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 SECOND EDITION
Practical Guide to Exercise
Physiology
THE SCIENCE OF EXERCISE
TRAINING AND PERFORMANCE
NUTRITION

Bob Murray, PhD

Sports Science Insights, LLC

W. Larry Kenney, PhD

Pennsylvania State University
 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Murray, Robert, 1949- author. | Kenney, W. Larry, author.
Title: Practical guide to exercise physiology : the science of exercise
training and performance nutrition / Bob Murray, PhD, Sports
Science Insights, LLC W. Larry Kenney, PhD, Pennsylvania State
University, University Park.
Description: Second edition. | Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics, Inc.,
[2021] | Includes index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2020016043 (print) | LCCN 2020016044 (ebook) |
ISBN 9781492599050 (paperback) | ISBN 9781492599067 (epub)
| ISBN 9781492599081 (pdf)
Subjects: LCSH: Exercise--Physiological aspects. | Exercise--
Technique.
Classification: LCC RA781 .M775 2021 (print) | LCC RA781 (ebook) |
DDC 613.7/1--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020016043
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020016044
ISBN: 978-1-4925-9905-0
Copyright © 2021, 2016 by Bob Murray and W. Larry Kenney
Human Kinetics supports copyright. Copyright fuels scientific and
artistic endeavor, encourages authors to create new works, and
promotes free speech. Thank you for buying an authorized edition of
this work and for complying with copyright laws by not reproducing,
scanning, or distributing any part of it in any form without written
permission from the publisher. You are supporting authors and
allowing Human Kinetics to continue to publish works that increase
the knowledge, enhance the performance, and improve the lives of
people all over the world.
Permission notices for photos from other sources can be found on
pages xi-xiii.
The web addresses cited in this text were current as of March 2020,
unless otherwise noted.
Senior Acquisitions Editor: Amy N. Tocco; Senior
Developmental Editor: Christine M. Drews; Managing Editor:
Julia R. Smith; Copyeditor: Pamela S. Johnson; Indexer: Nan N.
Badgett; Permissions Manager: Dalene Reeder; Graphic
Designer: Sean Roosevelt; Cover Designer: Keri Evans; Cover
Design Specialist: Susan Rothermel Allen; Photograph (cover):
Matt Lincoln/Cultura/Getty Images; Photographs (interior): ©
Human Kinetics, unless otherwise noted; Photo Asset Manager:
Laura Fitch; Photo Production Manager: Jason Allen; Senior Art
Manager: Kelly Hendren; Illustrations: © Human Kinetics, unless
otherwise noted; Printer: Walsworth
Printed in the United States of America 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
The paper in this book was manufactured using responsible forestry
methods.
Human Kinetics
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Champaign, IL 61820
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United States and International
Website: US.HumanKinetics.com
Email: [email protected]
Phone: 1-800-747-4457
Canada
Website: Canada.HumanKinetics.com
Email: [email protected]
E8106
 CONTENTS

Preface
Acknowledgments
Photo Credits

PART I Warming Up: Physiology 101

ONE Muscles Move Us
How Do Muscles Work?
How Do Muscles Adapt to Training?
How Do Muscle Cells Get Bigger and Stronger?

TWO Food Really Is Fuel

From Food to Energy
How Do Nutrients Fuel Muscle?
What About Vitamins and Minerals?
Water Is a Nutrient, Too

THREE Muscles Need Oxygen

How Does Oxygen Get to Muscles?
How Does Oxygen Use Relate to Metabolic Rate?
How Does Training Help the Body Use More Oxygen?
Oxygen Delivery and Performance Enhancement

FOUR Fatigue: What Is It Good For?

What Causes Fatigue?
What’s the Difference Between Fatigue and Overtraining?
What Role Does Fatigue Play in Adaptations to Training?
 PART II The Science of Training Program
Design
FIVE Principles of Designing Training Programs
What Are the Basics of Training Program Design?
What Makes an Effective Training Program?
Training Terms

SIX Training to Improve Strength and Muscle

Mass
How Do Strength and Mass Increase?
What’s the Best Way to Gain Strength and Mass?
What’s the Role of Nutrition?
Detraining and Retraining

SEVEN Training for Weight Loss

Weight Loss Is All About Energy Balance
Why Do Some People Have Difficulty Losing Weight?
What’s the Best Way to Lose Fat but Protect Muscle Mass?

EIGHT Training for Speed and Power

What Are Speed and Power?
What Adaptations Are Needed to Improve Speed and Power?
What Kinds of Training Improve Speed and Power?
What Does a Speed and Power Training Session Look Like?

NINE Training for Aerobic Endurance

What Are the Main Adaptations to Aerobic Training?
What’s the Best Way to Improve Aerobic Endurance?
Should Endurance Athletes Engage in Strength Training?
Why Is Endurance Capacity Important for Sprinters and Team-Sport
Athletes?

PART III Special Considerations

TEN Heat, Cold, and Altitude
Environmental Heat Impairs Performance
Cold Stress Chills Performance
Exercise at Altitude

ELEVEN Training Children and Pregnant

Women
Do Children Respond Differently to Exercise Training?
Can Children Improve Strength With Training?
Should Women Exercise During Pregnancy?

TWELVE Training Older Adults

What Changes With Aging?
How Can Exercise Training Benefit Older Adults?
What Considerations Should Be Part of Training for Older Adults?

Index of Common Questions From Clients

Index
About the Authors
 PREFACE
If you plan to read this book, you are likely a strong believer in the
benefits of regular physical activity and are interested in learning
more about how the body responds to exercise and training. In your
quest for knowledge, you should be aware that there are many
excellent exercise physiology textbooks to choose from. In fact, Dr.
Kenney is the author of one of the best-selling exercise physiology
textbooks for undergraduate students, Physiology of Sport and
Exercise, Seventh Edition (Kenney, Wilmore, & Costill, 2020).
We decided to write a different kind of exercise physiology
textbook, one that emphasizes illustrations over text, because we
understand that students and busy sport fitness professionals need
quick and easy access to accurate and up-to-date scientific
information. This text is intended for a variety of people, from those
new to the field who want to learn the fundamentals of exercise
physiology to professionals who have taken exercise physiology
classes in the past and acquired certifications but need to quickly
refresh their memories about the scientific underpinnings of exercise
and sport.
This book provides an easy, straightforward way for you to review
the basic principles of exercise physiology and learn something new
that you can put to immediate use. It will also help you refine or
design training programs and educate others about the ability of the
human body to respond and adapt to regular physical activity.
Whether the goal of exercise is to lose weight or gain strength,
speed, or stamina, understanding how the body responds
physiologically to the stress of exercise should be basic knowledge
for all fitness professionals.
Organization of the Book
Practical Guide to Exercise Physiology is divided into three parts. Part
I covers how the muscles, heart, lungs, and nervous system respond
to exercise and training; how food and drink are converted to fuel;
how oxygen enables the breakdown of food into fuel; and how
fatigue limits the capacity for exercise yet serves as an important
signal to promote the adaptations required for improved fitness and
health.
Part II focuses on the design of training programs by reviewing
the five principles that should be the basis of every training plan and
then highlighting specific design features tailored to increase mass
and strength, enhance weight loss, improve speed and power, and
maximize aerobic endurance.
Part III is devoted to special considerations such as training
clients and athletes to withstand the rigors of heat, cold, and
altitude. Also covered are science-based guidelines related to
designing effective training programs for children, pregnant women,
and older adults.

Special Features
In addition to the numerous photos and detailed illustrations, this
second edition of Practical Guide to Exercise Physiology contains
special features to make science come alive in practical form:
Scientific terms and concepts are defined and explained using
everyday language.
New content based on recent research has been added, as
has a separate chapter on training older adults.
Numerous examples help you apply sport and nutrition
science as you guide clients and athletes to meet their goals.
Updated artwork and photos are integrated with the content
to provide an engaging, highly visual reading experience.
 Sidebars highlight important topics and common questions in
exercise physiology.
Performance Nutrition Spotlight features in each chapter
provide the latest advice about how nutrition can be used to
support adaptation and improve performance.
Fun facts add interest throughout the text.
At the end of each chapter, summary statements and review
questions help highlight important information.
The Index of Common Questions From Clients is a quick
reference to help you prepare for inevitable questions.

If you have little background in exercise science, Practical Guide

to Exercise Physiology gets you started on your sport science
journey. And if you have taken classes in exercise physiology, this
text will quickly refresh your memory about the fundamental
concepts and practical applications of the science related to human
physiology, metabolism, and nutrition. We hope the information in
this book makes that science come alive in understandable and
useful ways.

Ancillaries
One of the key benefits of this new edition is the instructor
ancillaries, which include an instructor guide with lecture aids,
teachings tips, student assignments, and review questions for each
chapter; a large test bank of multiple choice, true-or-false, and fill-
in-the-blank questions; and an image bank with all of the figures
and tables from the text. Ancillary products supporting this text are
free to adopting instructors. Contact your Sales Manager for details
about how to access HKPropel, our ancillary delivery and learning
platform.
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Writing a book is in large part an exercise in teamwork. While the
authors spend long hours compiling, collating, reading, distilling, and
cross-referencing the needed resources before even beginning to
write content, a team of professionals on the publishing end
spearheads the behind-the-scenes work required to shepherd the
book from its genesis as a simple idea through the many steps
required to produce and market the final product. With that
backdrop in mind, we would like to thank Amy Tocco and the staff at
Human Kinetics for helping bring the second edition of Practical
Guide to Exercise Physiology to life.
We also appreciate the support and understanding of our wives,
both of whom now know all too well what to expect in terms of the
occasional grumpiness we might exhibit in trying to meet submission
deadlines. And we certainly appreciate all the work Linda and Patti
do in helping to make sure we have the time and flexibility required
to write a book.

Bob Murray
W. Larry Kenney
PHOTO CREDITS
Chapter 1
Chapter opening photo: FatCamera/E+/Getty Images
Man doing weightlifting squat, p. 5: Erik Isakson/Getty Images
Man doing deadlift, p. 9: HadelProductions/E+/Getty Images
Soccer player experiencing muscle cramp, p. 12: Nigel French –
EMPICS/PA Photos/Getty Images
Kettlebell weight class, p. 15: Alvarez/E+/Getty Images
Man jogging on treadmill, p. 16: ferrantraite/Getty Images
Participant in a cycling class, p. 17: FatCamera/E+/Getty Images
Woman in weight lifting class, p. 19: MaxRiesgo/iStock/Getty Images
Woman doing lunge with dumbbell, p. 21: Erik Isakson/Getty Images
Woman lifting dumbbells on weight bench, p. 22: Fuse/Corbis/Getty
Images
Chapter 2
Chapter opening photo: tacojim/E+/Getty Images
Bread, p. 30: © diegofrias/iStock.com
Bacon, p. 30: © Nirad/iStock.com
Steak, p. 30: © Alex Kladoff/iStock.com
Bananas, p. 41: PhotoDisc
Coffee beans, p. 42: PhotoDisc
Young men at soccer practice, p. 46: Paul Bradbury/Caiaimage/Getty
Images
Woman drinking water, p. 48: Vgajic/E+/Getty Images
Firefighter in the heat, p. 49: kali9/E+/Getty Images
Couple drinking water while hiking, p. 50: AVAVA/fotolia.com
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
elæodes (Hypholoma), 358
elastica (Helvella), 538
var. alba, 538
elata (Calvatia), 588
Elbensis (Boletus), 408
elegans (Boletus), 409
elegans (Lycoperdon), 596
elegans (Russula), 200
elongatum (Lycoperdon), 596
Elvensis (Agaricus), 338
emetica (Russula), 201
ephemerus (Coprinus), 382
epixanthum (Hypholoma), 357
equestre (Tricholoma), 61
var. pinastreti, 62
erinaceum (Hydnum), 502
erubescens (Hygrophorus), 150
erythrosporus (Clitopilus), 261
esculenta (Collybia), 120
esculenta (Gyromitra), 546
var. crispa, 546
esculenta (Morchella), 542
esculentoides (Collybia), 120
excelsa (Amanita), 17
excipuliforme (Lycoperdon), 599
excoriata (Lepiota), 36
eximium (Lycoperdon), 601
eximius (Boletus), 447

fabaceus (Agaricus), 341

farinaceus (Panus), 235
var. albido-tomentosus, 235
farinosa (Amanitopsis), 31
farinosa (Lepiota), 47
fascicularis (Hypholoma), 357
fastibile (Hebeloma), 284
var. alba, 285
var. elegans, 285
fastigiata (Clavaria), 516
felina (Lepiota), 41
felleus (Boletus), 469
var. obesus, 469
fennicum (Hydnum), 500
ferrugineum (Hydnum), 498
ferrugineus (Boletus), 443
fimbriata (Tremella), 530
fimetarius (Coprinus), 376
var. pullatus, 376
var. cinereus, 377
var. macrorhiza, 377
var. silvicola, 377
fimicola (Panæolus), 385
firma (Hepatica), 477
firmus (Boletus), 457
fistulosus (Boletus), 411
flaccida (Clavaria), 521
flaccida (Clitocybe), 103
flammans (Pholiota), 277
flava (Clavaria), 514
flava (Galera), 301
flavescens (Tricholoma), 67
flavida (Flammula), 291
flavida (Russula), 197
flavidus (Boletus), 413
flavo-brunneum (Tricholoma), 65
flavo-discus (Hygrophorus), 157
flavus (Boletus), 411
flexuosipes (Boletus), 443
floccopus (Strobilomyces), 476
floccosus (Cantharellus), 218
fœdoratus (Agaricus), 339
fœtens (Russula), 199
var. granulata, 200
formosa (Clavaria), 520
fragilis (Bolbitius), 303
fragilis (Calvatia), 584
fragilis (Russula), 203
var. nivea, 204
fragrans (Boletus), 451
fragrans (Clitocybe), 110
fraternus (Boletus), 433
Friesii (Lepiota), 39
frondosus (Polyporus), 483
Frostiana (Amanita), 16
Frostii (Boletus), 458
Frostii (Lycoperdon), 591
frumentaceum (Tricholoma), 66
frustulosus (Boletus), 452
fuligineum (Tricholoma), 70
fuligineus (Hygrophorus), 158
fuliginosus (Lactarius), 174
fulvo-tomentosus (Crepidotus), 305
fulvus (Boletus), 465
fumescens (Tricholoma), 72
fumidellum (Tricholoma), 78
fumosa (Clitocybe), 97
var. polius, 97
fumosipes (Boletus), 432
fumosus (Lactarius), 175
furcata (Russula), 191
furfurellus (Cortinarius), 325
fuscescens (Coprinus), 374
fusco-violaceus (Irpex), 505
fusiformis (Clavaria), 523
fuscipes (Clitocybe), 92
fusipes (Collybia), 116
galericulata (Mycena), 127
var. calopus, 128
var. longipes, 128
var. expansus, 128
gallinacea (Clitocybe), 94
gambosum (Tricholoma), 76
gangrænosa (Clitocybe), 86
var. nigrescens, 87
geaster (Scleroderma), 617
gelatinosum (Hydnum), 501
gelatinosum (Tremelledon), 533
gemmatum (Lycoperdon), 598
var. hirtum, 598
var. papillatum, 598
geotropa (Clitocybe), 102
Gerardii (Lactarius), 179
gigantea (Clitocybe), 98
gigantea (Calvatia), 583
giganteus (Polyporus), 485
gilva (Clitocybe), 101
glabellum (Lycoperdon), 595
glabellus (Boletus), 425
gloiocephala (Volvaria), 242
glutinosum (Geoglossum), 550
glutinosum (Hebeloma), 285
glutinosus (Gomphidius), 393
var. roseus, 393
glyciosmus (Lactarius), 175
gracilenta (Lepiota), 37
gracilis (Boletus), 467
var. lævipes, 467
gracilis (Psathyrella), 389
graciloides (Psathyrella), 390
grammopodium (Tricholoma), 80
grande (Entoloma), 251
grande (Tricholoma), 68
granularis (Pluteus), 247
granulatus (Boletus), 416
granulosa (Lepiota), 49
var. rufescens, 49
var. albida, 49
griseus (Boletus), 442

hæmatopa (Mycena), 130

hæmorrhoidarius (Agaricus), 336
hamadryas (Naucoria), 295
hemichrysus (Boletus), 421
var. mutabilis, 422
hepatica (Fistulina), 477
var. monstrosa, 478
Herbstii (Sparassis), 512
Herveyi (Clavaria), 517
heteroclitus (Polyporus), 486
heterophylla (Russula), 199
hiemalis (Calvatia), 585
hirtellus (Boletus), 414
hirtum (Lycoperdon), 592
hispida (Lepiota), 41
holosericea (Lepiota), 44
humile (Tricholoma), 81
hybrida (Flammula), 291
hygrometricus (Geaster), 580
hygrophoroides (Lactarius), 180
hypothejus (Hygrophorus), 151
hysginus (Lactarius), 166

ignoratus (Boletus), 419

illinita (Lepiota), 50
illudens (Boletus), 439
illudens (Clitocybe), 96
imbricatum (Hydnum), 495
imbricatum (Tricholoma), 73
immitis (Polyporus), 487
impolitus (Boletus), 449
impudicus (Phallus), 573
inæqualis (Clavaria), 523
incertum (Hypholoma), 362
indecisus (Boletus), 468
indigo (Lactarius), 171
inflexus (Boletus), 410
infula (Helvella), 538
infundibuliformis (Clitocybe), 100
innixus (Boletus), 427
insulsus (Lactarius), 165
integra (Russula), 204
intrusus (Cortinarius), 310
intumescens (Tremella), 532
intybaceus (Polyporus), 483
inversus (Clitocybe), 103
involutus (Lactarius), 170
involutus (Paxillus), 328
iodes (Cortinarius), 314
Isabellinus (Boletus), 472

laccata (Clitocybe), 107

var. pallidifolia, 107
var. striatula, 107
lachrymabundum (Hypholoma), 361
lactea (Russula), 194
lactifluorum (Hypomyces), 562
lacunosa (Helvella), 537
lævigatum (Hydnum), 495
lævis (Panus), 234
lagopus (Coprinus), 380
var. nemorum, 380
var. viarum, 380
laminosa (Sparassis), 512
latifolia (Mycena), 129
lateritia (Galera), 299
Lecomtei (Lentinus), 229
lenticularis (Amanita), 25
lenticularis (Lepiota), 50
leonis (Terfezia), 566
lepida (Russula), 195
lepideus (Lentinus), 230
lepista (Paxillus), 327
leporina (Peziza), 556
leprosus (Boletus), 448
leptocephalus (Boletus), 451
leucocephalum (Tricholoma), 78
leucomelas (Polyporus), 480
lignatilis (Pleurotus), 140
var. abscondens, 140
lignyotus (Lactarius), 177
var. tenuipes, 177
lilacinus (Cortinarius), 316
limacinus (Hygrophorus), 151
limatulus (Boletus), 450
Linnæi (Russula), 196
lividus (Paxillus), 327
longipes (Collybia), 115
lubrica (Leotia), 540
luridus (Boletus), 455
var. erythropus, 456
lutea (Russula), 211
luteofolia (Pholiota), 277
luteolus (Lactarius), 178
lutescens (Cantharellus), 218
lutescens (Tremella), 530
luteus (Boletus), 412

macropus (Peziza), 553

macrosporus (Coprinus), 374
maculata (Collybia), 116
var. immaculata, 117
maculatus (Polyporus), 486
magna (Flammula), 292
magnificus (Agaricus), 342
magnisporus (Boletus), 458
magnivelaris (Amanita), 10
mappa (Amanita), 10
marginata (Pholiota), 279
Mariæ (Russula), 209
maritimus (Agaricus), 337
mastoidea (Lepiota), 37
mastrucatus (Pleurotus), 146
maxima (Clitocybe), 99
media (Clitocybe), 87
mellea (Armillaria), 55
var. obscura, 56
var. flava, 56
var. glabra, 56
var. radicata, 56
var. bulbosa, 56
var. albida, 56
var. exannulata, 56
var. abortive form, 56
mesenterica (Tremella), 530
metachroa (Clitocybe), 109
metulæspora (Lepiota), 43
micaceus (Coprinus), 378
var. granularis, 378
micropus (Clitopilus), 259
miniato-olivaceus (Boletus), 424
var. sensibilis, 424
miniatus (Hygrophorus), 159
var. lutescens, 159
minor (Bovista), 612
minor (Cantharellus), 216
mitis (Boletus), 418
mitissimus (Lactarius), 181
modestus (Boletus), 442
molle (Lycoperdon), 602
monadelpha (Clitocybe), 89
Montana (Bovista), 611
monticulosa (Amanita), 25
morbifera (Clitocybe), 106
Morgani (Boletus), 437
Morgani (Lepiota), 37
mucida (Armillaria), 58
multiceps (Clitocybe), 95
Murrayi (Boletus), 472
muscaria (Amanita), 14
var. regalis, 14
var. formosa, 14
var. umbrina, 14
var. alba, 15
muscoides (Clavaria), 516
muscorum (Lycoperdon), 602
mussivum (Hebeloma), 283
mutabilis (Boletus), 435
mutabilis (Pholiota), 278
mutabilis (Lactarius), 183
mycetophila (Tremella), 531

nardosmia (Armillaria), 57
naucina (Lepiota), 44
naucinoides (Lepiota), 45
var. squamosa, 45
nauseosa (Russula), 211
nebularis (Clitocybe), 85
nebulosus (Boletus), 465
nidulans (Claudopus), 267
nigrellus (Boletus), 470
nigrescens (Bovista), 611
nigricans (Russula), 187
var. albonigra, 188
nitida (Amanita), 24
nitidus (Hygrophorous), 151
nivalis (Amanitopsis), 29
niveum (Tuckahoe), 565
(Terfezia leonis)
niveus (Coprinus), 378
niveus (Hygrophorus), 153
nobilis (Bolbitius), 303
Noveboracensis (Clitopilus), 262
var. brevis, 262
nudum (Tricholoma), 80

obliquus (Irpex), 504

oblongisporum (Lycoperdon), 606
ochracea (Russula), 210
ochraceus (Cortinarius), 319
ochroleuca (Russula), 202
ochrophylla (Russula), 193
ochropurpurea (Clitocybe), 108
odora (Clitocybe), 90
odorata (Peziza), 558
Ohiensis (Bovistella), 608
olivacea (Russula), 197
oniscus (Omphalia), 133
onotica (Peziza), 556
opicum (Tricholoma), 75
orcella (Clitopilus), 256
oreades (Marasmius), 224
Oregonensis (Gomphidius), 393
ornatipes (Boletus), 440
ornella (Pholiota), 278
ostreatus (Pleurotus), 142
var. glandulosus, 143
var. euosmus, 143
ovatus (Coprinus), 372
ovinus (Polyporus), 479

pachyderma (Calvatia), 583

pachypus (Boletus), 441
pædidum (Tricholoma), 82
pallida (Fistulina), 478
pallidus (Boletus), 429
pallidus (Lactarius), 173
paluster (Boletinus), 401
pantherina (Amanita), 17
papilionaceus (Panæolus), 386
parabolica (Mycena), 128
parasiticus (Boletus), 427
parvus (Boletus), 459
pascuensis (Clitopilus), 256
Peckii (Boletus), 440
var. lævipes, 440
pectinata (Russula), 202
pediades (Naucoria), 296
pedicellatum (Lycoperdon), 600
pellitus (Pluteus), 247
penarius (Hygrophorus), 150
pergamenus (Lactarius), 167
perlatum (Lycoperdon), 599
peronatus (Marasmius), 223
perplexum (Hypholoma), 354
personatum (Tricholoma), 79
pessundatum (Tricholoma), 66
petaloides (Pleurotus), 144
phalloides (Amanita), 7
phyllophila (Clitocybe), 91
picaceus (Coprinus), 375
var. ebulbosus, 376
picipes (Polyporus), 481
pictus (Boletinus), 400
pila (Bovista), 610
pinophila (Clitocybe), 110
piperatum (Tricholoma), 76
piperatus (Boletus), 420
piperatus (Lactarius), 168
pisocarpium (Polysaccum), 618
pistillaris (Clavaria), 524
pithyophylla (Clitocybe), 91
placomyces (Agaricus), 345
platyphylla (Collybia), 114
var. repens, 115
platysperma (Naucoria), 297
plicatilis (Coprinus), 383
plumbea (Bovista), 612
plumbeus (Lactarius), 167
Pocono (Boletus), 474
pometi (Pleurotus), 142
ponderosa (Armillaria), 54
popinalis (Clitopilus), 258
poripes (Polyporus), 487
porosus (Boletinus), 402
var. opacus, 402
portentosum (Tricholoma), 64
præcox (Pholiota), 272
var. minor, 272
var. sylvestris, 272
praiicola (Amanita), 24
pratensis (Agaricus), 340
pratensis (Hygrophorus), 152
procera (Lepiota), 35
prolifera (Mycena), 126
prunuloides (Entoloma), 252
prunulus (Clitopilus), 255
abortive form (Pl. LXIII, p. 254), 256
pubescens (Amanitopsis), 32
pubescens (Pleurotus), 141
puellaris (Russula), 208
var. intensior, 208
var. roseipes, 208
pulcherrimum (Lycoperdon), 591
(L. Frostii)
pulmonarius (Pleurotus), 146
punctata (Russula), 204
punctipes (Boletus), 415
puniceus (Hygrophorus), 159
purpurascens (Cortinarius), 311
var. subpurpurascens, 312
purpureus (Boletus), 456
purpureus (Hypomyces), 563
purpurina (Russula), 188
pusilla (Amanitopsis), 32
pusilla (Russula), 208
pusillum (Lycoperdon), 605
pyriforme (Lycoperdon), 603
pyxidata (Clavaria), 519

quietus (Lactarius), 173

rachodes (Lepiota), 35
var. puellaris, 36
radicans (Boletus), 435
radicata (Collybia), 113
var. furfuracea, 114
var. pusilla, 114
radicosus (Boletus), 473
Ravenelii (Amanita), 18
Ravenelii (Boletus), 422
Ravenelii (Phallus), 573
recutita (Amanita), 12
repanda (Peziza), 557
repandum (Hydnum), 497
resplendens (Tricholoma), 63
reticulatus (Pluteolus), 282
retipes (Boletus), 441
retirugis (Panæolus), 384
rhodopolium (Entoloma), 253
rhodoxanthus (Gomphidius), 394
rimosellus (Boletus), 442
rimulatum (Lycoperdon), 597
rivulosa (Clitocybe), 90
robusta (Armillaria), 52
var. minor, 53
robusta (Clitocybe), 93
Rodmani (Agaricus), 336
roseipes (Russula), 209
rosellus (Cantharellus), 217
Roxanæ (Boletus), 431
var. auricolor, 431
rubellus (Merulius), 490
rubescens (Amanita), 21
rubeus (Boletus), 432
rubiginosus (Boletus), 443
rubinellus (Boletus), 419
rubra (Russula), 196
rubro-flava (Calvatia), 587
rubropunctus (Boletus), 429
rufescens (Hydnum), 497
rufus (Lactarius), 175
rugosa (Clavaria), 519
rugosa (Mycena), 127
rugulosa (Lepiota), 51
Russelli (Boletus), 436
Russula (Tricholoma), 65
russuloides (Amanita), 18
rutilans (Tricholoma), 69

saccata (Calvatia), 587

salignus (Pleurotus), 143
salmonicolor (Boletus), 409
sanguinea (Russula), 191
sanguineus (Cortinarius), 321
sapidus (Pleurotus), 141
saponaceum (Tricholoma), 74
Satanus (Boletus), 454
scaber (Boletus), 461
var. testaceus, 462
var. aurantiacus, 462
var. alutaceus, 462
var. fuligineus, 462
var. fuscus, 462
var. olivaceus, 462
var. niveus, 462
var. areolatus, 463
var. mutabilis, 463
var. gracilipes, 463
scabrosum (Hydnum), 496
scorodonius (Marasmius), 226
sebaceus (Cortinarius), 308
sejunctum (Tricholoma), 63
semiglobata (Stropharia), 351
semilanatus (Coprinus), 382
semilanceata (Psilocybe), 366
var. cærulescens, 366
semilibera (Morchella), 545
semi-orbicularis (Naucoria), 297
separans (Boletus), 445
separata (Anellaria), 388
septentrionale (Hydnum), 503
serotinus (Boletus), 409
serotinus (Pleurotus), 145
Seymourianus (Clitopilus), 262
sigillata (Calvatia), 585
silvaticus (Agaricus), 334
silvaticus (Coprinus), 381
silvicola (Agaricus), 343
var. abruptus, 343
sinuatum (Entoloma), 251
sinuosus (Craterellus), 510
var. crispus, 510
sinuosus (Polyporus), 489
soboliferus (Coprinus), 371
socialis (Clitocybe), 89
solidipes (Panæolus), 385
solitaria (Amanita), 19
sordida (Russula), 190
sordidus (Boletus), 461
spadicea (Psilocybe), 365
var. hygrophilus, 366
var. polycephalus, 366
spadiceus (Boletus), 434
spathulatus (Pleurotus), 145
speciosa (Volvaria), 242
speciosus (Boletus), 439
spectabilis (Boletus), 408
sphærosporus (Boletus), 411
sphærosporus (Hygrophorus), 155
spinosa (Terfezia), 566
spinulifera (Collybia), 122
spinulosa (Clavaria), 521
spinulosum (Mycenastrum), 613
spissa (Amanita), 22
splendens (Clitocybe), 102
spongiosipes (Hydnum), 500
spreta (Amanita), 11
squamosum (Hydnum), 496
squamosus (Polyporus), 480
squamulosus (Cortinarius), 318
squarrosa (Pholiota), 273
squarrosoides (Pholiota), 274
stercoraria (Stropharia), 350
sterquilinus (Coprinus), 372
stipticus (Panus), 236
strangulata (Amanitopsis), 30
(A. Ceciliæ)
striæpes (Boletus), 431
striapes (Naucoria), 296
stricta (Clavaria), 522
var. fumida, 522
strigosus (Panus), 234
strobilaceus (Strobilomyces), 475
strobiliformis (Amanita), 19
subaquilum (Hypholoma), 364
subaureus (Boletus), 414
subdepallens (Russula), 192
subdulcis (Lactarius), 182
var. cinnamomeus, 182
var. rufus, 182
var. badius, 182
subglabripes (Boletus), 428
subincarnatum (Lycoperdon), 604
subinvoluta (Clitocybe), 102
sublateritium (Hypholoma), 359
var. squamosum, 359
subluteus (Boletus), 412
subpalmatus (Pleurotus), 139
subpulverulentum (Tricholoma), 82
subpurpureus (Lactarius), 172
subrufescens (Agaricus), 344
subsanguineus (Boletus), 420
subsquamosum (Hydnum), 496
subsquarrosa (Pholiota), 275
subtilis (Clavaria), 519
subtomentosus (Boletus), 433
subvelutipes (Boletus), 457
subvilis (Clitopilus), 260
subzonalis (Clitocybe), 101
sulcata (Helvella), 537
var. minor, 537
Sullivantii (Boletus), 458
sulphureum (Tricholoma), 74
sulphureus (Polyporus), 485

tabacinus (Boletus), 443

tabularis (Agaricus), 347
Taylori (Volvaria), 241
tenera (Galera), 300
var. pilosella, 300
var. obscurior, 300
tenuiculus (Boletus), 426
terreum (Tricholoma), 71
var. fragrans, 71
terriferum (Tricholoma), 64
tessulatus (Pleurotus), 139
tetragona (Clavaria), 518
theiogalus (Lactarius), 174
tigrinum (Tricholoma), 77
tigrinus (Lentinus), 229
togularis (Pholiota), 271
tomentosus (Coprinus), 377
torminosus (Lactarius), 163
tortilis (Clitocybe), 108
torulosus (Panus), 233
transmutans (Tricholoma), 63
tremellosus (Merulius), 490
trullisata (Clitocybe), 106
truncicola (Clitocybe), 94
tumulosa (Clitocybe), 98
turbinatus (Cortinarius), 312
turmalis (Cortinarius), 309
Turneri (Lycoperdon), 602
turpis (Lactarius), 163

ulmarius (Pleurotus), 138

var. acericola, 138
var. populicola, 138
umbellatus (Polyporus), 482
umbellifera (Omphalia), 133
umbonatus (Cantharellus), 217
umbrosus (Pluteus), 246
Underwoodii (Boletus), 459
Underwoodii (Clitopilus), 260
Underwoodii (Lentinus), 231
unicisa (Peziza), 556
unicolor (Boletus), 418
unitinctus (Clitopilus), 257
var. albidus, 257
urens (Marasmius), 223
ustale (Tricholoma), 62
vaccinum (Tricholoma), 70
vaginata (Amanitopsis), 28
var. livida, 29
var. fulva, 29
variabilis (Agaricus), 346
variegatus (Boletus), 430
variipes (Boletus), 446
var. albipes, 447
var. pallidipes, 447
var. tenuipes, 447
varius (Cortinarius), 309
velatum (Lycoperdon), 597
vellereum (Hydnum), 499
vellereus (Lactarius), 169
velosa (Amanitopsis), 29
velutinus (Hypholoma), 360
var. leiocephalus, 360
velutipes (Collybia), 118
venosa (Peziza), 554
vermicularis (Clavaria), 524
vermiculosus (Boletus), 456
var. Spraguei, 457
verna (Amanita), 9
verrucosum (Scleroderma), 616
versipellis (Boletus), 461
vesca (Russula), 198
vesiculosa (Peziza), 558
var. cerea, 558