failure on data input.
 The result is then assessed through analysis, discovery, and
feedback. Lastly, the system uses its assessments to adjust input
data, rules and algorithms, and target outcomes.
 This loop continues until the desired result is achieved.

What are the advantages and

disadvantages of artificial intelligence?
Advantages
 Good at detail-oriented jobs;
 Reducedtime for data-heavytasks;
  Delivers consistent results
 AI-powered virtual agents are always available.

Disadvantages
 Expensive;

 Requires deep technical expertise;

 Limited supply of qualified workers to build AI tools;

 Only knows what it's been shown; and

Lack of ability to generalize from one task to another.
DefinethePhilosophyof AI.
 The philosophy of artificial intelligence is a branch of
the philosophy of technology that explores artificial
intelligence and its implications for knowledge and
understanding of intelligence, ethics, consciousness,
epistemology, and free will.
Somescholars arguethat the AIcommunity's dismissal
ofphilosophyis detrimental.

The philosophy of artificial intelligence attempts to answer

such questions as follows.
 Can a machine act intelligently? Can it solve any

problem that a person would solve by thinking?

 Are human intelligence and machine intelligence the

same? Is the human brain essentially a computer?

 Can a machine have a mind,mental state,and

consciousness in the same human being can? Can it

feel how things are?

Important propositions in the philosophy of AI include some

of the following:
 Turing's "polite convention": If a machine

behaves as intelligently as a human being, then it is

 as intelligent as a human being.
 The Dartmouth proposal: "Every aspect of
learning or any other feature of intelligence can be
so precisely described that a machine can be made to
simulate it."
 AllenNewellandHerbertA.Simon'sphysicalsymbol

systemhypothesis:"Aphysical symbol system has

the necessary and sufficient means of general
intelligent action."
 John Searle'sstrong AI hypothesis: "The
appropriately programmed computer with the
rightinputsandoutputswouldtherebyhaveamindinexac
tlythesamesensehumanbeings have minds."
Hobbes' mechanism: "For 'reason'... is nothing but 'reckoning,' that is
adding and subtracting, of the consequences of general names agreed
upon for the 'marking' and 'signifying' of our thoughts...”
Explain the Goals of Artificial
Intelligence.

1. Developproblem-solvingability
 AI research is focused on developing efficient problem-
solving algorithms that can make logical deductions
and simulate human reasoning while solving complex
puzzles.
 Example stock market prediction system.
 The problem-solving abilityof AImakes our lives easier
as complex tasks can be assigned to reliable AI systems
that can aid in simplifying critical jobs.
2. Incorporate knowledge representation
 AIresearchrevolvesaroundtheideaofknowledgerepresentatio
nandknowledgeengineering.
 It relates to the representation of ‘what is known’ to
machines with the ontology for a set of objects,
relations, and concepts.
  There presentation reveals real-world information that a
computer uses to solve complex real- life problems.
 Example: diagnosing a medical ai mentor interacting with
humans in natural language.
3. Facilitate planning
 Intelligent agents provide away to envision the future.
 AI-driven planning determines a procedural course of
action for a system to achieve its goals and optimizes
overall performance through predictive analytics, data
analysis, forecasting, and optimization models.
With the help of AI, we can make future predictions and as certain the
consequences of our actions.
4. Allow continuouslearning
 Learning is fundamental to AI solutions.
 Conceptually, learning implies the ability of computer
algorithms to improve the knowledge of an AI program
through observations and past experiences.
 Technically, AI programs process a collection of input-
output pairs for a defined function and use the results to
predict outcomes for new inputs.
 As AI systems learn independently, they require minimal or
no human intervention.
 Forexample,MLdefinesan automatedlearning process.
5. Encouragesocial Intelligence
 Affective computing, also called ’emotion AI,’ is the
branch of AIthat recognizes, interprets, and simulates
human experiences, feelings, and emotions.
 With affective computing, computers can read facial
expressions, body language, and voicetones to allow AI
systems to interact and socialize at the human level.
 6. Promotecreativity
 AI promotes creativity and artificial thinking that can help
humans accomplish tasks better.
 AI can churn through vast volumes of data, consider
options and alternatives, and develop creative paths or
opportunities for us to progress.
 It also offers a platform to augment and strengthen
creativity
 For example ,an AI system can provide multiple
interior design options for a3D-rendered apartment
layout.
7. Achieve general intelligence
 AI researchers aim to develop machines with general
AI capabilities that combine all the cognitive skills of
humans and perform tasks with better proficiency than
us.
 Boostoverallproductivityastaskswouldbeperformedwith
greaterefficiencyandfreehumans from risky tasks such
as defusing bombs.
8. Promote synergy between humans and AI
One of the critical goals of AI is to develop a synergy between AI and
humans to enable them to work together and enhance each other’s
capabilities rather than depend on just one system.

Explain the Elements of Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence(AI)is transforming the
way we live, work, and interact. The key
elements of AI include:
 Natural language processing(NLP)
 Expert systems

 Robotics
  Intelligent agents
 Computational intelligence

Natural Language Processing

 NLP is a branch of AI that allows machines to use and
understand human language.
 Itisbuiltintoproductssuchasautomaticlanguagetranslator
susedinmultilingualconferences, text-to-speech
translation, speech-to-text translation, and knowledge
extraction from text.

Expert Systems
 Expert systems are machines or software applications
that provide explanation and advice to users through a
set of rules provided by an expert.
 Rulesareprogrammedintosoftwaretoreproducetheknowl
edgefornonexpertstosolvea range of actual problems.
 Examples of this are found in the fields of medicine,
pharmacy, law, food science, and engineering, and
maintenance.
 Robotics
 Intelligent
robotsaremechanicalstructuresinvariousshapesthatarepr
ogrammedtoperform specific tasks based on human
instructions.
Depending on the environment of use(land ,air, and sea), they are called
drones and rovers.
Intelligent Agents
 Multi-agent systems (MAS) is a subfield of AI that
builds computational systems capable of making
decisions and take actions autonomously.
 These systems are capable of maintaining information
about their environment and making decisions based on
their perception of the state of the environment, their
past experiences ,and their objectives.
 Agents can also interface with other agents to collaborate
on common goals.

Computational Intelligence
 Computational
IntelligenceisthecomputationalaspectofAIthatfocuseson
utilizingand deriving value from data.
 It uses knowledge-discovery and data-mining processes
to develop ML workflows to learn from historical data
and predict future events.
 There are several algorithms designed to build ML models.
 Examples are artificial neural networks, decision trees,
random forests, etc.

Programming without artificial intelligence(AI)

 Developers who do not have artificial
 intelligence(AI)by their side are doing well, but they
can do better.
 They can use their time, creativity, and effort in doing
complex, innovative, and design-side stuff.
 ThosewhoprogramwithoutAIspendalotofresourcesandhours
onthefollowing.
1. Requirement gathering
2. Tedious parts of planning and designing software projects
3. Error-prone tasks like retracts and forward investigating
plan
4. Toomuchtimespenttounderstandtheneedsaswellasthedesir
esoftheclient
5. Code generation in a time-and labour-intensive way
6. Writing code from scratch
7. Deployment control
8. Managing vulnerabilities because any failure in
upgrades leads to risks in executing the software
Bugsanderroridentification-
Timespentinexaminingtheexecutablefilesloadedwithbugs and errors
Programming with artificial intelligence(AI)
 when artificial intelligence (AI) enters the scene, it
changes the way software is written and thought of.
 Today we have tools like Google MLK it and Infosys
Nia, which automate specific processes to minimize
human intervention to some extent.
 Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML)
can help in detecting loopholes early before moving to
design.
 Natural Language Processing(NLP) can also make
machines understand the user’s natural language
requirements, leading to fast and smooth software
models.
 Artificial intelligence (AI) can make a lot of impact in
some domains like medical sciences, robotics, process
 automation, and academic research.
 Microsoft’sVisual Code Intellicode helps the user with
an alphabetical list of recommendations, and it skips the
entire troublesome and time-consuming process that
developers used earlier.
 AI programmers can feed in the data like facts and rules
concerning the end goal.

Overview of AI techniques
Artificial
Intelligence(AI)isthewayofmakingcomputinghardwareandsoftwar
ethink intelligently, in similarity to the manner humans use
natural intelligence.
According to“ JohnMcCarthy”, known as the father of Artificial
Intelligence: AI is “The science and engineering of making
intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs”.

What is then actually an AI technique?

Knowledge or intelligence comes with a set of
properties: Infinite volume, It’s dynamic It’s not organized
… Therefore an AI technique is a type of method on this set
of available knowledge that organizes and uses that set as
efficiently as possible: Easily modifiable to correct errors
|Useful in many ways even it is in
completeortosomedegreeinaccurate|Understoodandclearbyits
provider|Having a clear purpose

1. Machine Learning (ML) Machine learning

focuses on applications that learn from experience
and improve their decision-making or predictive
accuracy over time.
 2. Natural Language Processing (NLP) Natural
language processing strives to build
machinesthatunderstandandrespondtotextorvoiced
ata—andrespondwithtextor speech of their own
— in much the same way humans do.
Automation and Robotics Expert systems or applications that are able to
perform tasks given by a human. They have sensors to detect real-world
data such as temperature, movement, sound, heat, pressure ,light that is
processed to exhibit intelligence with the capability to adapt in
accordance to its inputs and learn from it’s mistakes.
4. Machine Vision (MV) Is the technology and
methods used to provide imaging-based
automaticinspectionandanalysisforsuchapplication
sasautomaticinspection,process control, and robot
guidance, usually in industry
5. Data Mining Learn about data mining, which
combines statistics and artificial intelligence to
analyze large data sets to discover useful
information.

History of AI
Here’sabrieftimelineofthepastsixdecadesofhowAIevolvedfromitsincepti
on.

 1956-John McCarthy coined the term ‘artificial

intelligence’ and had the first AI conference.

 1969-Shakey was the first general-purpose mobile

robot built. It is towable to do things with a purpose vs.
just a list of instructions.
  1997 - Supercomputer ‘Deep Blue’ was designed, and it
defeated the world champion chess player in a match. It
was a massive milestone by IBM to create this large
computer.

 2002-Thefirst commercially success fulrobotic vacuum

cleaner was created.

 2005-2019-Today, we have speech recognition, robotic

process automation(RPA),a dancing robot, smart
homes, and other innovations make their debut.

2020Baidu releases the Linear Fold AI algorithm to medical and

scientific and medical teams
developingavaccineduringtheearlystagesoftheSARS-CoV-2(COVID-
19)pandemic.The algorithm can predict the RNA sequence of the virus
in only 27 seconds, which is 120 times faster than other methods.
HUMAN INTELLIGENCE VS MACHINE
INTELLIGENCE
 Unit-2
AI Applications

Virtual assistance

An AI assistant, or digital assistant, is software that uses artificial

intelligence to understand natural language voice commands and
complete tasks for the user.

Common types of AI assistants include the following:

 Chatbots. Chatbots are computer programs that serve as AI

assistants and communicate with users through text-based interfaces
on websites, social media platforms and messaging apps. These
chatbots can assist customers, respond to inquiries or start a
discussion with them. AI chatbots employ natural language
processing (NLP) and machine learning (ML) algorithms to
understand user input, produce pertinent responses and improve their
performance over time by learning from these interactions.
 Conversational agents. Beyond text-based chatbots, conversational
agents enable AI assistants to converse in a human-like manner
through both text and voice interfaces. These AI-based systems are
designed to comprehend intricate linguistic patterns, discern user
intent and offer appropriate responses in each
situation. Conversational AI can be used to build more sophisticated
AI assistants that can handle various tasks and offer a more intuitive
and natural user interface.
 AI digital assistants. These advanced AI digital assistants can
perform various tasks, often across multiple devices and platforms.
They frequently converse with users through voice-based
interactions. With these AI digital assistants, users can easily and
 quickly access information, control smart home appliances and
manage their calendars by integrating with a variety of services and
applications.

A subcategory of AI assistants are generative AI (GenAI) assistants,

such as OpenAI ChatGPT and its many siblings. They're rapidly gaining
traction in the workplace as aides to content creation. A GenAI assistant
can provide starter text for an email or report, generate artwork for an
article, and condense text already written, making it more focused and
concise.

2.Travel and navigations

Artificial intelligence has emerged as a powerful force in

revolutionizing navigation and travel:
 GPS and Navigation Systems. Global Positioning System (GPS)
technology, powered by AI algorithms, has become ubiquitous in
modern navigation. ...
 Autonomous Vehicles. ...
 Air Traffic Management. ...
 Space Explorations.
GPS and Navigation Systems

Global Positioning System (GPS) technology, powered by AI

algorithms, has become ubiquitous in modern navigation. By leveraging
a network of satellites orbiting the Earth, GPS provides accurate
positioning and navigation data to users worldwide, enabling
applications ranging from car navigation systems to smartphone maps.
Autonomous Vehicles

AI-driven autonomous vehicles represent a paradigm shift in

transportation. Companies like Waymo, Tesla, and Uber are developing
self-driving cars equipped with advanced sensors and AI algorithms.
These vehicles have the potential to revolutionize urban mobility, reduce
accidents, and enhance efficiency in transportation systems.

Air Traffic Management

AI is increasingly being integrated into air traffic management systems

to optimize flight routes, predict air traffic congestion, and enhance
safety in aviation. AI-driven algorithms analyze vast amounts of data
from radar, weather forecasts, and aircraft sensors to improve the
efficiency of airspace usage and reduce delays.

Space Exploration

AI plays a critical role in space exploration missions, where precise

navigation and autonomous decision-making are essential for success.
Robotic probes, manned spacecraft, and planetary rovers rely on AI
algorithms to navigate the complexities of space, analyze scientific data,
and execute mission objectives.

3.Education:

Education is an important part of life for everyone, and a good education

plays a vital role to have a successful life. In order to improve the
education system for the students, there are always a lot of changes
happening around the world, ranging from the way of teaching to the
type of curriculum. Artificial Intelligence is a thriving technology that is
being used in almost every field and is changing the world. One place
where artificial intelligence is poised to make.
1. Automate basic activities in education with AI
In the education system, there are various activities which take lots
of time of teachers such as grading tests and home-works. These
tasks require lots of time and effort, while this time could be used
in interacting with students, letting them know their errors,
teaching new things, and many more.
To save this time, Artificial Intelligence can be used. With AI
tools, it is possible to automate the grading system for nearly all
types of MCQ(Multiple choice questions) and fill-in-the-blank, and
they are very close to being able to grade written responses.
However, AI is still not possible to truly replace human grading,
but it's getting improving day by day. By using AI, teachers will
get more time to fill the gap in their classroom rather than
investing their time in these tedious tasks.
2. Additional Support for students with AI tutor
As it is obvious that teachers can't be present with students all the
time while they study, as teachers in colleges have fixed timings.
But each student is not smart enough to grasp all the things at once,
and they need additional supports from someone to help them in
the understanding study material. This additional support can be
provided by the AI tutors.
Currently, there are various AI-driven tutoring programs that can
help students in learning the basics of mathematics, writing, and
other subjects.With these AI programs, students can learn
fundamentals, but still, they are not suitable to learn high-level
concepts of any subject. In order to learn such complex concepts,
students still require a professor. However, in future, it is possible
that AI might be able to help students with complex problems also
that require analytical thinking and reasoning.
3. Helpful feedback to students and teachers with AI-driven
programs
AI is not only helping the students to learn the customized course
as per their requirements, but it can also give feedback to both the
teachers and students about the success level of the course. Some
online course providers are currently using such feedback-based AI
 systems to analyses the progress of the student and also alert the
professors for the critical performance issue of the student.
This type of AI-driven systems enables the student to get the
proper support, and professors can determine the areas of teaching
where it requires improvement. Instant feedback to students helps
them understand where they are going wrong and how they can do
it better.
4. Finding improvement required in course with AI
In the education system, it is very hard to find out the gaps in
learning. Teachers have limited time to teach in the classroom, and
they may not always know where the students are lacking and what
concepts have confused the student. To solve this problem, AI-
driven programs can help the education system.
Courser a and some other learning platforms are already using AI-
driven programs in practice. For example, when a large number of
students are found to submit the wrong answer to a homework
assignment, the system alerts the teacher and gives future students
a customized message that offers hints to the correct answer. Such
type of programs helps in filling the gaps while learning that can
occur in courses, and also ensures that each student understands
the concepts successfully. With AI, instead of waiting for feedback
from the professor, students get an immediate system generated
response, which helps them to understand a concept and remember
their mistakes, and also how to do it correctly the next time around.
5. AI could change the role of the teacher.
Teachers always have a critical role in the education system, but
this role and its requirement may change with the new
technologies. As in the above points, we have already discussed
that Artificial Intelligence can automate different tasks such as
grading, reports, help students while learning, and may also be an
option of real-world tutor in some cases. AI can be included in
different aspects of teaching. AI systems can be programmed for
providing expertise to students, a place where students can ask
their doubts and could take the place of teacher for teaching basis
 course materials. In such cases, AI could change the role of the
teacher as a facilitator.
6. Personalized education with AI:
The main aim of Artificial Intelligence in education is not to
completely replace teachers. Instead, it aims to act as helping
hands for teachers as well as students.
AI systems can be programmed to provide personalized learning to
students. With personalized learning, each student can have their
own way of learning as per their level of understanding and need.
By understanding the needs of every student, teachers can come up
with a tailor-made study plan for every student. As AI is
developing day-by-day, it is possible that machines can identify the
facial expressions of students while learning the concepts can
understand if they are finding any difficulty in learning, and
according to that make changes in the way of teaching. However,
currently, such things are not possible, but they might be possible
in the near future with AI-Powered machines and software.

7. GeneratingSmartContentwithAI
With AI, it is possible to generate smart content in three ways:
1. Digital Lessons: Nowadays, everything is becoming digital,
and so the education. Digital learning is being preferred in
colleges with customization options, e-books, study guides,
bite-sized lessons, and many other things with the help of AI.
2. Information Visualization: Visualizing things rather than
listening is much more efficient to understand in a better way
and keep in mind for a long time. With Artificial Intelligence,
the study information can be perceived in new ways of
visualization, simulation, web-based study environment.
3. Learning content Updates: Moreover, AI also helps in
preparing the content of lessons, keeping information up to
date, and make it adaptable as per different learning curves.
8. Ensure Access to Education for Students with Special Needs
Life is full of challenges for those students who have some
learning disabilities such as deaf or hard of hearing, visually
impaired, etc. Such students may face various difficulties while
learning and studying. Moreover, they also need extra care & time.
With the adoption of innovative AI technology, there will be new
ways of interacting with such students. AI-enabled tools can be
successfully trained to help a group of students with special needs.

9. Universal Access

One of the great uses of Artificial Intelligence of digital learning in

education is universal access to study material. Each student has
his own grasping capability, and with the use of universal access,
they can learn anywhere and anytime. Students can explore things
whenever they want to learn without waiting for the tutor.
Moreover, students get the facility of high-quality courses and
material from all over the world at their place only without
travelling away from their home.

4.Healthcare
AI in healthcare refers to the use of machine learning, natural
language processing, deep learning and other AI technologies to
enhance the experiences of both healthcare professionals and patients.
The data-processing and predictive capabilities of AI enable health
professionals to better manage their resources and take a more
proactive approach to various aspects of healthcare.
With these technologies, doctors can then make quicker and more
accurate diagnoses, health administrators can locate electronic health
 records faster and patients can receive more timely and personalized
treatments.

AI in Medical Diagnosis
Every year, roughly 400,000 hospitalized patients suffer preventable
harm, with 100,000 deaths. In light of that, the promise of improving the
diagnostic process is one of AI’s most exciting healthcare applications.
Incomplete medical histories and large caseloads can lead to deadly
human errors. Immune to those variables, AI can predict and diagnose
disease at a faster rate than most medical professionals.

AI in Drug Discovery
The drug development industry is bogged down by skyrocketing
development costs and research that takes thousands of human hours.
Putting each drug through clinical trials costs an estimated average of
$1.3 billion, and only 10 percent of those drugs are successfully brought
to market. Due to breakthroughs in technology, AI is speeding up this
process by helping design drugs, predicting any side effects and
identifying ideal candidates for clinical trials.

AI in Patient Experience
AI can be used to support digital communications, offering schedule
reminders, tailored health tips and suggested next steps to patients. The
ability of AI to aid in health diagnoses also improves the speed and
accuracy of patient visits, leading to faster and more personalized care.
And efficiently providing a seamless patient experience allows hospitals,
clinics and physicians to treat more patients on a daily basis.
AI in Healthcare Data Management
Highly valuable information can sometimes get lost among the forest of
trillions of data points. Additionally, the inability to connect important
data points slows the development of new drugs, preventative medicine
and proper diagnosis. Because of its ability to handle massive volumes
of data, AI breaks down data silos and connects in minutes information
that used to take years to process. This can reduce the time and costs of
healthcare administrative processes, contributing to more efficient daily
operations and patient experiences.

AI in Robotic Surgery
Hospitals use AI and robots to help with everything from minimally
invasive procedures to open heart surgery. Surgeons can control a
robot’s mechanical arms while seated at a computer console as the robot
gives the doctor a three-dimensional, magnified view of the surgical site.
The surgeon then leads other team members who work closely with the
robot through the entire operation. Robot-assisted surgeries have led
to fewer surgery-related complications, less pain and a quicker recovery
time.

5.mobile payments:

1. Cyber Fraud Detection and Prevention

Fraud prevention has always been a top priority for payment providers.
AI is helping to take fraud detection capabilities to the next level by
analysing vast amounts of transaction data and detecting complex
patterns that may indicate fraudulent activity.
Machine learning algorithms can analyse thousands of data points in real
time, including device IDs, location data, transaction velocity, and
purchasing history, to recognise abnormal behaviour. This
helps payment providers quickly flag potentially fraudulent transactions
for further review before any money is lost.
2. Customer Service Through Chatbots and Virtual Assistants
Chatbots and virtual assistants powered by natural language processing
are revolutionizing customer interactions in the payments industry.
Conversational AI is helping payment firms address a wide range of
common customer queries without human intervention. Customers can
now get instant assistance regarding account balances, payment due
dates, transaction disputes, and other issues by simply having a
conversation with an AI assistant. This has substantially lowered call
centre volumes while improving 24/7 support accessibility.
3. Credit Decisioning and Underwriting
AI is enabling more accurate credit risk assessment and underwriting
capabilities. Machine learning models can analyse diverse data sources
including financial transactions, demographics, credit bureau reports,
and device/behavioral data to evaluate risk profiles This helps payment
providers make real-time underwriting decisions and credit limit
adjustments.
It also facilitates inclusion by considering non-traditional data points for
consumers with limited credit histories. AI-powered underwriting
models are proven to approve 20% more applicants while maintaining
similar default rates.
.
4. Personalized Offers and Recommendations
Leveraging AI, payment firms can gain a unified view of customer
preferences and behaviors across channels. This enables highly
personalized recommendations, offers, and loyalty programs that
strengthen customer relationships.
Machine learning algorithms to analyse past purchases and online
activity to develop individual customer profiles. AI then identifies
suitable payment products, value-added services, upcoming deals and
purchase suggestions tailored to each customer’s unique needs and
interests.
5. Streamlined Processing and Settlement
AI is helping to automate repetitive payment processing tasks and
optimise workflows for higher volumes. For instance, optical character
recognition (OCR) and natural language processing (NLP) can extract
key fields from invoices to enable touchless processing. Machine vision
coupled with ML expedites check deposits by recognising amounts,
dates, and signatures.
Settlement times are also getting reduced as AI predicts cash flow
requirements in real time based on historical patterns and current
account activity.
6. Data-Driven Insights for Innovation
Leveraging AI, payment firms are generating real-time insights from
massive transaction data stores. This helps identify new revenue
opportunities, demand trends, spending patterns, and areas that need
improvement.

5.AI in E-Commerce:
 Artificial Intelligence (AI):
AI enables personalized shopping experiences through customer
behavior analysis, tailored product recommendations, and targeted
promotions, leading to higher conversion rates and customer
loyalty.
 Machine Learning:
Machine learning algorithms help businesses optimize inventory
 management and supply chain operations, resulting in cost savings
and improved efficiency.
 Chatbots and Virtual Assistants:
These AI-driven tools enhance customer service by providing
instant support and reducing wait times, increasing overall
customer satisfaction.
 Visual Search:
AI-powered visual search engines make it easier for customers to
find products by uploading images instead of relying on textual
descriptions, improving user experience and driving sales.
 Fraud Detection:
AI systems analyze transaction data to identify anomalies and
detect fraudulent activities, protecting consumers and businesses
from potential financial loss.
 Augmented Reality (AR):
AR technology allows customers to virtually try on products or
visualize items in their homes before purchasing, increasing
consumer confidence and reducing return rates.
 Mobile Commerce:
The proliferation of smartphones and mobile applications has made
it easier than ever for consumers to shop on the go, driving the
growth of e-commerce.
 Social Commerce:
Integrating e-commerce with social media platforms enables
businesses to tap into new customer segments and foster brand
engagement, boosting sales and expanding market reach.
 Big Data:
The use of big data analytics helps retailers gain insights into
customer preferences and shopping patterns, enabling them to
make data-driven decisions and refine marketing strategies.

AI in image-based search and photo editing has revolutionized how

users interact with visual content online. Below are some key notes on
AI applications in these fields:
AI in Image-Based Search

1. Content-Based Image Retrieval (CBIR):

o AI models can analyze the visual content of an image rather
than relying on textual metadata like tags or keywords.
o Features such as color, texture, shape, and structure of the
image are analyzed to help search engines find visually
similar images.
o Examples: Google Images, Pinterest, and Amazon’s visual
search.
2. Deep Learning Models:
o Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs): Used to extract
features from images, allowing AI to understand and identify
objects, textures, and patterns.
o Object Detection: AI identifies objects within images and
uses this information for categorizing and searching images.
o Semantic Search: AI can go beyond keyword matching and
recognize the actual content of the image, improving search
relevance.
3. Reverse Image Search:
o Users can upload an image, and the AI searches for visually
similar or identical images on the web.
o AI systems compare the pixel-level data of images to identify
matches (using feature vectors like SIFT, SURF, or ORB).
4. Contextual Understanding:
o AI tools can infer context from an image (e.g., identifying a
beach scene or a portrait), improving search accuracy.
o Context can also include sentiment or emotional tone, such as
analyzing the mood of a photo (happy, sad, etc.).
 5. AI in Visual Shopping:
o Tools like Google Lens and Pinterest Lens allow users to
take a picture of a product and find similar items in online
stores.
o AI analyzes attributes like product color, shape, or design to
match it with available listings.

AI in Photo Editing

1. Automated Image Enhancement:

o AI-based tools automatically enhance photos by adjusting
brightness, contrast, sharpness, and color saturation to
produce professional-looking images.
o Examples: Adobe Photoshop's "Enhance Details" or mobile
apps like Snapseed that provide auto-correction features.
2. Background Removal:
o AI can detect the subject in an image and remove or replace
the background with minimal user input.
o Tools like remove.bg leverage deep learning algorithms to
isolate objects and backgrounds seamlessly.
3. Retouching and Face Editing:
o AI tools like Facetune and Photoshop's Neural Filters use
machine learning to automatically adjust facial features (e.g.,
skin smoothing, teeth whitening, or reshaping facial
structures).
o AI can also remove blemishes, wrinkles, and dark circles to
improve portraits.
4. Style Transfer and Artistic Effects:
o AI algorithms can transform an image into different artistic
styles, such as mimicking famous artists like Van Gogh or
Picasso.
o Depart and Prismare popular tools for applying neural
network-based style transfer to photos.
 o
5. Image Restoration:
o AI can restore old, damaged, or blurry photos by filling in
missing information or correcting imperfections.
o AI models trained on large datasets can predict missing parts
of an image (e.g., filling in damaged portions of old
photographs).
6. Colorization:
o AI can colorize black-and-white photos by learning patterns
from large datasets of color images.
o Tools like DeOldify use deep learning techniques to bring
historical images to life with realistic colorization.
7. Deep fake Technology:
o AI can manipulate images or videos to replace faces or alter
movements in a seamless and realistic way.
o Used for entertainment, but can raise ethical concerns if
misused.
8. Generative AI in Photo Creation:
o AI-based tools like DALL·E and MidJourney can generate
completely new, creative images based on textual
descriptions.
o AI can create entirely synthetic photos of people, landscapes,
or objects that never existed before.
9. AI-Powered Image Filtering:
o Applications like Instagram and VSCO use AI to recommend
filters that match the style or mood of an image.
o Filters are smart enough to analyze the image's content and
adjust the filter strength accordingly.
 Unit-3
Robotics
Robotics is an interdisciplinary field that combines elements of
engineering, computer science, and artificial intelligence to design,
build, and operate robots. A robot is a machine capable of carrying out
tasks autonomously or semi-autonomously, often in environments where
human intervention is hazardous or impractical.

Key Components of a Robot:

1. Sensors: These are devices that allow the robot to perceive its
environment. Examples include cameras, LIDAR, ultrasonic
sensors, and temperature sensors. Sensors help robots gather data
about their surroundings, such as distance, motion, temperature, or
light.
2. Actuators: Actuators are responsible for the movement or action
of a robot. They convert energy (electricity, hydraulic, pneumatic)
into motion. Motors, servos, and hydraulic pumps are common
actuators.
3. Control System: The "brain" of the robot. It processes information
from the sensors and makes decisions to control the actuators. This
system often relies on algorithms and software to navigate,
interpret the data, and perform tasks.
4. Power Supply: Robots need energy to function, which can come
from batteries, solar power, or other energy sources. The power
system must be efficient and suitable for the robot's tasks.
5. End Effectors: These are the tools or devices attached to the
robot's arm or structure, like grippers, robotic hands, or specialized
tools for specific tasks.
Types of Robots:

1. Industrial Robots: Used in manufacturing and automation tasks

like assembly, welding, or material handling. They are commonly
found in automotive, electronics, and other heavy industries.
2. Service Robots: These robots assist humans with everyday tasks,
like cleaning (robot vacuums), delivery, or medical assistance.
3. Autonomous Mobile Robots (AMRs): These robots are designed
to move through environments without human control. They use
sensors and AI to navigate and make decisions. Examples include
self-driving cars or warehouse robots.
4. Humanoid Robots: Robots designed to resemble humans in form
and function. They might be used for research, customer service,
or as companions.
5. Medical Robots: Robots that assist in surgeries, diagnostics, or
patient care. Surgical robots, like the Da Vinci system, provide
precise control during procedures.

Robotics in Action:

 Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Robotics: AI enables robots to

learn from data and improve performance over time. Machine
learning algorithms, computer vision, and natural language
processing are critical for tasks like navigation, object recognition,
and decision-making.
 Robotics and Automation: Robotics is heavily involved in the
automation of manufacturing processes, improving efficiency,
precision, and safety. For example, robotic arms are used in car
assembly lines for tasks such as welding and painting.

Future of Robotics:

The future of robotics is likely to involve greater integration of AI,

improving human-robot collaboration, and expanding their applications
in areas such as healthcare, agriculture, and exploration. The
development of smarter, more adaptive robots will lead to more
personalized and autonomous systems in both industry and daily life.

In conclusion, robotics is a dynamic and rapidly evolving field with vast

potential to transform industries and improve lives. Its applications
range from simple, repetitive tasks to complex, human-like interactions,
creating a future where robots play a central role in society.

AI
Robotic
Aspect Systems
Systems
(General)
Aspect Robotic Systems AI Systems
(General)

Purpose Perform physical Process data to make

tasks and interact with decisions or
the real world. predictions.

Interaction with the Yes, through sensors No physical

Physical World and actuators. interaction; software-
based.
Commponents Sensors, actuators, Algorithms, data
control systems, processing, models.
hardware.
AI Applications Perception, motion Data analysis,
planning, real-time predictive modeling,
decision-making. natural language
understanding.
Examples Autonomous vehicles, Chatbots,
robotic arms, drones. recommendation
systems, fraud
detection algorithms.

Components of robots:

Component Function

Sensors Enable the robot to perceive its

environment (e.g., vision,
distance, temperature).

Actuators Allow the robot to perform actions

(e.g., moving, gripping, rotating).
Control System Processes sensor data, makes
decisions, and controls actuators
(e.g., microcontroller).
Communication System Enables data exchange between
robots or humans and robots (e.g.,
Wi-Fi, Bluetooth).
Mobility System Provides movement capabilities
(e.g., wheels, legs, tracks).

Provides energy to the robot's

Power Supply components (e.g., batteries, solar).
Tools or devices that enable the
End Effectors robot to interact with objects (e.g.,
grippers, tools).
 The structural support that holds all
Chassis/Frame components together.
Software Algorithms and programs that
define the robot's behavior and
tasks.