Artificial Intelligence (417)

Class IX
Unit 2 – AI Project Cycle
AI Project Cycle - Introduction
If we have to develop an AI project, the AI Project Cycle provides us with an appropriate
framework which can lead us towards the goal.

The AI Project Cycle mainly

has 5 stages:

 Problem Scoping
 Data Acquisition
 Data Exploration
 Modelling
 Evaluation

 Problem Scoping - While finalizing the aim of our project, you scope the problem which
you wish to solve with the help of your project. This is Problem Scoping. Identifying a
problem and having a vision to solve it, is what Problem Scoping is about.

 Data Acquisition - This stage is about acquiring data for the project. Data can be a piece of
information or facts and statistics collected together for reference or analysis. Note that
the data needs to be accurate and reliable as it ensures the efficiency of your system.

 Data Exploration - At this stage, you try to interpret some useful information out of the
data you have acquired. For this, you explore the data and try to put it uniformly for a
better understanding. This is known as Data Exploration.

 Modelling - To implement your idea, you now look at different AI-enabled algorithms or
models and select the ones which match your requirements. After choosing the model,
you implement it. This is known as the Modelling stage.

 Evaluation - The stage of testing the models is known as Evaluation. In this stage, we
evaluate each and every model tried and choose the model which gives the most efficient
and reliable results.

Starting with Problem Scoping, you set the goal for your AI project by stating the problem which
you wish to solve with it.

 You need to acquire data which will become the base of your project as it will help you in
understanding what the parameters that are related to problem scoping are.
 You go for data acquisition by collecting data from various reliable and authentic sources.
Since the data you collect would be in large quantities, you can try to give it a visual image of
different types of representations like graphs, databases, flow charts, maps, etc. This makes it
easier for you to interpret the patterns which your acquired data follows.
 After exploring the patterns, you can decide upon the type of model you would build to
achieve the goal. For this, you can research online and select various models which give a
suitable output. You can test the selected models and figure out which is the most efficient
one.
 The most efficient model is now the base of your AI project and you can develop your
algorithm around it.
 Once the modelling is complete, you now need to test your model on some newly fetched
data. The results will help you in evaluating your model and improving it.
 Finally, after evaluation, the project cycle is now complete and what you get is your AI project.

**********

2.1 Problem Scoping

 Identifying a problem and having a vision to solve it, is what Problem Scoping is about.
 Problem scoping means selecting a problem which we want to solve using our AI
knowledge

 You can either select any one out of

these themes or can think of one on
your own.

 You can also refer to SDGs.

 17 goals have been announced by the
United Nations which are termed as
the Sustainable Development Goals.
The aim is to achieve these goals by
the end of 2030.

1. No Poverty 10. Reduced inequalities

2. Zero Hunger 11. Sustainable cities and communities
3. Good health and well being 12. Responsible consumption and
4. Quality education production
5. Gender equality 13. Climate action
6. Clean water and sanitation 14. Life below water
7. Affordable and clean energy 15. Life on land
8. Decent work and economic growth 16. Peace, justice and strong
9. Industry, innovation and institutions
infrastructure 17. Partnerships for the goals
  To effectively understand the problem and elaborate it, we need to select one topic under
the theme.
 In Agriculture, there are pest issues, yield rates, sowing and harvesting patterns, etc. all
being very different from each other but still a part of the Agriculture theme.
Some examples are:
Theme: Digital Literacy Topics: Online learning platforms, digital awareness, e-books, etc.
Theme: Health Topics: Medicinal Aid, Mobile Medications, Spreading of diseases, etc.
Theme: Entertainment Topics: Media, Virtual Gaming, Interactive AVs, Promotions etc.

 Now list down the problems which come under our Topic
Thus, to set up the GOAL of your project, select one problem out of the ones listed above which
you want to solve using your AI knowledge. This Problem now becomes the target of your AI
project and helps you getting a clear vision of what is to be achieved.

The 4Ws Problem Canvas

The 4Ws Problem canvas helps in identifying the key elements related to the problem.

Who?

The “Who” block helps in analysing the people getting affected directly or indirectly due to it.
Under this, we find out who the ‘Stakeholders’ to this problem are and what we know about
them. Stakeholders are the people who face this problem and would be benefitted with the
solution.

Here is the Who Canvas:

What?

Under the “What” block, you need to look into what you have on hand. At this stage, you need to
determine the nature of the problem. What is the problem and how do you know that it is a
problem? Under this block, you also gather evidence to prove that the problem you have selected
actually exists. Newspaper articles, Media, announcements, etc are some examples.

Here is the What Canvas:

Where?

This block will help you look into the situation in which the problem arises, the context of it, and
the locations where it is prominent.

Here is the Where Canvas:

Why?
In the “Why” canvas, we think about the benefits which the stakeholders would get from the
solution and how it will benefit them as well as the society.

After filling the 4Ws Problem canvas, you now need to summarize all the cards into one template.

Problem Statement Template

The Problem Statement Template helps us to summarize all the key points into one single
Template so that in future, whenever there is need to look back at the basis of the problem, we
can take a look at the Problem Statement Template and understand the key elements of it.
 Artificial Intelligence (417)
Class IX
Unit 2 – AI Project Cycle (Notes 2)
Data Acquisition

 This stage is about acquiring data for the project.

 Data can be a piece of information or facts and statistics collected together for reference
or analysis.
 Whenever we want an AI project to be able to predict an output, we need to train it first
using data.
 For example, if you want to make an Artificially Intelligent system which can predict the
salary of any employee based on his previous salaries, you would feed the data of his
previous salaries into the machine. This is the data with which the machine can be trained.
Now, once it is ready, it will predict his next salary efficiently.
 The previous salary data here is known as Training Data while the next salary prediction
data set is known as the Testing Data.
 For any AI project to be efficient, the training data should be authentic and relevant to
the problem statement scoped.

Data Features

 Data features refer to the type of data you want to collect. In salary prediction AI system,
data features would be salary amount, increment percentage, increment period, bonus, etc.

From where can we get this data?

There can be various ways in which you can collect data. Some of them are:

 Surveys  Sensors
 Cameras  Application Program Interface
 Observations  Web Scraping

 It becomes necessary to find a reliable source of data

 The data which we collect are open-sourced and not someone’s property.
 Extracting private data can be an offence.
 One of the most reliable and authentic sources of information, are the open-sourced
websites hosted by the government.

Some of the open-sourced Govt. portals are: [Link], [Link]

System Map

 System Maps help us to find relationships between different elements of the problem
which we have scoped.
 A system map shows the components and boundaries of a system and the components of
the environment at a specific point in time.
 With the help of System Maps, one can easily define a relationship amongst different
elements which come under a system.
 The Goal of our project becomes a system whose elements are the data features. Any
change in these elements changes the system outcome too.

 For example, if a person received 200% increment in a month, then this change in his
salary would affect the prediction of his future salary.
 The more the increment presently, the more salary in future is what the system would
predict.

The Water Cycle

It explains how water completes its cycle transforming from one form to another. It also adds
other elements which affect the water cycle in some way.

The elements which define the Water cycle system are:

 Clouds  Rivers  Land
 Snow  Oceans  animals
 Underground soil  Trees

Let us draw the System Map for the Water Cycle now
  In this System Map, all the elements of the Water cycle are put in circles.
 The map here shows cause & effect relationship of elements with each other with the help
of arrows.
 The arrowhead depicts the direction of the effect and the sign (+ or -) shows their
relationship.
 If the arrow goes from X to Y with a + sign, it means that both are directly related to each
other. That is, If X increases, Y also increases and vice versa.
 On the other hand, If the arrow goes from X to Y with a – sign, it means that both the
elements are inversely related to each other which means if X increases, Y would decrease
and vice versa.

Data Exploration

To analyze the data, you need to visualize it in some user-friendly format so that you can:

 Quickly get a sense of the trends, relationships and patterns contained within the data.
 Define strategy for which model to use at a later stage.
 Communicate the same to others effectively.

Data visualization is the graphical representation of information and data by using visual
elements like charts, graphs and maps.

To visualize data, we can use various types of visual representations.

 Bar graphs  Pie chart  Scatter chart

 Line chart  Area chart  Area map
 Column chart  Pivot table  Tree map
The graphical representation makes the data understandable for humans as we can discover
trends and patterns out of it.

Modelling

Generally, AI models can be classified

as follows:

Rule Based Approach

 Refers to the AI modelling where the rules are defined by the developer.
 The machine follows the rules or instructions mentioned by the developer and perform its
task accordingly.
 We fed the data along with rules to the machine and the machine after getting trained on
them is now able to predict answers for the same.
 A drawback/feature for this approach is that the learning is static.
 The machine once trained, does not take into consideration any changes made in the original
training dataset. That is, if you try testing the machine on a dataset which is different from
the rules and data you fed it at the training stage, the machine will fail and will not learn from
its mistake.
 Once trained, the model cannot improvise itself on the basis of feedbacks.

Learning Based Approach

 Refers to the AI modelling where the machine learns by itself.

 Under the Learning Based approach, the AI model gets trained on the data fed to it and then
is able to design a model which is adaptive to the change in data.
 That is, if the model is trained with X type of data and the machine designs the algorithm
around it; the model would modify itself according to the changes which occur in the data so
that all the exceptions are handled in this case.
 The machine learns by itself by adapting to the new data which is flowing in.
 This is the machine learning approach which introduces the dynamicity in the model.

Defining the terms:

1. Artificial Intelligence, or AI, refers to any technique that

enables computers to mimic human intelligence. The AI-
enabled machines think algorithmically and execute what they
have been asked for intelligently.

2. Machine Learning, or ML, enables machines to improve at

tasks with experience. The machine learns from its mistakes
and takes them into consideration in the next execution. It
improvises itself using its own experiences.

3. Deep Learning, or DL, enables software to train itself to

perform tasks with vast amounts of data. In deep learning, the
machine is trained with huge amounts of data which helps it into training itself around the data.
Such machines are intelligent enough to develop algorithms for themselves.

Deep Learning is the most advanced form of Artificial Intelligence out of these three.

---------------