What is artificial intelligence?

• John McCarthy coined the phrase AI in 1956

Q. What is artificial intelligence?

A. It is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines,
especially intelligent computer programs. -John McCarthy

Q. Yes, but what is intelligence?

A. Intelligence is the computational part of the ability to achieve
goals in the world. Varying kinds and degrees of intelligence
occur in people, many animals, and some machines.
Intelligence: “ability to learn, understand and think” (Oxford
dictionary)
Artificial Intelligence is the Machine Learning is a subset Python is a versatile, high-
development of computer of AI that teaches computers level programming
systems that can perform tasks to learn and improve from language known for its
that typically require human experience without being simplicity and readability.
intelligence. explicitly programmed.
❖ Different Paramaters of YouTube Music Songs recommendation system:
1. Lata Mangeshkar Songs
2. Hindi Bollywood Songs
3. Old songs
4. How frequently I have watched the same song?
5. Popularity(many views)
6. Music Director: S.D. Burman
7. Movie watched recently (Mausam)
8. Sentimental song (based on mood of past few watches)
9. Based on season(monsoon)/Atmosphere(rain)
10. Based on Location(Himalayas)
11. Based on time(Full moon night)
12. Based on my other account (Spotify, Amazon music etc.)
❖ Artificial Intelligence:
• Artificial Intelligence (AI) involves creating computer systems that can perform
tasks that typically require human intelligence, such as understanding language,
recognizing patterns, and making decisions.

• It encompasses a wide range of techniques and approaches, including machine

learning, natural language processing, and computer vision.

• The goal of AI is to develop systems that can perceive their environment, learn
from experience, and adapt to new situations, ultimately mimicking human
intelligence in various tasks.
❖ What is AI?
• Intelligence: “ability to learn, understand and think” (Oxford dictionary)
• AI is about teaching computers to do things that humans are doing good right
now.
• Examples: Speech-Face-Object recognition, Intuition, Inference, Learning new
skills, Decision making, Abstract thinking.
• There are four different approaches to artificial intelligence (AI), each
emphasizing different aspects of human-like behavior and rational decision-
making.

Thinking humanly Thinking rationally

Acting humanly Acting rationally

Categorization of Intelligent System
Categories of Artificial Intelligence
❖ Thinking Humanly: Cognitive Modelling
• This method tries to copy how humans think and understand things. It aims to
understand how humans think and solve problems. i.e. Cognitive science.
• “Cognitive science/modelling" refers to the scientific study of how humans think and
reason.
• Example: Cognitive psychology-inspired AI systems, such as virtual assistants like
Siri or Alexa, try to act like humans. They listen to what people say, try to
understand what they mean, and respond like a person would in a conversation.
• It is not related to how a computer program solves a problem correctly. Thinking
Humanly is more interested in seeing how its steps compare to how a human would
solve the same problem.
❖ Acting Humanly: The Turing Test
• This approach aims to create AI systems that perform tasks in a manner very similar to human
behavior. It focuses on achieving human-like performance in various tasks.
• Example: Turing Test is a classic example of the acting humanly approach. In the Turing Test, a
human evaluator interacts with a machine and a human through a text interface without knowing
which is which. If the evaluator cannot reliably distinguish between the machine and the human
based on the conversation, the machine is considered to have passed the test.

Alan Turing (1912-1954) performed a operational test Imitation Game

for intelligent behavior: the Imitation(Copying) Game, Human
“Computing Machinery and Intelligence” (1950)

Predicted that by 2000, a machine might have a 30%

chance of fooling a normal person for 5 minutes. Human Evaluator
AI System
❖ Thinking Rationally: Laws of Thought
• This approach emphasizes on designing AI systems that follow principles of logic
and rational(logical) decision-making, regardless of whether it mirrors human
thought processes.

• In simple words, if your thoughts are based on facts and not emotions, it is called
rational thinking.

• Example: Expert systems, such as medical diagnosis systems, rely on rules and
logical inference to make decisions. These systems use knowledge bases of
medical expertise and logical reasoning to diagnose diseases based on symptoms
reported by patients.
❖ Acting Rationally
• This approach focuses on creating AI systems that make decisions to achieve
the best outcome, irrespective of whether the decision-making process
resembles human thinking.

• Acting rationally is more related to scientific development than human-based

approaches.

• Example: Autonomous vehicles, like self-driving cars, operate based on the

principle of acting rationally. They analyze sensor data in real-time, process it
using algorithms to detect obstacles, and make decisions to navigate safely to
their destination, optimizing factors like speed, distance, and safety.
 ELIZA

Eliza was first program developed by Joseph

Wiezbaum to converse in English in mid 1960's.
It passed turing test.
❖ Conclusions:
• By applying these different approaches we can see how they each offer distinct perspectives
on how AI systems can be developed and interact with users.

1. Mirroring Human Intelligence and Behavior: AI acts like humans, understanding language,
recognizing patterns, and making decisions like us. For example, a friendly chatbot(Alexa, Sisi)
jokes and empathizes.

2. Optimizing for Rational Decision-Making: AI makes smart decisions, not exactly like humans,
but logically and efficiently. For instance, a song/movie recommendation system suggests
songs/films based on our preferences, aiming for the best choices.

The choice depends on whether we want AI to be human-like or just make the best decisions. In
fact many AI systems incorporate elements of both human-like interaction and rational decision-
making. The emphasis on each approach can vary based on factors such as the nature of the task,
user expectations, and the goals of the system developers.
Foundation of Artificial Intelligence
❖ The Foundations of AI
• AI is like a recipe with many ingredients - each field adds its own flavor.
1. Philosophy(Asking the Big Questions):

• Think of philosophy as asking really big questions.

• For example, imagine you're trying to solve a puzzle. Philosophy asks questions
like:
➢ Can we make strict rules to always solve puzzles correctly?
➢ How does our mind, our thoughts and feelings, come from our brain?
➢ Where does all our knowledge come from, and how does it help us make
decisions?
2. Mathematics(Crunching Numbers and Patterns):
• Mathematics is like the language of patterns and numbers.
• Imagine you're trying to solve a math problem. Math helps us with:
➢ Figuring out the rules to solve problems accurately.
➢ Deciding what can and cannot be solved with numbers.
➢ Finding ways to think clearly even when we're not sure about something.
3. Economics(Making Smart Choices):
• Economics is all about making decisions, especially when it comes to money.
• Picture yourself deciding how to spend your allowance. Economics helps us
understand:
➢ How to make choices to get the most out of our money.
➢ Figuring out what to do when others don't agree with our choices.
➢ Planning for the future when we're not sure what will happen.
4. Neuroscience(Exploring the Brain's Secrets):

• Neuroscience is like a detective investigating the brain.

• Think about how you learn new things. Neuroscience helps us understand:
➢ How our brains process information to learn and remember.
➢ Figuring out why we feel certain emotions or think in certain ways.
5. Psychology(Understanding Our Minds):

• Psychology is like a map guiding us through our thoughts and actions.

• Imagine trying to understand why someone feels happy or scared. Psychology
helps us explore:
➢ How humans and animals think and behave in different situations.
6. Computer Engineering(Building Smarter Machines):

• Computer engineering is like building a robot from scratch.

• Consider how your computer works. Computer engineering helps us with:

➢ Designing and creating computers that work quickly and efficiently.

• For example, advancements in computer engineering have enabled the

processing power necessary for training complex AI models.
7. Control Theory and Cybernetics (Keeping Things in Check):
• Cybernetics is the science of communication and control theory that is
concerned especially with the comparative study of automatic control systems,
such as the nervous system and the brain.
• Control theory and cybernetics are like the autopilot in a plane.
• Think about how a thermostat keeps your room at just the right temperature.
Control theory and cybernetics help us understand:
➢ How machines can control themselves to work properly without constant
human input.
8. Linguistics (The Power of Words):

• Linguistics is like exploring the dictionary of language.

• Imagine trying to understand a new language. Linguistics helps us discover:
➢ How language shapes our thoughts and the way we communicate.

• For example, chatbots and virtual assistants use NLP techniques to interpret
and respond to user queries.
❖ Conclusion:
• Artificial Intelligence (AI) is like a big puzzle, and to understand it, we need to
look at different pieces that come from various areas of study. These pieces are
like ingredients in a recipe, each adding something important.
• By working together, these different disciplines help AI grow and improve.
• By integrating knowledge from diverse disciplines, AI can continue to advance
and tackle increasingly complex challenges.
• Collaboration between philosophers, mathematicians, economists,
neuroscientists, psychologists, computer engineers, control theorists, linguists,
and other experts is crucial for the continued development of AI technologies.
History of Artificial Intelligence
❖ Early Foundations (1940s - 1950s)
❖ Early Breakthroughs (1950s-1960s)
Checkers Mastery
In 1951, the Ferranti Mark- Newell and Simon's "General
1 computer successfully Problem Solver" algorithm
used an algorithm to master demonstrated the potential of
the game of checkers, a AI to tackle a wide range of
milestone in AI mathematical problems.
development.
❖ Robotics and Computer Vision (1960s-1970s)
❖ The "AI Winters" (1970s-1990s)
❖ A New Era of AI (1990s-2000s)
❖ AI in the 21st Century
❖ The Future of AI

Artificial General Intelligence The development of AI systems with

human-level or even superhuman
cognitive abilities

Ethical Considerations Addressing the potential societal and

philosophical implications of advanced
AI technologies
❖ Components of AI
Artificial Intelligence is built on several core components that work together to
create intelligent systems. Each component has a specific function that enables AI
to understand, learn, and respond to its environment.
❖ 1. Learning
● Learning in the context of AI is similar to how humans acquire knowledge but
implemented computationally.
● One fundamental aspect of AI learning is the trial-and-error method.
● The AI system attempts various solutions to a problem and retains successful
strategies in its database for future use.
● Another form of learning is rote learning, where the AI memorizes specific items,
such as problem-solving approaches, vocabulary, or foreign languages.
● This information is later generalized and applied in diverse contexts.
● Example: In image recognition, AI learns to identify objects by analyzing and
memorizing patterns in a vast dataset.
❖ 2. Reasoning & Decision Making
● AI analyzes information and makes decisions through reasoning.
● This involves drawing inferences from given situations, categorized as
inductive or deductive.
● Deductive inferences involve providing guaranteed conclusions, while
inductive inferences deal with situations where outcomes are not certain.

● Example: Chess-playing programs use reasoning to evaluate possible

moves and make decisions based on the likely outcomes.
❖ 3. Problem Solving
● AI’s problem-solving ability involves techniques like planning, search, and
optimization.
● Special-purpose methods tailor solutions to specific features of a given
problem, while general-purpose methods address a wide range of diverse
issues.
● Problem-solving in AI includes step-by-step reduction of differences between
the current state and the goal state.

● Example: Route optimization algorithms in navigation systems solve the

problem of finding the most efficient path between two points.
❖ 4. Perception
● AI perceives its environment by gathering and interpreting information
through sense organs, whether artificial or real.
● The system internally processes this data to analyze scenes, recognize
objects, and understand their relationships and features.
● Perception is crucial for tasks like computer vision and speech recognition.

● Example: Self-driving cars use perception to navigate roads by recognizing

obstacles, pedestrians, and traffic signals.
❖ 5. Language Processing
● Language processing in AI involves understanding and generating natural
language.
● Techniques like natural language understanding, machine translation, and
text generation enable AI to interact with language effectively.
● This allows applications like chatbots, language translation tools, and
sentiment analysis to function seamlessly.

● Example: Virtual assistants understand and respond to spoken commands,

showcasing language processing capabilities in AI.
 State of the art
• Deep Blue defeated the reigning world chess champion Garry
Kasparov in 1997
• Proved a mathematical conjecture (Robbins conjecture) unsolved
for decades
• No hands across America (driving autonomously 98% of the time
from Pittsburgh to San Diego)
• During the 1991 Gulf War, US forces deployed an AI logistics
planning and scheduling program that involved up to 50,000
vehicles, cargo, and people
• NASA's on-board autonomous planning program controlled the
scheduling of operations for a spacecraft
• Proverb solves crossword puzzles better than most humans
• Stanford vehicle in the Darpa challenge completed autonomously
a 132-mile desert track in 6 hours 32 minutes.
 Sub-areas of AI – Contd..

● Natural language understanding

● Computer vision
● Understanding spoken utterances
● Intelligent tutoring systems
● Robotics
● Machine translation systems
● Expert problem solving
● Neural Networks, AI tools etc
 Sub-areas of AI

● Knowledge representation
● Theorem proving
● Game playing
● Common sense reasoning dealing with
uncertainty and decision making
● Learning models, inference techniques, pattern
recognition, search and matching etc.
● Logic (fuzzy, temporal, modal) in AI
● Planning and scheduling
 Areas of AI and Some
Dependencies
Knowledge
Search Logic Representation

Machine
Planning
Learning

Expert
NLP Vision Robotics Systems
Artificial Intelligence in the Movies
 Applications of AI
Netflix provides highly
accurate predictive
technology based on
customers’ reactions to films.

It examines millions of
records to suggest shows and
films that you might like
based on your previous
actions and choices of films.

As the data set grows, this

technology is getting smarter
and smarter every day.

AI in marketing
AI in Banking
HDFC Bank has developed an AI-based

chatbot called EVA (Electronic Virtual

Assistant), built by Bengaluru-based

Senseforth AI Research.

Since its launch, Eva has addressed over

3 million customer queries, interacted with

over half a million unique users, and held

over a million conversations.

Eva can collect knowledge from

thousands of sources and provide simple

answers in less than 0.4 seconds.

AI in finance
Japan’s leading brokerage house, Nomura

Securities. The company has been reluctantly

pursuing one goal, i.e. to analyze the insights of

experienced stock traders with the help of

computers. After years of research, Nomura is set

to introduce a new stock trading system.

The new system stores a vast amount of price and

trading data in its computer. By tapping into this

reservoir of information, it will make assessments,

for example, it may determine that current market

conditions are similar to the conditions two weeks

ago and predict how share prices will be changing

a few minutes down the line. This will help to take

better trading decisions based on the predicted

market prices.
AI in agriculture
Blue River Technology has developed a robot

called See & Spray which uses computer vision

technologies like object detection to monitor and

precisely spray weedicide on cotton plants.

Precision spraying can help prevent herbicide

resistance.

Apart from this, Berlin-based agricultural tech

start-up called PEAT, has developed an

application called Plantix that identifies potential

defects and nutrient deficiencies in the soil

through images.
AI in Healthcare
AI in Gaming
DeepMind’s AI-based AlphaGo software, which is famous

for defeating Lee Sedol, the world champion in the game

of GO, is one of the most significant accomplishment in

the field of AI.

Shortly after the victory, DeepMind created an advanced

version of AlphaGo called AlphaGo Zero which defeated

the predecessor in an AI-AI face off. Unlike the original

AlphaGo, which DeepMind trained over time by using a

large amount of data and supervision, the advanced

system, AlphaGo Zero taught itself to master the game.

Other examples of Artificial Intelligence in gaming include

the First Encounter Assault Recon, popularly known as

F.E.A.R, which is a first-person shooter video game.

AI in Gaming
AI in space Exploration
● Personal Assistants in Space
● Processing Satellite Images
● The Role of AI in the
Development of Satellites and
Spacecraft
● Conducting System Monitoring
● The High Demand for AI
Products Has Increased
Demand for Data Annotation
● AI Will Continue to Play a Big
Role in Space Exploration
Autonomous Vehicles
AI in Social Media
Virtual Assistants
 Watson
IBM’s Artificial
Intelligence
computer system
Capable of answering
questions in natural
language
Competed against
champions on
Jeopardy and won
 Weak and Strong AI

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rtPY1BJUbSk
Rule-Based Languages:
Prolog
Father(abraham, isaac). Male(isaac).
Father(haran, lot). Male(lot).
Father(haran, milcah). Female(milcah).
Father(haran, yiscah). Female(yiscah).
Son(X,Y) ← Father(Y,X), Male(X).
Daughter(X,Y) ← Father(Y,X), Female(X).

Son(lot, haran)?
Current Trends in AI
Current Trends in AI
Current Trends in AI
Current Trends in AI