DAR ES SALAAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

BACHELOR OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

NTALEVEL 8

PROJECT TITLE : DESIGN OF A FIVE STOREY COMMERCIAL BUILDING IN

MTANDA LINDI (MTANDA COMPLEX)

STUDENT’S NAME : MUHSIN D. YAHYA

ADMISSION NO : 190140123240

ACADEMIC YEAR : 2021/2022

JUNE, 2022
 DECLARATION

I, MUHSIN D. YAHYA, declare that all information in this document has been obtained and
presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, to the best
of my knowledge, this project presented here as partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor
Degree of Civil Engineering at Dar es Salam Institute of Technology (DIT) has been done by
me and is my own work and will never be presented to any other University as it has been
presented by me for any other degree award.

Signed …………………………… Date ……………………………..

SUPERVISOR’S CERTIFICATION

SUPERVISOR NAME: ENG. J. CHACHA

I have read this report and therefore approve it.

Signed ……………........................... Date………………....................

SUPERVISOR NAME: Arch. A. TOWO

I have read this report and therefore approve it.

Signed ……………........................... Date……………………………

i
 DEDICATION
I dedicate this project to my entire family for giving me moral support and encouragement up
to where I stand today, together with all my friends and colleagues who stood by my side with
great commitment and advice, hoping that I am making all of them proud through this study.

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am grateful to the Almighty Allah for His grace and love that gave me strength, courage,
belief and understanding to undertake this project.

I would like to thank my supervisor Eng. Chacha for his contribution towards this project and
also Arch. Towo for his advice on this project. Also, my thanks should go to my project
coordinator Dr. J. Musagasa for coordinating and giving close help on how to write the proposal
of this project.

iii
 ABSTRACT

Structural design is the engineering approach on which the structural engineer translates the
needs of the client or architect into workable and safe structure which provides the required
quality at the friendliest cost.

The design is based on the architectural drawings which are provided by the National
Housing Corporation. Structural members to be designed in this project are roof, slabs, beams,
column, stair cases, shear wall for lift and foundation.

Manual methods of designing were employed with the help of spreadsheet and Master Series
for doing analysis of structural elements of the building to determine the internal forces.
The obtained average bearing capacity at 1.75m below the ground surface was 150kN/m2 based
on STP – value and Laboratory tests.

The structural design was conducted to impart stability to components of the structure to make
the entire system of the building stable by the use of codes of practice as per BS 8110-1:1997.
For reinforced concrete design. BS 6399 Part 1, Part 2 for loading, BS 648:1964, Schedule of
weight of building materials, BRU Technical guideline (Building research unit).

For the proper communication of the design to the contractor, clear design calculations
and detailed drawings were prepared.

iv
Contents
DECLARATION....................................................................................................................... i
DEDICATION..........................................................................................................................ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..................................................................................................... iii
ABSTRACT.............................................................................................................................. iv
LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................. viii
LIST OF SYMBOLS. ............................................................................................................. ix
CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................ 1
1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Problem statement ....................................................................................................... 1
1.3 Main objective ............................................................................................................. 1
1.4 Specific objective. ....................................................................................................... 1
1.5 Scope of objective. ...................................................................................................... 2
1.6 Significance of the project........................................................................................... 2
CHAPTER TWO ..................................................................................................................... 3
2 LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................ 3
2.1 General ........................................................................................................................ 3
2.2 Analysis of the structure .............................................................................................. 3
2.3 Design Philosophy....................................................................................................... 4
2.3.1 Ultimate limit state [ULS] ................................................................................... 4
2.3.2 Serviceability limit state [SLS] ............................................................................ 4
2.4 Loads ........................................................................................................................... 5
2.4.1 Dead load Gk ....................................................................................................... 5
2.4.2 Imposed load Qk .................................................................................................. 5
2.5 Partial Safety Factors for Load.................................................................................... 6
2.5.1 Partial safety factors for materials ....................................................................... 6
2.6 Ultimate design strength of materials.......................................................................... 7
2.7 DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS ............................................................... 7
2.7.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 7
2.7.2 SLAB ................................................................................................................... 7
2.7.3 DESIGN OF BEAM .......................................................................................... 10
2.7.4 DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STAIRS ........................................ 15
2.7.5 DESIGN OF COLUMN .................................................................................... 17
2.8 SHEAR CORES/WALLS ......................................................................................... 19
v
 2.9 FOUNDATION DESIGN ......................................................................................... 20
2.9.1 Types of Foundation .......................................................................................... 20
2.9.2 Principle steps in the design calculations of foundation .................................... 22
2.9.3 Detailing of Reinforcements .............................................................................. 22
2.9.4 Reinforcements .................................................................................................. 23
2.10 BEARING CAPACITY OF THE SOIL ................................................................... 24
2.10.1 TERZAGHI FORMULA FOR BEARING CAPACITY .................................. 24
2.11 SHEAR STRENGTH OF SOIL ................................................................................ 25
2.11.1 Determination of Shear Strength Parameter ...................................................... 25
CHAPTER 3 ........................................................................................................................... 27
3 METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................................... 27
3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 27
3.2 Basic Design inputs: .................................................................................................. 27
3.2.1 Architectural plans ............................................................................................. 27
3.2.2 Geotechnical / soil report ................................................................................... 27
3.2.3 Reviewing Literature ......................................................................................... 27
3.3 Loading Determination: ............................................................................................ 27
3.4 Analysis: .................................................................................................................... 27
3.5 Design: ...................................................................................................................... 28
CHAPTER FOUR. ................................................................................................................... 29
4 DATA COLLECTION ................................................................................................... 29
4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 29
4.2 Architectural Drawings ............................................................................................. 29
4.3 Soil Data. ................................................................................................................... 29
4.4 Wind speed Data: ...................................................................................................... 29
4.5 Seismic Data:............................................................................................................. 30
5 CHAPTER FOUR ............................................................................................................ 31
DATA ANALYSIS AND DESIGN ..................................................................................... 31
CHAPTER SIX ........................................................................................................................ 99
6 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ............................................................ 99
6.1 CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................... 99
6.2 RECOMMENDATION ............................................................................................ 99
REFERENCES..................................................................................................................... 100

vi
APPENDIX A ....................................................................................................................... 101
APPENDIX B ....................................................................................................................... 102
APPENDIX B ....................................................................................................................... 103

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Load combinations and safety factor values at Ultimate limit state ............................ 6
Table 2: Table showing K-Values ........................................................................................... 13
Table 3: Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Coefficients .................................................................... 24
Table 4: Basic Wind Speed of respective Regions. ................................................................. 30

vii
 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: One way slab .............................................................................................................. 8
Figure 2: Plastic behavior at Ultimate load.............................................................................. 11
Figure 3: Longitudinally spanning stair ................................................................................... 16
Figure 4: Example shear wall at the center of the building ..................................................... 20
Figure 5: Soil Pressure Distribution for eccentric footing ....................................................... 21
Figure 6: Seismic Risk Map of Tanzania ................................................................................. 30

viii
LIST OF SYMBOLS.

As Area of steel reinforcements

B Width of section

fcu Characteristic strength of concrete

fy Characteristic strength of reinforcements

Gk Characteristic dead load

Qk Characteristic imposed load

N Total designed load

fyv Characteristic strength of links

V Designed shear force

D Effective depth

dx ,dy Effective depth in short span and longer span respectively.

bw Breath of web of member

N Designed axial load

Nxx Designed axial load about X-X axis

Nyy Designed axial load about Y-Y axis

M Design ultimate moment of the section

Mx, My Moments about major and minor axes of short column due to ultimate load

vc Concrete shear stress

Sv Spacing of link

H Depth of section

Z Lever arm

ix
le Effective length

lx Length of shorter side of rectangular slab

ly Length of longer side of rectangular slab

W Total wind load

lo Clear span of span between restraints

e Eccentricity

I second moment of area.

x
 CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction
Commercial Development Project planned by National Housing Corporation (NHC) is one of
the commercial projects to be developed by NHC in Lindi Region. The proposed design of the
Mtanda Complex is a five storey building which shall provide commercial spaces for banking
halls, supermarket, retail shops, offsite ATMs, boutiques, coffee lounges, bookshops, telecom
customer service centers, stationeries, gift shops, pharmacy, offices etc.
The corporation is bound to provide approximately 3169 m2 space to run all these activities
and coordinate all other units within the entire building.
1.2 Problem statement
In recent years, the people of Mtanda area in Lindi have not been able to advance economically
despite the fact that there are a lot of business firms all over the place. This problem has been
triggered by scarcity of stable business centers for better trading due to the fact that the area
has a sloping terrain that makes construction of an efficient and sustainable commercial center
by the local people to be another challenge of its own. To solve this, the National Housing
Cooperation (NHC) has proposed the construction of five storey commercial building
accompanied with its retaining walls on the sloping areas around the building of which at the
end of the year 2022 the building should already be opened up for the aim of running the day-
to-day business routines of the people.

1.3 Main objective

The main objective is to design five storey commercial building at Mtanda, Lindi.

1.4 Specific objective.

• To study and analyze the soil properties of the area.
• To prepare the structural layouts.
• To perform the detailed loading calculations of the entire structure.
• To perform detailed analysis of all structural members.
• Detailing of the structural members (beams, slabs, columns, stairs)

1
1.5 Scope of objective.
The scope of this project will concentrate on design and detailing of structural elements such
as beams, columns, slabs, foundations, stair, and roof slab for the proposed commercial
building.

1.6 Significance of the project.

The significance of the proposed commercial building will solve the problem of business center
scarcity for the people at Mtanda area in Lindi and hence uplifting the economical welfare of
the area.

2
 CHAPTER TWO

2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 General
Structural engineering can broadly be described as the study of how the various component
elements of a building act together to form a supportive structure and transmit forces down to
the foundations.
Determining the actual size of the members or elements is only one of the interrelated matters
with which the structural engineer is concerned in a design of a building or similar structure.
For the purpose of description these matters may be divided into stages;
➢ Structural Planning Stage
Structural planning stage is when a structural scheme is devised to suit both the purpose of the
building and the site conditions which exist.
➢ Structural Analysis Stage
Structure analysis stage is when the loads are determined and their dispersal through the
structure is analysed by applying the principles of structural mechanics.
➢ Structural Elements Design Stage
Structure element design stage is when the size needed for each member is calculated in relation
to the material and its particular structural capacity.
➢ Structural Detailing Stage
Structure Detailing Stage is when detail drawings are produced to illustrate how the structure
is to be constructed on site so as to comply with the engineer’s design concept.
➢ Structural specification stage
When the specification clauses are compiled to ensure that the standard of materials and
workmanship to be employed in the works comply with the assumptions embodied in the
structural engineer’s design.
2.2 Analysis of the structure
A reinforced concrete structure is a combination of beams, columns, slabs and walls, rigidly
connected together to form a monolithic frame. Each individual member must be capable of
resisting the forces acting on it, so that the determination of this force is an essential part of the
design process. The fully analysis of a rigid concrete frame is rarely simple, but simplified
calculation of adequate precision can often be made if the basic action of the structure is
understood.

3
The analysis must begin with an evaluation of all the loads carried by the structure, including
its own weight. Many of the loads are variable in magnitude and position, and all possible
arrangements of the loads must be considered.
The forces in each member can then be determined by one of the following methods;
• Applying moment and shear coefficients
• Manual calculations
• Computer methods

2.3 Design Philosophy

The design analysis for concrete employed in BS 8110 is based on limit state philosophy while
that of timber is based on permissible stress analysis. Its object is to achieve an acceptable
probability that the structure being designed will not become unfit for its intended purpose
during its expected life, e.g. It is not possible to know the force of the strongest wind which
will affect the structure during its life, thus it is possible to assess the probability of a particular
wind strength occurring during the design life of the structure.
Limit state is the condition of the structure when it becomes unfit for use or unserviceable
There are two categories of limit states;

2.3.1 Ultimate limit state [ULS]

If a ULS is reached, collapse of the member or structure will occur. Therefore the design must
examine all the ULSs likely to affect a particular member.
Some of the ULSs that may have to be considered are as follows;
• ULS due to bending
• ULS due to shear
• ULS due to direct compression or tension
• ULS due to overturning.

2.3.2 Serviceability limit state [SLS]

If an SLS is reached the appearance of the structure will be disrupted. Whilst this will not
course collapse it may render the member unfit for its intended service use. Some of the SLSs
that may have to be considered are as follows;
• SLS due to deflection
• SLS due to cracking
• SLS due to vibration.

4
Other serviceability limit states considerations that have to be taken into account in the design
of a particular member or structure are durability, fatigue, fire resistance and lighting.
Safety factors

In previous codes the design of reinforced concrete members was based on elastic theory or
load factor theory. The fundamental difference between the two methods is in application of
safety factors: for elastic analysis they were applied to the material stresses, and for load factor
analysis they were applied indirect to the loads.

Limit state philosophy acknowledges that there can be variation in both the loads and the
materials. Therefore, in limit state analysis, partial safety factors are applied separately to both
the loads and the material stresses.

2.4 Loads
It is accepted in limit state philosophy that loads in practice may vary from those initially
assumed. Therefore, the basic load is adjusted by a partial safety factor to give the ultimate
design load.

Characteristic Loads;

These are the basic loads that may be applicable to a particular member or structure and are
defined as follows;

2.4.1 Dead load Gk

Dead Load is those which are normally permanent and constant during the structure’s life.
Dead loads include the weight of the structure itself, and all architectural components such as
exterior cladding, partitions and ceilings. The weight of the structure complete with finishes,
fixtures and partitions obtained from BS 648 ’Schedule of weights of building materials’.

2.4.2 Imposed load Qk

Imposed loads include people, furniture, equipment and machinery. Imposed loads are all
temporary and are multiplied by a partial safety factor (Trevor Draycott-1990). The live load
produced by the occupants and usage of the building, obtained from BS 6399 ‘Design loading
for buildings’, Part 1 for floors or Part 3 for roofs. Characteristic wind load ‘Wk’ the wind load
acting on the structure, obtained from CP 3 Chapter V Part 2 Wind loads; which will eventually
become Part 2 of BS6399

5
2.5 Partial Safety Factors for Load
In practice the applied load may be greater than the characteristic load for any of the following
reasons:

a) Variation in dimensional accuracy

b) Calculation errors

c) Constructional inaccuracies

d) Unforeseen increases in load or force, the basic load is adjusted by a partial safety factor
to give the ultimate design load.

f
To allow for these the respective characteristic loads are multiplied by partial safety factor
f
to give the ultimate design load appropriate to the limit state being considered. Values of for
various load combinations are given in BS8110 1985 Table 2.1, reproduced here as table 1.

Table 1: Load combinations and safety factor values at Ultimate limit state

Load combination Load type

Dead Imposed Earth & Win
Adverse Beneficial Adverse Beneficial water d
pressure
[Link] and 1.4 1.0 1.6 0 1.4 -
imposed
(and earth and
water pressure)
[Link] and wind 1.4 1.0 - - 1.4 1.4
(and earth and
water pressure)
[Link] and wind 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2
and imposed (and
earth and water
pressure)

2.5.1 Partial safety factors for materials

For the analysis of reinforced concrete elements, the design strength of the concrete and the
steel reinforcement is obtained by dividing their characteristic strength by a partial safety factor
ym This factor is to take account of differences that may occur between laboratory and on-site
values.

6
Values of safety factors for the ultimate limit state (BS 8110 Part 1 1985 Table 2.1)

1.15 Reinforcement

1.50 Concrete in flexure or axial load

1.25 Shear strength without shear reinforcement

1.4 Bond strength

>1.5 others (e.g. bearing stress)

2.6 Ultimate design strength of materials

The ultimate strength of a material is obtained by dividing its characteristic strength
by the appropriate partial safety factors

➢ Ultimate design strength of concrete = fcu/1.5 = 0.67fcu

➢ Ultimate design strength of reinforcement = fy/1.15 = 0.87fy

It is important to appreciate that the formulae and design charts given in BS 8110
have been derived with the relevant partial safety factors for strength included.
Therefore, it is only necessary for the designer to insert the relevant characteristic
strength values ƒcu or fy in order to use the formulae and charts.

2.7 DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

2.7.1 Introduction
A reinforced concrete structural element is a combination of roof structure, slabs,
beams, stair and rumps, columns and foundation connected together to form a
monolithic frame. Each individual member must be capable of resisting the forces
acting on it, so that the determination of these forces is essential part of the design
process.

2.7.2 SLAB
Reinforced concrete slabs are used in floors, roofs and walls of buildings and as the
decks of bridges. The floor system of a structure takes many forms as in situ solid slabs,
ribbed slabs, or precast units.
Slab may be span in one direction or in two directions and they may be supported on
monolithic concrete beams, steel beams, walls or directly by the structure’s columns
(W.H. Mosley et al -1987).
7
[Link] Design of Slab One Way Spanning
Reinforced concrete slabs are used in floors, roofs and walls of the buildings and decks
of bridges. Slab may span in one-way direction or in two direction and they may be
supported on monolithic concrete beams, walls or directly by structures columns.

For slab spanning in one direction, a slab is designed as a 1m wide beam strip and then
reinforcement is repeated for the full width of the slab. The main steel is in the direction
of the span and secondary or distribution steel is required in the transverse direction.

The main steel should form the outer layer of reinforcement to give it the maximum
lever arm. The same four steps of design which were applied to the beam, apply to the
slab. The major difference is that no stirrups are provided as the shear stress should
below (V2< VC).

Figure 1: One way slab

[Link] Design of Slab Two way spanning
When a slab is supported on 4 sides, it will tend to span both ways between opposite pairs of
support. There is a tendency for the corners of the slab to try to lift as the center deflects.
For a simply supported slab, if there are no restraints to this lifting force, then the bending
moments can be calculated from table 3.14, and there maximum moment are given by

Msx = αsxnlx2 in direction of span lx

Msy = αsynlx2 in direction of span ly

Where;
Msx and Msyare the moments at mid span on strips of unit width with spans lx and ly
respectively,
n = (1.4gk + 1.6qk), that is the total ultimate load per unit area
8
Ly= the length of the longer side
Lx= the length of shorter side
For restrained slab spanning in two direction, means the slab has fixity at the support and
reinforcement is added to resist torsion and to prevent the corners of the slab from lifting,
then the maximum moments per nit width are given by

Msx = βsxnlx2 in direction of span lx

And

Msy = βsynlx2 in direction of span ly

Where

βsx and βsy are the moments coefficient given in table 3.14 of BS 8110 as attached to the
Appendixes for the specified end condition and
n = (1.4gk + 1.6qk), that is the total ultimate load per unit area

The slab is divided into middle and edge strip, and reinforcement required in the middle
strip to resist Msx and Msy
Table are restricted to slab of side ratio not greater than 2.0, since beyond this limit they
tend to span in only one direction, (lx is the shorter span length and ly is the longer span
length, (ly/lx) ≤ 2.0)
The reinforcement calculated for the coefficient is placed in strips concentrated over
the middle ¾ of the slab since the moments are heavier here. Reinforcement in the edge
strip is nominal
[A]– at corners discontinuous in both direction, torsion reinforcement required consisting of a
top layer in each direction extending lx/5 into the span in both directions. Each layer must have
an area equivalent to ¾ of the maximum mid span moment

[B]– at edges discontinuous in only half of the torsion reinforcement is required

[C]- At internal corners, continuous in both directions, no torsion reinforcement is required

9
[Link] Procedure for Two Way Slab Design
(a) Calculate (ly/lx) in order to know whether the slab is one way or two-way spanning
Ly/lx ≤ 2.0, for two way spanning
(b) Determine the thickness of the slab
(c) Calculate the slab self-weight and determine other dead load associated with fixtures,
furniture’s etc.
(d) Find the imposed load (depends on the use of the building)-qk
(e) Calculate design load
n = 1.4gk + 1.6q

(f) Find the moment coefficients βsy and βsy in both direction
(g) Find the moments
M = βsx, ynlx2

(h) Calculate the AS required to resist the bending

AS = M/ (0.87fyz)

(i) Check
0.13% ≤ AS ≤ 4% and spacing

(j) Check deflection

2.7.3 DESIGN OF BEAM

Beams can be defined as horizontal member used to carry loads from floor to columns or walls.
A reinforced concrete beam design consists primary of producing member details which will
adequately resist the ultimately bending moments, shear forces and torsion moments. At the
same time serviceability requirements must be considered to ensure that the member will
behave satisfactorily under working loads.

Beam is a flexural member, in the sense that, all the flexural member is subjected to bending,
such flexural members are beams and slabs, and primarily the same procedure appertains to the
design of both, although there are certain subtle differences. The design of beam will therefore
be discussed first and then compared with the design of slabs.

When designing a beam, first the beam depth and breadth are estimated, then the reinforcement
required to resist bending and shear are designed.

10
Definition of some variables used in design of Beam

Figure Figure
2. 2: Plastic behavior-at
2: Plastic ultimate
behavior at load
Ultimate load
All calculations should be based on the effective span of a beam which is given as follows:

(a) A simply supported beam – the smaller of the distances between the centers of bearings or
the clear distance between supports plus the effective depth.

(b) A continuous beam – the distance between centers of supports (W.H. Mosley et al-
1987). From the diagram (figure a) above it is possible to derive the equations which form the
basis for the design in bending. These are used to calculate the required area of steel in tension
AS.

Note: The symbol * has been used to stand for ‘Multiply’ to avoid confusion with x, the depth
of the compression block, the value of 0.87 used is 1/1.15 the partial factor for reinforcement.
The compression force(c) = compressive stress * area of beam in compression

= (0.67 * fcu/γm) * b * 0.9x

But γm = 1.5(for concrete, from BS 8110 part 1, 1985, table 2.2)
= (0.67 * fcu/1.5) * b * 0.9x… ..................................................................................... (1)
The tensile force (T) = tensile stress * area of steel in tension
= (fy/γm) * As
But γm = 1.15 (for steel, from BS 8110 part 1, 1985, table 2.2)
= (fy/1.15) * As
= 0.87 * fy * As ................................................................................................... (2)
The moment which is being supported (M) = C * Z
.................................................................................................................................................. (3
)

11
 (M) =T * Z
..................................................................................... (
4)
And by simple addition (Z) = d-0.45x or x = (d-z)/0.45 ......................................................... (5)
There are therefore five equations with five unknowns (C, T, Z, X, As) which can
be solved. All of the other variables (fcu, fy, b, d, M) are either known (or) trial
values are used
Substituting (1) into (3)
M = (0.67 * fcu/1.5) * b * 0.9x * Z..................................................... (6)
Substituting (5) into (6)
M = (0.67 * fcu/1.5) * b * 0.9 * ((d-
z)/0.45) * z M = 0.9 * fcu * b * z * (d-z)
M = 0.9 * fcu * b * z * d – 0.9 * fcu * b
*z2 0.9 * fcu * b * z2-0.9 * fcu * b *z * d
+M=0
z2 – d *z + M/ (0.9 * fcu * b) = 0 (It’s a quadratic equation)
z = (-b ± (b2 – 4ac)1/2)/2aand since only the positive root is
taken z = d (0.5 + (0.25 –M/0.9fcubd2)1/2)
By putting K= M/bd2fcu........................................................................................ (7)
This becomes
Z = d (0.5 + (0.25 – k/0.9)1/2) … ................................................................... (8)
Substituting the calculated value of ‘z’ in equation (4), then gives
As= M/0.87fyz
................................................................................................................................................... (9
)
These three equations (7, 8, and 9) form the basis for bending design, they can either
be used directly (or) tables, graphs or computer program are used to assist in the
calculations.
From the value of K = M/ (bd2fcu)

For singly reinforced beam the value of K should be less than 0.156 and greater
than 0.043, as the value of K become greater than 0.156, we have to undergo for
doubly reinforced,
Singly reinforced means only bottom reinforcement is designed, but on top of beam no
reinforcement (or) we reinforce at minimum, and doubly reinforcement means top and
bottom reinforcement are designed, and provided on the top and bottom of the beam.

12
The value of K becomes large as ‘M’ increases (or) if b, d or fcu decrease, it is a
measure of how heavily stressed the beam is. It can be seen from the table on page 7
of the Appendixes that values of ‘K’ are only given from 0.043 to 0.156. The table
below explains:

K =0.043 - Only the very top concrete Large lever arm

(lightly loaded) in the beams takes (z is not allowed to be>
compression 0.9d)
Small As
K = 0.100 -top 30% of concrete in the Moderate lever arm
Moderately loaded beams take compression Moderate As
K = 0.156 -top 45% of concrete in the -smallest allowable lever
Maximum moment beams takes compression arm (neutral axis at d/2, z is
before Compression steel not allowed to be>0.775d)
needed Large As
K>0.156 -top 45% of concrete plus -two lever arm(one to the
Compression steel needed extra steel takes center of the concrete
compression compression block, one to
the center of compression
Steel
As very large
K>0.25 -Beam is becoming
Very heavily loaded overloaded -

-think of increasing its size

Table 2: Table showing K-Values
If K>0.156, as stated previously, doubly reinforced beam has to be designed. The
total moment is split.
M1- The moment which could be carried by the beam without any compression
reinforcement, i.e. K = 0.156
M1 = 0.156bd2fcu
AS1 = M/ (0.87fy0.775d)
M2 – The additional moment that the concrete cannot carry without the assistance
of compression reinforcement (AS’) and extra tension steel AS2
M2 = M – M1
13
AS2 = M2/(0.87fy(d-d’))
d’ – depth to center of compression steel from the lever arm (z) =d-d’
AS’ = AS2
Total tension steel AS (required) = AS1 + AS2
Therefore, at the top beam, we provide reinforcement with area ‘AS2’ and the bottom,
we provide reinforcement with area AS = AS1 + AS2
Note: Area of reinforcement should range in the below
expression 0.13% ≤ 100AS/bh ≤ 4%
Where;
AS –area from the design table (BS 8110)
Minimum size of reinforcement = 16mm

[Link] Steps for Design of Beams

1. Determine characteristic LOADS a and calculate ultimate loads

1.4 × dead load + 1.6 × imposed loads ULS

2. Determine d approximately L/12 and b approximately 0.6d, unless these are

given. Determine cover and check minimum dimension for fire, unless given,
calculate effective span effective span = clear span + (d (or) support width)
whichever is less.
3. Calculate design MOMENTS and SHEARS, M, V, (WL2/8, WL/2)

4. BENDING, calculate K = M × 106/(bd2fcu)

5. (a) K≤0.156, single reinforce, take Z from tables

AS = M × 106/(0.87fyz), provide nominal top steel (2T16 or greater)

(check minimum area 0.13%bh, maximum area 4.0%bh spacing)
(b) K > 0.156, double
reinforce M1 =
0.156bd2fcu × 10-6
AS1= M1 × 106/ (0.87fy ×
0.775d) M2 = M – M1
AS2 = AS’
AS2 = M2 × 106/ (0.87fy (d –d’))

AS = AS1+ AS2
14
 6. SHEAR check at face of support v = V × 103/bd ≤ 5.0 N/mm2 or 0.8(fcu)1/2

Check V, d from face of support, calculate Vc from %AS, from table 3.9,
100AS/bvd, will give the value of Vc;
(a) If V ≤ Vc + 0.4
Nominal stirrups
ASV = 0.4bsv/ (0.87fyv)
(b) If V >Vc
Designed stirrups
ASv = (V – Vc) bsv/ (0.87fyv)
Where; ASv = is the area in two stirrup legs and Sv ≤ 0.75d
Nominal value for spacing of links
75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 275, 300, 325, 350
7. DEFLECTION

Check L/d ratio is less than basic ratio (L/20) modified for tension and
compression reinforcement where applicable.

2.7.4 DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STAIRS

A stair is a series of steps leading from one level to another. It must be design to fulfil the
requirements of strength and stability, fire resistance and serviceability. Only stairs spanning
longitudinally will be considered in this design that is the stairs which span into landing or
between supporting beams.
[Link] Primary Function of Stairs
• To provide a means circulation between floor levels

• Establish a safe means of travel between floor levels

• provide an easy means of travel between floor levels

• To provide a means of conveying fittings and furniture between floor level.

[Link] STAIR SLABS

The usual form of stairs can be classified into two types;

• Those spanning horizontally in transverse direction, and

• Those spanning longitudinally

15
[Link] Stairs Spanning Horizontally in transverse direction
Stair of this type may be supported on both sides or they may be cantilevered from a supporting
wall. Each step is usually designed as having a breadth b and an effective depth d= D/2.
Distribution steel in the longitudinal direction is placed above the main reinforcement.

Effective depth of the member is taken as the mean effective depth of the section and the main
reinforcement must be placed in the top of the stairs and anchored into the support.
[Link] Stair Slab Spanning Longitudinally
The stair slab may into landings which span at right angles to the stair, it may span between
supporting beams. The dead load is calculated along the slope length of the stairs but the live
load is based on the span area.

The effective span (L) is measured horizontally between the center of the support and the
thickness of the waist (h) is taken as the slab thickness. Span effective depth ratios may be
increased by fifteen per cent provided that the stair flight occupies at least 60 percent of the
span.

Figure 3: Longitudinally spanning stair

16
2.7.5 DESIGN OF COLUMN
Column is structures which carries the load from the beams and slabs down to foundation and
therefore are primarily compression members, although they may have to resist bending forces
due to continuity of structure.

Designs of columns is governed by the ultimate limit state, deflections and cracking during
service condition are not usually a problem, but nevertheless correct detailing of the
reinforcement and adequate cover are important.
[Link] Classification of Columns
• Braced column – Where lateral loads are resisted by walls or some other form bracing.

• Unbraced column – Where the lateral forces are resisted by the bending action of the
column.

With braced column the axial forces and moments are caused by the dead and imposed load
only, whereas with unbraced column the loading arrangement which include the effects of
lateral loads, must also be considered.

[Link] SHORT AND SLENDER COLUMN

The slenderness of the column should be checked. Normally tall slender column has a greater
tendency to fail by buckling and are designed in a different way than short column. A short
column is the one where: -

Lex/h < 15 for a braced column

< 10 for unbraced column

Ley/b < 15 for a braced column

< 10 for unbraced column

Lex and Ley, are the effective lengths of column about the major and minor axis calculated
from Lex, Ley = βlo, where lo is the clear height between restraints and β is a factor from table
3.21 and 3.22, from the Appendixes, which allows for the end condition of a column
[Link] Design of short Column
Once it has been decided that a column is short, then methods of design depends upon either
of three condition.

17
Short braced axially column

This type of column can occur in precast concrete construction, where there is no continuity
between members. Also, can occur when the columns support is symmetrical and very rigid
structure

The ultimate compressive load for columns in such instance is obtained from the following
expression, which includes an allowance for the material partial safety factor (γm)

Where
N = 0.4fcuAc + 0.75Ascfy

Ac – net cross-sectional area of concrete in a column (excluding area of reinforcement)

Asc – area of vertical reinforcement fcu – characteristic strength of concrete

fy – characteristic strength of reinforcement

N – Design ultimate axial load on column

Now

Ac = Ag – Asc, where Ag is the gross cross-sectional area of the column, hence by

Substituting these values, the expression become

N = 0.4fcu (Ag – Asc) + 0.75Ascfy

[Link] Short braced columns supporting an approximate symmetrical arrangement of

beams
The moments of these columns will be small and due to primarily to un symmetrical
arrangements of the live load. Provided the beam spans do not differ by 15% of the longer and
the loading on the beams is uniformly distributed, the column may be designed to support the
axial load only. The ultimate load that can be supported should then be taken as

N = 0.35fcuAc + 0.67Ascfy

To take account on the area of concrete displaced by the reinforcement, the equation for a
rectangular section may be written as

N = 0.35fcuAg + 0.67Ascfy N = 0.35fcubh + (0.67fy – 0.35fcu) Asc

18
[Link] Short column resisting an axial force
The area of longitudinal steel for these columns is determined by
1. Using design charts or constructing M-N interaction diagram
2. A solution of the basic design equation
3. An approximate method
Design charts are usually used for columns having a rectangular or circular cross sectional and
a symmetrical arrangement of reinforcement, but interaction diagram can be constructed for
any arrangement of cross sectional.

Note;

1. minimum area of reinforcement to be provided in a column = 0.4%

2. maximum area of reinforcement to be provided in a column = 6%

3. minimum number of bars for rectangular cross sectional = 4Nos

4. minimum number of bars for circular cross sectional = 6Nos

5. minimum diameter of reinforcement = 12mm

6. diameter of stirrups(Ф) ≥ main maximum diameter/4

7. Spacing < 12×main minimum bar diameter.

2.8 SHEAR CORES/WALLS

The stability of modern high-rise buildings can be achieved using either braced or unbraced
systems or alternatively by the use of shear-cores and/or shear-walls. Such structures are
generally considered as three-dimensional systems comprising horizontal floor plates and a
number of strong-points provided by cores/walls enclosing stairs or lift shafts. A typical layout
for such a building is shown in Figure below. In most cases the vertical loads are generally
transferred to the foundations by a conventional skeleton of beams and columns whilst the wind
loads are divided between several shear-core/wall elements according to their relative stiffness.
Where possible the plan arrangement of shear-cores and walls should be such that the center-
line of their combined stiffness is coincidental with the resultant of the applied wind load.

Shear walls are typically constructed from materials such as concrete or masonry. Shear forces
can also be resisted by steel braced frames which can be very effective at resolving lateral
forces but may be more expensive.
19
Shear walls can be positioned at the perimeters of the building or may form a shear core (a
structure of shear walls in the center of the building, typically encasing a lift shaft or stairwell.

Lateral pressures tend to be a rotational force on the shear wall which, due to the shear acting
as one member, produces a compression force at one corner and another. When the lateral force
is applied from the opposite direction, this couple is reversed, meaning that both sides of the
shear wall need to be capable of resolving both types of forces.

Figure 4: Example shear wall at the center of the building

2.9 FOUNDATION DESIGN

Foundation is that part of the structure which is in direct contact with the ground. The
foundation transfer and spread the load from a structure columns and walls into the ground, the
ultimate load coming from the structure must not be exceeded, otherwise excessive settlement
may occur, resulting in damage to the building and its service facilities, the water or the gas
mains.

It is important to have an engineering survey made of the soil under a proposed structure, so
that variation in a stratum and the soil properties can be determined, in designing the
foundation, the areas of bases in contact with the ground should be such that the safe bearing
capacity is not exceeded.

2.9.1 Types of Foundation

• Pad foundation - This is a square or rectangular footing, supporting a single column.

• Strip footing - This is a long footing supporting two columns.

20
 • Combined footing - A footing supporting two or more columns.

• Raft or Mat footing - This is a footing supporting a number of columns or load bearing
wall so as to transmit approximately uniform loading of the soil

• Piled foundation - This type of foundation is used where the soil conditions are poor
and it is un economical or not possible to provide adequate spread foundations

Reinforced concrete pads should be designed so that the depth is sufficient to resist a shear
force known as ‘punching shear’. This can develop around the perimeter of the column, wall
or other vertical component that the pad is supporting. Bending can also occur as the footing
spreads the load onto the stratum.

To resist bending moments, the pad footing should be designed so that the force is applied
within the middle third of the base. This is known as the ‘middle third rule’- a design practice
that means the size of the foundation is defined according to the resultant forces’ concentration.
There is an equation that defines the distribution of compression stress across the pad
foundation.

Figure 5: Soil Pressure Distribution for eccentric footing

Depending on the loads, either welded steel fabric or reinforcing bars will be necessary, and
arranged in both directions.

21
It is common to approach the design of the pad as though it were an inverted cantilever
supported by the column and carrying the pressure of the soil. The Reinforcements must be
designed to be capable of resisting the bending stress, and is similar to that of floor slabs.

2.9.2 Principle steps in the design calculations of foundation

1. Calculate the plan size of the footings using permissible bearing pressures and the
critical loading arrangement for the serviceability limit state.

2. Calculate the bearing pressures associated with the critical loading arrangement at the
ultimate limit state.

3. Assume a suitable value for the thickness(h) and effective depth(d), check that the shear
stress at the column face is less than 5N/mm2 or 0.8(fcu)1/2, whichever is less.

4. Check the thickness for punching shear, assuming a probable value for the ultimate
shear stress.

5. Determine the reinforcement required to resist bending.

6. Make a final check of the punching shear, having established Vc precisely.

7. Check the shear stress at the critical sections.

Where applicable, foundations and structures should be checked for overall stability at the
ultimate limit state

2.9.3 Detailing of Reinforcements

In detailing the reinforcements in a structural member, the top reinforcements are kept over
supports where hogging moments occur and bottom reinforcements are kept within the span
where sagging moment occur.

If the footing should be subjected to the large overturning moment so that there is only partial
bearing, or if there is a resultant uplift forces, then the reinforcement may also be required in
the top face.

Dowels or starter bars should extend from the footing into the column in order to provide
continuity to the reinforcement. These dowels should be embedded into the footing and extend
into the columns a full lap length.

22
2.9.4 Reinforcements
The design steps for reinforcements may be summarized as follow;

• Assume the size of the main reinforcement to be used say (1) and calculate the effective
depth (d) from d= h- cover -1/2

• Check the section whether it is singly or doubly reinforced by calculating the value of
K where, K = M/bd2ƒcu. If K<0.156, it is called singly reinforced section and if
K>0.156, it is called doubly reinforced section. Compression reinforcement is needed
in doubly reinforced only. Determine the lever arm (z) from the lever arm equation or
table given in code of practice.

The lever arm is given by, Z= d (0.5 + √ (0.25 – K/0.9)). The upper limit of the lever
arm curve, z= 0.95, is specified by BS

8110. The lower limit of z= 0.775d is when the depth of neutral axis x= d/2, which is
the maximum value allowed by the code for a singly reinforced section in order to
provide a ductile section which will have a graduals tension type failure.

• Calculate the area of the tension reinforcement required, As =M/0.87ƒyz, from the
design table the suitable size of the reinforcement can be selected.

• Check that the provided are of reinforcement is within the limits provided by the code
of practice. Minimum area is 0.13%bh, for high yield steel and 0.24%bh, for mild steel.
Maximum area is 4%bh.

• Check the Ultimate limit state for shear to be within the limits provided by the code.
For slab this is required to be checked at the corners only. The maximum shear stress
due to the applied loads not exceeds the design concrete shear stress. Maximum shear
stress v= V/bd, where V is the maximum shear force.

Check the serviceability limit states for deflection and cracking to be within the limits
provided by the code of practice. For deflection, the actual span/ depth ratio should not
exceed allowable value obtained by multiplying factor from Table 3.10 and 3.11 of the
BS 8110 codes. For cracking maximum spacing between bars and the overall depth of
the section should be checked.

23
2.10 BEARING CAPACITY OF THE SOIL
• Allowable bearing capacity of soil (qa) - is the maximum pressure which may be
applied to the soil such that, the factor of safety against shear failure of the supporting
soil must be adequate and the settlement of the foundation should be tolerable.

• Ultimate bearing capacity of soil (qf) - is the least pressure which will cause shear
failure of the supporting soil immediately below and adjacent to foundation.

The bearing capacity depends on the following influence;

• Sub soil conditions and whether the soil mass is layered or not

• Position of the ground water table

• Dimension of the loaded area

• Shape of the loaded area (it influences the stress distribution and the pattern of the
sliding surface

• Foundation depth of the footing below ground level

2.10.1 TERZAGHI FORMULA FOR BEARING CAPACITY

Terzaghi’s (1943) produced a formula for q which allows for the effects of cohesion and
friction between the base of the footing and the soil and is also applicable to shallow (z/B<1)
and surface of foundations. His solution for strip foundation is;

q= cNc + yzNq+ 0.5yBNy.

The coefficients Nc, and Ny depend upon the soil’s angle of internal friction and can be
obtained from the figure 3.4 bellow;

Nc 5.7 7.3 9.6 12.9 17.7 25.1 37.2 57.8 95.7 172

Nq 1.0 1.6 2.7 4.4 7.4 12.7 22.5 41.4 81.3 173

Ny 0.0 0.5 1.2 2.5 5.0 9.7 19.7 42.4 100 298

Table 3: Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Coefficients

24
[Link] Terzaghi Solution
• For a circular footing is;

q =1.3cNc +yzNq +0.3yBNy (where B= diameter)

• For a square footing;

q =1.3cNc + yzNq+0.4yBNy and

• For rectangular footing;

q =cNc(1+0.3B/L) +yzNq+0.5yBNy(1-0.2B/)
2.11 SHEAR STRENGTH OF SOIL
Shear strength of a soil mass is the internal resistance per unit area that a soil mass can offer to
resist failure and sliding along any inside it.

Mohr Coulomb failure criteria

τƒ=ƒµ where τƒ-shear stress on the failure plane, µ= normal stress on the failure plane and

τƒ= c +µtanФ where, c= cohesion, and Ф= angle of internal friction

2.11.1 Determination of Shear Strength Parameter

Direct shear test Trial axial test

Direct shear test

• Failure takes place along the plane of the split of the shear box, normally force on the
specimen is applied from the top of the shear box. Shear force is applied by moving one
half of the box relative to the other to cause failure in the soil specimen. Direct shear
test is rather simple to perform, the reliability of the result may be questioned due to the
fact that in this test the soil is not allowed to failure along the weakest plane but it is
forced to failure along the plane of split of the shear box.

In spite of these shortcomings, the direct shear test is simple and most economical for a dry or
saturated sandy soil.

• In loose sand, the resisting shear stresses increase with shear displacement until a failure
shear stress is reached. After that the shear resistance remains approximately constant
with any further increase in the shear displacement.

25
 • In denser sand, the resisting shear stress increase with shear displacement until it
reaches a failure stress of τƒ. This is called the peak shear strength, after failure stress
is attained, the resisting shear stress gradually decreases as a shear displacement
increases until it finally reaches a constant value called the ultimate shear stress.

The above table shows the summary of cohesive strengths and internal friction angles for
difference depth and for sand soil the cohesive strength is zero. This result obtained after the
laboratory test

26
 CHAPTER 3

3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
This chapter describes the thorough approach that was used and adopted in execution of the
entire project.
3.2 Basic Design inputs:
Necessary information was acquired from various sources so as to commence the project.

3.2.1 Architectural plans

The fully detailed architectural plans were collected from the NHC Architects with special and
legal Acceptance from the Managing Director. The plans were used to understand the full
project idea and hence prepare the Structural layouts.

3.2.2 Geotechnical / soil report

The detailed soil report was also obtained from NHC under legal Acceptance from the
Managing Director. The report had detailed information about the soil nature of at the site.

This helped to get full picture of the soil behaviour at the site and hence propose a sustainable
and effective type of foundation for the structure.

3.2.3 Reviewing Literature

This incorporated browsing the internet, reading books and other sources of information such
as specifications, requirements and conditions related to structural design. This helped to obtain
better approaches for the design of various structural members
3.3 Loading Determination:
Data for loading was collected from BS 6399 Part 1, 1984 and BS 8110 Part 1, 1997. This
helped to give a way forward on which loading combinations were to be adopted for a particular
structural element so as to probably obtain the most critical loading scenario for the design.
3.4 Analysis:
Both dead and imposed loads from different structural elements were calculated and analysed
manually from BS 8110 Part1, 1997 through a Sub frame Analysis Approach. Softwares like
Prota Structure and Beamax were also be employed. The softwares helped to perform a Full
Frame Analysis.

27
The softwares also provided 3D analytical models indicating the response spectrum of the
structure upon the impact of the loads. Both Sub Frame and Full Frame analysis results were
taken for design.
3.5 Design:
Design of the elements were done using Prota software and Manual calculations as per; BS
6399 Part 1, 1996 (imposed loads) BS 6399 Part 2, 1997 (wind Loads) and BS 8110 Part 1,
1997 (Reinforced Concrete). The use of the two design approaches helped to come up with an
effective design and also identify the variations between the two approaches.

28
 CHAPTER FOUR.

4 DATA COLLECTION
4.1 Introduction
The data collected for this project preliminarily include Architectural drawings, soil data, basic
wind speed data and the seismic data. This section stipulates thoroughly details about the
collected preliminary data.

4.2 Architectural Drawings

Architectural drawings were collected from NHC, the drawings were studied and discovered
the following:
The building has the total floor area of 3169m2, the minimum floor area is 698m2 and the
maximum floor area is 996.5m2
The areas are divided as follows, banking halls, bookshops, telecom service customer care and
other services.
The roof of the building is both roof slab and pitched truss roof with IT5 sheets. AC Machines,
Lift machines and Reservoir tanks are placed on top of the roof.

4.3 Soil Data.

Soil data collected from NHC Head quarter showed that; According to Report on Ground
Investigation carried out by University of Dar es salaam through the Bureau of Industrial
Cooperation (BICO) at Mtanda, Lindi. The estimated Bearing Capacity of the soil as suggested
by (After terzaghi Peck and 1967) and Tezarghi’s expression to be founded at 1.75m depth and
the bearing capacity was found to be 150kN/m2 which is based on STP – values and laboratory
test results.
The proposed site is located on the foot of Mtanda hill with sloping ground comprising of
wetland (swampy) due to natural spring or seepages emerging at the Mtanda Hill.

The ground at the proposed site consists of top vegetation organic soil underlying a thick layer
of CLAY soil of Very High Plasticity with a high Swell potential.
No Groundwater Table was (GWT) was stuck at the time of the investigation, except for spring/
seeping water, causing top soil layer to remain saturated or with increasing moisture.

4.4 Wind speed Data:

The basic wind speed data for the proposed area was obtained from the National geographical
maps indicating the national regions with their respective basic wind speeds in m/s depending

29
on the geographical location of the area. The table below shows each region with its respective
Basic wind speed;

Table 4: Basic Wind Speed of respective Regions.

4.5 Seismic Data:
The seismic data of the proposed area was obtained from the published national geographical
maps indicating the seismic/earthquake intensity for each region depending on the location of
the area. The table below shows the respective regions with their anticipated seismic capacities.

Figure 6: Seismic Risk Map of Tanzania

30
 5 CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
Table 5:Design sheet
DESIGN SHEET
PROJECT: Design of five storey Approval: Eng. Chacha
commercial building
DESIGNER: MUHSIN D. YAHYA Date: JUNE,2022

CHECKED: Eng. Chacha & Arch. A. Towo Sheet No. 01

1.0 ROOF TRUSS DESIGN
REF. CODE CALCULATION OUTPUT

Structural calculations of five storey commercial building

BS 648:1964 building to be built in Mtanda, Lindi.
Dry seasoned Timber (Cypress Strength grade 75%)

Treated soft wood density =700 kg/m3

Weight of corrugated Iron sheet= 5.0 kg/m2

Ceiling dead load =0.3 kN/m2

BRU 2nd Imposed load on roof without access =0.75kN/m2

Edition 2015 Basic wind speed =38m/s
Section 4.2.4 Truss spacing = 1.0m c/c
Recommended timber sections for purlins 50*100
Recommended Purlin spacing 1.5mm c/c

Detail of a timber truss diagram/configuration

31
 DESIGN SHEET
PROJECT: Design of five storey Approval:
Eng. Chacha
commercial building
DESIGNER: MUHSIN D. YAHYA Date: JUNE,2022
190140123240
CHECKED: Eng. Chacha & Arch. A. Towo Sheet No. 02
1.0 ROOF TRUSS DESIGN
REF. CODE CALCULATION OUTPUT

Detail of a Roof covering

Conversion of a wind speed to Wind Load

BRU cl. 4.2.2 The dynamic Wind pressure is given by by 𝑊𝑘 = 0.613𝑣𝑑2
CP3 chapter V
Where by 𝑉𝑑 = Design wind speed but 𝑉𝑑 = 𝑣𝑏 𝑥 𝑠1 𝑥 𝑠2 𝑥 𝑠3
𝑉𝑏 = Basic wind speed 𝑉𝑏 =38m/s
𝑠1– Topographic factor normally taken as 1.015
BS 6399 Part2 𝑠2– Factor for ground roughness building size and height above
cl. 2.1.2
the ground
𝑠2 is obtaining assume No cladding, Maximum horizontal or
vertical dimension gives 𝑠2 = 0.96
𝑠3–Multiplying factor related to the life of structure Usually
𝑠3=1.0
Therefore, 𝑉𝑑 = 38𝑥1.015𝑥0.96𝑥1.0 = 37.03𝑚/𝑠 𝑉𝑑 =

Characteristic wind Pressure, 𝑊𝑘 = 0.613𝑣𝑑2 𝑚

but 𝑉𝑑 = 37.03𝑚/𝑠 37.03
𝑠

32
 DESIGN SHEET
PROJECT: Design of five storey Approval:
Eng. Chacha
commercial building
DESIGNER: MUHSIN D. YAHYA Date: JUNE,2022
190140123240
CHECKED: Eng. Chacha & Arch. A. Towo Sheet No. 03
1.0 ROOF TRUSS DESIGN
REF. CODE CALCULATION OUTPUT

𝑊𝑘 = 0.613𝑣𝑑2 𝑊𝑘 = 0.613𝑥37.032
BRU 𝑊𝑘 = 840.56N/m2 ~ 0.84kN/m2
Design of a Roof Purlins (Consider diagram below)

Load analysis
try 50x100mm purlin

0.034𝑘𝑁
i/Self weight of Purlin 𝑚
= (density of treated soft wood 𝑥 Cross section area 𝑥 g) / 1000
= (700 𝑥 0.05 𝑥 0.1 x 9.81) / 1000 = 0.034kN/m

33
 DESIGN SHEET
PROJECT: Design of five storey Approval:
Eng. Chacha
commercial building
DESIGNER: MUHSIN D. YAHYA Date: JUNE,2022
190140123240
CHECKED: Eng. Chacha & Arch. A. Towo Sheet No. 04
1.0 ROOF TRUSS DESIGN
REF. CODE CALCULATION OUTPUT

ii/ Dead load from roof

(𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑡 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 𝑝𝑢𝑟𝑙𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔) /
BS 648:1964
1000
𝑘𝑔
(5.0 𝑥 9.81 x 1.5𝑚) / 1000 = 0.074 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
𝑚3

Total dead load = Self weight + Load from roof

𝐺𝑘0.064
𝐺𝑘 = (0.034 + 0.074) = 0.11𝑘𝑁/𝑚 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

iii/ Imposed load from the roof to purlin, Qk

Qk = purlin spacing 𝑥 imposed load
𝑄𝑘 = 1.50𝑚 𝑥 0.75k𝑁/𝑚 = 1.125𝐾𝑁/𝑚
iv/ wind load from the roof to purlin.
purlin spacing 𝑥 wind load
1.5𝑚 𝑥 0.84k𝑁/𝑚2 = 1.26k𝑁/𝑚

Consider Mid Purlin (Load Combination Cases)

a) Dead Load Only (case 1)

n= Gk
𝑛1 = 0.11kN/m (Long-term)
b) Load Case 2
Dead + Imposed
𝑛2 = (0.11+ 1.125) = 1.235kN/m
𝑛2 = 1.235k𝑁/𝑚 (Medium Term)

34
 DESIGN SHEET
PROJECT: Design of five storey Approval:Eng. Chacha
commercial building
DESIGNER: MUHSIN D. YAHYA Date: JUNE,2022
190140123240
CHECKED: Eng. Chacha & Arch. A. Towo Sheet No. 05
1.0 ROOF TRUSS DESIGN
REF. CODE CALCULATION OUTPUT

c) Load Case 3
BS 648:1964 Dead + Imposed + Wind Load
(Assuming no Uplift by Wind)
𝑛3 = (0.11 + 1.125 + 1.26) kN/m
n3 = 2.3𝑘𝑁/𝑚
d) Load Case 4
Dead + Wind Load

𝑛4 = (0.11 + 1.26)

n4= 1.37kN/m
Therefore, Load Case 3 govern the design so the Design
Load of Mid Purlin = 𝑛3 = 2.3kN/m 𝑛
= 2.3𝑘𝑁
Design Load (critical loading), 𝑛3 = 2.3𝑘𝑁/𝑚
/𝑚

Edge Purlins loadings = Mid purlin loading (critical loading) / 2

= 1.15kN/m
Purlin Design
consider diagram below

35
 DESIGN SHEET
PROJECT: Design of five storey Approval:
Eng. Chacha
commercial building
DESIGNER: MUHSIN D. YAHYA Date: JUNE,2022
CHECKED: Eng. Chacha & Arch. A. Towo Sheet No. 06
1.0 ROOF TRUSS DESIGN
REF. CODE CALCULATION OUTPUT
Loading
n = 2.3kN/m
Moment (M)
M = nL2/8 = (2.3 x 1.02)/8
M = 0.29kNm
F = nL = (2.3 x 1.0)
F = 2.3kN
Determine Economic section:
Ixx req. = (6.14FL2Cos𝜃)/E
BS 5268
Table 98 Ixx req. = (6.14 x 2.3 x 103 x 1.02 x 106 x Cos19)/7000
Ixx req. = 1.9 x 106 mm4
Take (50 x 100) Section
Zxx = 83.3 x 103 mm3
Zyy = 41.7 x 103 mm3
Ixx = 41.7 x 106 mm4
Iyy = 1.04 x 106 mm4
Check for Bending:
𝜎𝑚, 𝑎,// ≤ 𝜎𝑚, 𝑎𝑑𝑚,//
M [(Cos𝜃/Zxx) + (Sin𝜃/Zyy)] ≤ 𝜎𝑚, 𝑔,// x K3 x K7
0.29 x 106 [(Cos19/83.3 x 103) + (Sin19/41.7 x 103)] ≤ 10 x1.5x1.1
5.56N/mm2 ≤ 16.93N/mm2
The section is sufficient in Bending

36
 DESIGN SHEET
PROJECT: Design of five storey Approval:
Eng. Chacha
commercial building
DESIGNER: MUHSIN D. YAHYA Date: JUNE,2022
190140123240
CHECKED: Eng. Chacha & Arch. A. Towo Sheet No. 07
1.0 ROOF TRUSS DESIGN
REF. CODE CALCULATION OUTPUT

Check for Deflection:

BS 5268 𝛿𝑡 ≤ 𝛿𝑎𝑑𝑚
𝛿𝑎𝑑𝑚 = 0.003le = (0.003 x 1000)
𝛿𝑎𝑑𝑚 = 3mm

𝛿𝑡 = [1 + 15.36(h/le)2] 𝛿𝑚
2 2
𝛿𝑚 = √𝛿𝑥 + 𝛿𝑦

𝛿𝑥 = (5FL3Cos𝜃) / (384EIxx)
𝛿𝑥 = 5 x 2.3 x 103 x 1.03 x 109 x Cos19
384 x 7000 x 41.7 x 106
𝛿𝑥 = 0.1mm
𝛿𝑥 = (5FL3Cos𝜃) / (384EIxx)
𝛿𝑥 = 5 x 2.3 x 103 x 1.03 x 109 x Sin19
384 x 7000 x 1.04 x 106
𝛿𝑥 = 1.34mm
𝛿𝑚 = √0.12 + 1.342 = 1.34mm

𝛿𝑡 = [1 + 15.36(100/1000)2] 1.34 = 1.55mm

𝛿𝑡 = 1.55mm ≤ 𝛿𝑎𝑑𝑚 = 3mm Provide
50 x 100
The section is sufficient in deflection. Purlin
Hence (50 x 100) purlin is adequate.

37
 DESIGN SHEET
PROJECT: Design of five storey Approval:
Eng. Chacha
commercial building
DESIGNER: MUHSIN D. YAHYA Date: JUNE,2022
CHECKED: Eng. Chacha & Arch. A. Towo Sheet No. 08
1.0 ROOF TRUSS DESIGN
REF. CODE CALCULATION OUTPUT
ESTABLISHMENT OF NODAL LOADS
Fn = (Rp + Rt) x whrere x = spacing of struts

Reaction from Purlin (Rp)

Rp = [wl2/2] x 2 = wl = (2.3 x 1.0)
Rp = 2.3kN
Distribution load from purlins:
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑃𝑢𝑟𝑙𝑖𝑛
Rp = 1/Cos𝜃 [ ]
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟
5 𝑥 2.3
Rp = 1/Cos19 [ ]
6.22 Rp =
Rp = 1.96kN/m 1.96kN/m

Reaction From struts (Rt)

Say Ceiling load = 0.3kN/m2

Struts = (50 x 100)
Rt = Strut self-weight + Ceiling load
Strut self-weight = (7000 x 0.05 x 0.1 x 9.81)/1000 = 0.103kN/m
Ceiling = (0.3kN/m x 1.2) = 0.36kN/m
Rt = (0.103 + 0.36) Rt =
Rt = 0.463kN/m 0.463kN/
m

38
 DESIGN SHEET
PROJECT: Design of five storey Approval:Eng. Chacha
commercial building
DESIGNER: MUHSIN D. YAHYA Date: JUNE,2022
CHECKED: Eng. Chacha & Arch. A. Towo Sheet No. 09
1.0 ROOF TRUSS DESIGN
REF. CODE CALCULATION OUTPUT
Then; Fn = (Rp + Rt) x = (1.96 + 0.463) x
Fn = (2.423) x
F1 = Intermediate Node = (2.43) 1.2
F1 = 2.9kN
F2 = End Node = (2.423) 1.2/2
F2 = 1.45kN

TRUSS NODAL LOADS

From the truss analysis done by Lin-Pro software;

RA = RB = 14.5kN
Member Forces
FA-C = 37.57kN (C) FC-D = 34.62kN (C) FD-E = 34.62kN (C)
FE-F = 26.40kN (C) FF-G = 22.10kN (C) FG-H = 22.10kN (C)
FH-I = 26.48kN (C) FI-J = 30.72kN (C) FJ-K = 34.62kN (C)
FK-B = 37.57kN (C) FB-L = 35.23kN (T) FL-M = 35.24kN (T)
FM-N = 32.84kN (T) FN-O = 29.15kN (T) FO-P = 25.12kN (T)
FP-Q = 25.12kN (T) FQ-R = 29.15kN (T) FR-S = 32.84kN (T)
FS-T = 35.24kN (C) FT-A = 35.23kN (T) FC-T = 0.00
FD-S = 0.80kN (T) FE-R = 2.46kN (T) FF-Q = 4.02kN (T)
FG-P = 11.08kN (T) FH-O = 4.02kN (T) FI-N = 2.46kN (T)
FJ-M = 0.80kN (T) FK-L = 0.00 FC-S = 2.52kN (C)
FD-R = 4.44kN (C) FE-Q = 5.69kN (C) FF-P = 6.92kN (C)
FP-H = 6.92kN (C) FO-I = 5.69kN (C) FN-J = 4.44kN (C)
FM-K = 2.52kN (C)

39
 DESIGN SHEET
PROJECT: Design of five storey Approval:
Eng. Chacha
commercial building
DESIGNER: MUHSIN D. YAHYA Date: JUNE,2022
CHECKED: Eng. Chacha & Arch. A. Towo Sheet No. 10
1.0 ROOF TRUSS DESIGN
REF. CODE CALCULATION OUTPUT
DESIGN OF RAFTERS:
Max Force = 37.57kN (Compression)
Span = [1080/Cos19] = 1.142m
Effective Length (le)
Pin – pin connection at the ends
le = 1.0L
le = 1.142m
Section selection:

yy = le/ryy ≤ 180

ryy ≥ le/180 = 1142/180 = 6.34
ryy = 6.34
BS 5268
Table 98 Take section (50 x 150)
ryy = 14.4mm
Actual slenderness ratio
yy = 1142/14.4 = 9.84
Check le/b = 1142/50 = 22.84 ≤ 52 (OK)
Modification Factor K12
E/ (𝜎𝑐,//) = E/ (𝜎𝑔,// x k3) = 7000/ (8.0 x 1.5) = 583

5 9.84 10
500 0.975 a 0.951
583 b K12 c
600 0.975 d 0.951
a = 0.952 d = 0.952 K12 = 0.952

40
 DESIGN SHEET
PROJECT: Design of five storey Approval:
Eng. Chacha
commercial building
DESIGNER: MUHSIN D. YAHYA Date: JUNE,2022
CHECKED: Eng. Chacha & Arch. A. Towo Sheet No. 11
1.0 ROOF TRUSS DESIGN
REF. CODE CALCULATION OUTPUT
Check for Compression
𝜎𝑐, 𝑎,// ≤ 𝜎𝑐, 𝑎𝑑𝑚,//)
F/bh = (37.57 x 103)/(50 x 150) ≤ 8.0 x 1.5 x 0.952
5N/mm2 ≤ 11.424N/mm2 (OK)

Check for Bending

UDL on rafter = (Rp + Rt) = 2.423kN/m
Span = 1.142m
Moment = nL2/8 = (2.423 x 1.1422)/8 = 0.39kN/m
From;
𝜎𝑚, 𝑎,// ≤ 𝜎𝑚, 𝑎𝑑𝑚,//)
M/Zxx = (0.39 x 106)/ (188 x 103) ≤ 10 x 1.5 x (300/150)0.11
2.07N/mm2 ≤ 16.19N/mm2

Check for Interaction Quantity

𝜎𝑚, 𝑎,// + 𝜎𝑐, 𝑎,// ≤ 1.0
1.5𝜎𝑐,𝑎,//
𝜎𝑚, 𝑎𝑑𝑚,// [1 - 𝛿𝐸
X K12] 𝜎𝑐, 𝑎𝑑𝑚,//

2.07 + 5.00 ≤ 1.0

1.5 𝑥 5
16.19 [1 - 713.52 x 0.952] 11.42

(0.13 + 0.44) ≤ 1.0

0.57 ≤ 1.0
The section is sufficient in compression and bending.

41
 DESIGN SHEET
PROJECT: Design of five storey Approval: Eng. Chacha
commercial building
DESIGNER: MUHSIN D. YAHYA Date: JUNE,2022
CHECKED: Eng. Chacha & Arch. A. Towo Sheet No. 12
1.0 ROOF TRUSS DESIGN
REF. CODE CALCULATION OUTPUT
Check for Deflection:
𝛿𝑡 ≤ 𝛿𝑎𝑑𝑚
𝛿𝑎𝑑𝑚 = 0.003le = (0.003 x 1142)
𝛿𝑎𝑑𝑚 = 3.426mm

𝛿𝑡 = [1 + 15.36(h/le)2] 𝛿𝑚
𝛿𝑚 = (5FL3) / (384EIxx)
𝛿𝑚 = 5 x (2.423 x 1.142) x 103 x 1.1423 x 109
384 x 7000 x 14.1 x 106
𝛿𝑚 = 0.5mm
𝛿𝑡 = [1 + 15.36(150/1142)2] 1.34 = 1.55mm
𝛿𝑡 = 0.54mm ≤ 𝛿𝑎𝑑𝑚 = 3.426mm Provide
The section is sufficient in deflection. 50 x 150
Rafter
Hence (50 x 150) Rafter is adequate.

42
 DESIGN SHEET
PROJECT: Design of five storey Approval: Eng. Chacha
commercial building
DESIGNER: MUHSIN D. YAHYA Date: JUNE,2022
CHECKED: Eng. Chacha & Arch. A. Towo Sheet No. 13
1.0 ROOF TRUSS DESIGN
REF. CODE CALCULATION OUTPUT
DESIGN OF TIE BEAM
Max Moment = 35.24kN (Tension)
Recall;
A ≥ F/ ( 𝜎𝑡, 𝑎𝑑𝑚,//) = F/ (𝜎𝑡, 𝑔,// x k3 x k14)
A ≥ (35.24 x 103)/ (7.5 x 1.5 x 1.0)
A ≥ 3.13 x 103mm2
Take (50 x 150) A = 7.5 x 103mm2
Check for Tension
𝜎𝑡, 𝑎,// ≤ 𝜎𝑡, 𝑎𝑑𝑚,//
(35.24 x 103)/(7.5 x 103) ≤ 7.5 x 1.5 x (300/150)0.11
Provide
4.7N/mm2≤ 12.14N/mm2 (OK) 50 x 150
Hence provide (50 x 150) Tie Beam. Tie Beam
DESIGN OF COMPRESSION STRUTS
Max Force = 11.08kN (Tension)
Recall;
A ≥ F/ ( 𝜎𝑡, 𝑎𝑑𝑚,//) = F/ (𝜎𝑡, 𝑔,// x k3 x k14)
A ≥ (11.08 x 103)/ (7.5 x 1.5 x 1.0)
A ≥ 0.98 x 103mm2
Take (50 x 100) A = 5 x 103mm2
Check for Tension
𝜎𝑡, 𝑎,// ≤ 𝜎𝑡, 𝑎𝑑𝑚,//
Provide
(11.08 x 103)/ (5.0 x 103) ≤ 7.5 x 1.5 x (300/100)0.11 50 x 150
2.22N/mm2 ≤ 12.70N/mm2 (OK) Tension
Struts
Hence provide (50 x 100) Tension Struts.

43
 DESIGN SHEET
PROJECT: Design of five storey Approval: Eng. Chacha
commercial building
DESIGNER: MUHSIN D. YAHYA Date: JUNE,2022
CHECKED: Eng. Chacha & Arch. A. Towo Sheet No. 14
1.0 ROOF TRUSS DESIGN
REF. CODE CALCULATION OUTPUT
DESIGN OF COMPRESSION STRUTS
Max Force = 692kN (Compression)
Try (50 x 100) Section
le = 1.27m
yy = le/ryy = 1270/14.4 = 88.2 ≤ 180
Check; le/b = 1270/50 = 25.4 ≤ 52 (OK)

Modification Factor K12

E/ (𝜎𝑐,//) = E/ (𝜎𝑔,// x k3) = 7000/ (8.0 x 1.5) = 583

90 88.2 100
500 0.320 a 0.269
583 b K12 c
600 0.363 d 0.307
a = 0.329 d = 0.351 K12 = 0.342
Check for Compression
𝜎𝑐, 𝑎,// ≤ 𝜎𝑐, 𝑎𝑑𝑚,//)
Provide
3
F/bh = (6.92 x 10 )/(50 x 150) ≤ 8.0 x 1.5 x 0.342 50 x 100
Comp.
1.4N/mm2 ≤ 4.1N/mm2 (OK) Struts
Hence Provide (50 x 100) Compression Struts.

44
 DESIGN SHEET
PROJECT: Design of five storey Approval: Eng. Chacha
commercial building
DESIGNER MUHSIN D. YAHYA Date: JUNE,2022
: 190140123240
CHECKED: Eng. Chacha & Arch. A. Towo Sheet No. 15
2.0 ROOF/TERRACE BEAM DESIGN
REF. CODE CALCULATION OUT PUT
Design of Terrace beam (TB)
Consider Terrace Beam (TB12)
[Refer beams layout drawing to appendix]
Consider
Beams 230𝑚𝑚 𝑥 450𝑚𝑚
Loading on beam
Beams self-weight = 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑥 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 2.48
𝑘𝑁/𝑚
24 𝑥 0.23 𝑥 0.45 = 2.48𝑘𝑁/𝑚
Load from wall
Density of block = 20𝑘N/𝑚3
Height of a wall = 0.3𝑚 Thickness
of wall = 0.23𝑚 2.48
load from wall = 20𝑥0.23𝑥0.3 = 1.38𝑘𝑁/𝑚 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

Load from truss

Load from truss= 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛/truss space
Reaction from roof truss =14.5kN/m Truss
spacing = 1.0m
1.45
Load from truss = 14.5kN/1.0m kN/m
Load from truss =14.5kN/m
Load from plaster (double plaster)
Density of plaster = 19𝑘N/𝑚3
Thickness of plaster= 25mm
Height of wall to beam (0.3+0.45) = 0.75m 1.45
kN/m
Load from plaster = (19𝑥0.025𝑥0.75) 𝑥2
Load from plaster= 0.67kN/m

45
 DESIGN SHEET
PROJECT: Design of five storey Approval:Eng. Chacha
commercial building
DESIGNER MUHSIN D. YAHYA Date: JUNE,2022
: 190140123240
CHECKED: Eng. Chacha & Arch. A. Towo Sheet No. 16
2.0 ROOF BEAM DESIGN
REF. CODE CALCULATION OUT PUT

Total load on beam (Factored)

=1.4gk 26.64
=1.4(2.48 + 1.38 +14.5+ 0.67) = 26.64𝑘𝑁/𝑚 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

Total load on beam (Unfactored)

=1.0gk
=1.0(2.48 + 1.38 +14.5+ 0.67) = 19.03𝑘𝑁/𝑚

Consider Combinations
CASE 1:
All spans with maximum load (1.4gk)

Beamax
Software

Max Shear = 90.23kN

Max Sagging Moment = 79.50kNm
Max Hogging Moment = 73.31kNm

46
 DESIGN SHEET
PROJECT: Design of five storey Approval:Eng. Chacha
commercial building
DESIGNER MUHSIN D. YAHYA Date: JUNE,2022
: 190140123240
CHECKED: Eng. Chacha & Arch. A. Towo Sheet No. 17
2.0 ROOF BEAM DESIGN
REF. CODE CALCULATION OUT PUT
CASE 2:
All spans with minimum load (1.0gk)

Beamax
Software

Max Shear = 64.46kN

Max Sagging Moment = 56.79kNm
Max Hogging Moment = 52.37kNm
CASE 3:

Alternative 1.4gk and 1.0gk

Beamax
Software

Max Shear = 89.90kN

Max Sagging moment = 80.31kNm
Max Hogging moment = 71.36kNm

47
 DESIGN SHEET
PROJECT: Design of five storey Approval:
Eng. Chacha
commercial building
DESIGNER MUHSIN D. YAHYA Date: JUNE,2022
: 190140123240
CHECKED: Eng. Chacha & Arch. A. Towo Sheet No. 18
2.0 ROOF BEAM DESIGN
REF. CODE CALCULATION OUT PUT
CASE 4:
Alternate 1.0gk and 1.4gk

Beamax
Software

Max Shear = 64.71kN

Max Sagging Moment = 55.97kNm
Max Hogging Moment = 54.32kNm

Design Parameters:
Design Shear Force = 90.23kN
Design Sagging Moment = 80.31kNm
Design Hogging Moment = 73.31kNm

Design of Sagging Reinforcement [At span]

Maximum moment at span 80.31kNm
To find effective depth, d
d = h –c – Ф/2- link = 450-25-16/2-8= 409mm
Determination, K
K = M/bd2fcu = 80.31𝑥106/230𝑥4092 𝑥25 = 0.083
(singly reinforced)

48
 DESIGN SHEET
PROJECT: Design of five storey Approval:
Eng. Chacha
commercial building
DESIGNER MUHSIN D. YAHYA Date: JUNE,2022
: 190140123240
CHECKED: Eng. Chacha & Arch. A. Towo Sheet No. 19
2.0 ROOF BEAM DESIGN
REF. CODE CALCULATION OUT PUT
From lever arm table
𝑧/𝑑 = 0.897, 𝑧 = 0.897𝑥409 = 366.87𝑚𝑚
Then, 𝐴𝑠 = 𝑀/0.87𝑓𝑦𝑧
As= 547𝑚𝑚2 Provide 3Y16 at span As= 603𝑚𝑚2
Design of Hogging reinforcement [At support]
K = M/bd2fcu = 73.31𝑥106/230𝑥4092𝑥25 = 0.076
From lever arm table since 𝐾 < 𝐾′ Use K= 0.043 then
𝑧/𝑑 = 0.907, 𝑧 = 0.907𝑥409 = 370.96𝑚𝑚
Then, 𝐴𝑠 = 𝑀/0.87𝑓𝑦𝑧
As= 493.81𝑚𝑚2 Provide 3Y16 at support As= 603𝑚𝑚2
Deflection check
Modification factor,
m. f = 0.55 + [(477 − 𝑓𝑠) /120(0.9 + 𝑀/𝑏𝑑2)] ≤ 2
But,
fs = 5/8𝑓𝑦𝑥𝐴𝑠. 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑/𝐴𝑠. 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑𝑥1/𝛽𝑏
fs = 5/8𝑥460𝑥 (547/603) 𝑥 (1/1) = 260.8
𝑀/(bd2) = 2.09
m. f = 0.55 + [(477−260.8)/ 120(0.9+2.7)] = 1.15
Determination of Allowable and Actual deflection
Actual deflection = span/d = 5830/409 = 14.25
Allowable deflection = (factor from table 3.1) x m.f Allowable
deflection = 26 x1.15 = 29.9
Since 14.25 < 29.9 hence the beam is OK under deflection

49
 DESIGN SHEET
PROJECT: Design of five storey Approval:Eng. Chacha
commercial building
DESIGNER MUHSIN D. YAHYA Date: JUNE,2022
: 190140123240
CHECKED: Eng. Chacha & Arch. A. Towo Sheet No. 20
2.0 ROOF BEAM DESIGN
REF. CODE CALCULATION OUT PUT
Shear check
Maximum shear = 90.23kN
Nominal shear, 𝑣 = 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥. / 𝑏𝑑 = 0.96/𝑚𝑚2
Since Nominal shear, 𝑣 < 0.8𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑜𝑟5𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 hence Nominal shear
is OK
Determination of concrete shear capacity, v𝑐
vc = [0.79(100Asprov/bd)1/3(400/d)1/4(fcu/25)1/3]/1.25
vc = 0.54N/mm2

Condition satisfied
𝑉𝑐 + 0.4 < 𝑣 < 0.8𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑜𝑟 5𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
Asv ≥ bvSv (v-vc)/0.87fyv
Sv ≤ Asv 0.87fyv/ bv(v-vc)
Asv = 101mm2 (2-legged 8mm link)
Sv ≤ (101 x 0.87 x 250)/ 230(0.96 – 0.59)
Sv ≤ 227mm
Say 200mm
Provide Y8- 200mm c/c links.
Summary
As. 𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 547𝑚𝑚2 Provide 3T16 at span As𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 603𝑚𝑚2
As. 𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 493.8𝑚𝑚2 Provide 3T16 at support As𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 603𝑚𝑚2
Provide Y8- 200mm c/c links.

50
 DESIGN SHEET
PROJECT: Design of five storey Approval: Eng. Chacha
commercial building
DESIGNER MUHSIN D. YAHYA Date: JUNE,2022
190140123240
CHECKED: Eng. Chacha & Arch. A. Towo Sheet No. 21
3.0 FLOOR SLAB DESIGN
REF. CODE CALCULATION OUT PUT
DESIGN OF FLOOR SLABS:
Consider (Panel) P37 [Refer slab layout drawing to appendix]
Initial Sizing:
BS: 8110 The span/effective depth ratio for continuous slab = 26
Modification Factor MF = 1.3 (for normal loads)
le/dmin = Basic ratio *MF
le = 4663
dmin = 4663/26*1.3
dmin = 137.96mm
h = dmin + c + Ø/2
h = 137.96 + 25 +12/2
h = 168mm
Try 150mm thick slab

Loading Analysis:

Slab self-weight = 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑥 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠

24 𝑥 0.15 = 3.6𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
Load from Partition wall:
[𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘 𝑥 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑥 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑥 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ]
𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
Density of block = 20𝑘N/𝑚3
Height of a wall = 3.15𝑚
Thickness of wall = 0.23𝑚
Load from Partition wall = 20kN/m3 x 0.23m x 3.15m x 5.6m
4.663m x 5.83m
Load from Partition wall = 2.98kN/m2
Load from Finishes = 1.0kN/m2
Service Loads = 0.5kN/m2

51
 DESIGN SHEET
PROJECT: Design of five storey Approval: Eng. Chacha
commercial building
DESIGNER MUHSIN D. YAHYA Date: JUNE,2022
:
CHECKED: Eng. Chacha & Arch A. Towo Sheet No. 22
3.0 FLOOR SLAB DESIGN
REF. CODE CALCULATION OUT PUT

Total dead load 𝑔𝑘 = 3.6 + 2.98 + 1.0 + 0.5 = 8.08𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

BS 6399-
3:1985 imposed load (qk) = 2.5kN/m2
Table 1
Design load, 𝑛 = 1.4𝑥8.08 + 1.6𝑥2.5 = 16.15𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
Determination of slab One way / two way:
Ly/lx = 5830/4663 = 1.3
Since 1.3 < 2 hence the slab is two-way
Determination of bending moment coefficient
Interior Panel
Short span (x)
Negative Moment 𝛽𝑠𝑥 = 0.031
Positive Moment 𝛽𝑠𝑥 = 0.024
Long span (y)
Negative Moment 𝛽𝑠𝑦 = 0.032
Positive Moment 𝛽𝑠𝑦 = 0.024

Determination of design moment [Short span (x)]

𝑀𝑠𝑥 = 𝑛𝛽𝑠𝑥𝑙𝑥2
Negative Moment
𝑀𝑠𝑥 = 𝑛𝛽𝑠𝑥𝑙𝑥2 = 16.15𝑥0.031𝑥4.6632 = 10.89𝑘𝑁𝑚
Positive Moment
𝑀𝑠𝑥 = 𝑛𝛽𝑠𝑥𝑙𝑥2 = 16.15𝑥0.024𝑥4.6632 = 8.43𝑘𝑁𝑚

Determination of design moment [Long span (y)]

Negative Moment
𝑀𝑠𝑦 = 𝑛𝛽𝑠𝑦𝑙𝑥2 = 16.15𝑥0.032𝑥4.6632 = 10.89𝑘𝑁𝑚
Positive Moment
𝑀𝑠𝑦 = 𝑛𝛽𝑠𝑦𝑙𝑥2 = 16.15𝑥0.024𝑥4.6632 =8.43𝑘𝑁𝑚

52
 DESIGN SHEET
PROJECT: Design of five storey Approval: Eng. Chacha
commercial building
DESIGNER MUHSIN D. YAHYA Date: JUNE,2022
:
CHECKED: Eng. Chacha & Arch A. Towo Sheet No. 23
3.0 FLOOR SLAB DESIGN
REF. CODE CALCULATION OUT PUT
To find effective depth, d
dx = h –c – Ф/2 = 150-25-12/2=119mm
dy = dx– Ф =119–12= 107mm
Design of reinforcement Short span (x) [At mid span]
Determination of K
K = M/bd2fcu = 8.43𝑥106/1000𝑥1192𝑥25 = 0.02
From lever arm table since 𝐾 < 𝐾 ′ Use K= 0.043 then,
𝑧/𝑑 = 0.95, 𝑧 = 0.95𝑥119 = 135𝑚𝑚
As=
Then, 𝐴𝑠 = 𝑀/0.87𝑓𝑦𝑧 314𝑚𝑚2 B1
As𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 156𝑚𝑚2 Provide Y10 at 200 c/c As= 393𝑚𝑚2 B1 Y10-200c/c
Deflection check
Modification factor,
m. f = 0.55 + [(477 − fs) /120(0.9 + M/bd2)] ≤ 2
But,
fs = 5/8fyxAs. required/As. providedx1/βb

fs = 5/8x460x156/393x1/1 = 114.12

𝑀/(bd2) = 0.6
Then,
m. f = 0.55 + [(477−114.12)/120(0.9+0.6)] = 2.566
take, m.f = 2.0
Determination of allowable deflection and Actual deflection
Actual deflection = span/d = 4663/119 = 39
Allowable deflection= (factor from table 3.1) x m.f
Allowable deflection = 26x2.0= 52
Since 39 < 52 hence the slab panel is OK under deflection

53
 DESIGN SHEET
PROJECT: Design of five storey Approval: Eng. Chacha
commercial building in
Mtanda, Lindi
DESIGNER MUHSIN D. YAHYA Date: JUNE,2022
: 190140123240
CHECKED: Eng. Chacha & Arch A. Towo Sheet No. 24
3.0 FLOOR SLAB DESIGN
REF. CODE CALCULATION OUT PUT
Design of reinforcement Short span (x) [At support]
Determination of K
K = M/bd2fcu = 10.89𝑥106/1000𝑥1192𝑥25 = 0.031
From lever arm table since 𝐾 < 𝐾 ′ Use K= 0.043 then,
As =
𝑧/𝑑 = 0.95, 𝑧 = 0.95𝑥119 = 135𝑚𝑚 393𝑚𝑚2 B1
Y10-200c/c
Then, 𝐴𝑠 = 𝑀/0.87𝑓𝑦𝑧
As𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 198.9𝑚𝑚2 Provide Y10 at 200 c/c As= 393𝑚𝑚2 T1

Design of reinforcement Long span (y) [Midspan]

Determination of K
K = M/bd2fcu = 8.43𝑥106/1000𝑥1072𝑥25 = 0.029 As =
314𝑚𝑚2 B2
From lever arm table since 𝐾 < 𝐾 ′ Use K= 0.043 then,
Y10-250c/c
𝑧/𝑑 = 0.95, 𝑧 = 0.95𝑥107 = 135𝑚𝑚
Then, 𝐴𝑠 = 𝑀/0.87𝑓𝑦𝑧
As𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 167.8𝑚𝑚2 Provide Y10 at 250 c/c As= 314𝑚𝑚2 B2
Design of reinforcement Long span (y) [At support]
Determination of K
K = M/bd2fcu = 10.89𝑥106/1000𝑥1192𝑥25 = 0.031
From lever arm table since 𝐾 < 𝐾 ′ Use K= 0.043 then, As =
393𝑚𝑚2 T1
𝑧/𝑑 = 0.95, 𝑧 = 0.95𝑥119 = 135𝑚𝑚
Y10-200c/c
Then, 𝐴𝑠 = 𝑀/0.87𝑓𝑦𝑧
As𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 198.9𝑚𝑚2 Provide Y10 at 200 c/c As= 393𝑚𝑚2 T1
Design of reinforcement Top Distribution reinforcements [T2]
As =
As = 0.13bh/100
314𝑚𝑚2 T2
As = (0.13x1000x150)/100 Y10-250c/c
Asreq = 195mm2 Provide Y10 at 250 c/c As = 314mm2

54
 DESIGN SHEET
PROJECT: Design of five storey Approval: Eng. Chacha
commercial building
DESIGNER MUHSIN D. YAHYA Date: JUNE,2022
:
CHECKED: Eng. Chacha & Arch A. Towo Sheet No. 25
3.0 FLOOR SLAB DESIGN
REF. CODE CALCULATION OUT PUT
Summary of Reinforcements:
Position As. required As. provided
B1 156𝑚𝑚2 393𝑚𝑚2 T10-200
T1 193.90𝑚𝑚2 393𝑚𝑚2 T10-200
B2 167.80𝑚𝑚2 314𝑚𝑚2 T10-250
T2 195.00𝑚𝑚2 314𝑚𝑚2 T10-250

Design of cantilever slab:

Span = 1.03m
dmin = span/ (mf x Basic ratio) = 1030mm/ (1.3 x 7)
dmin = 113mm
then, h = dmin + cover + dia/2 = 113 + 25+ 12/2
h = 144mm
say; h = 150
d = 150 – 25 -12/2 = 119mm
Loading:
Dead loads (gk)
slab self-weight 24 x 0.15 = 3.6kN/m2
finishes = 20kN/m3 x 0.05m = 1.0kN/m2
Parapet load = 1.5kN/m2
Total dead load (gk) = (3.6 + 1.0 +1.5)
Gk = 6.1kN/m2
Imposed Loads (qk)
imposed load (qk) = 2.5kN/m2
Design Load (n)
n = 1.4(gk) + 1.6(qk)
n = 1.4(6.1) + 1.6(2.5) n = 12.54
kN/m2
n = 12.54kN/m2

55
 DESIGN SHEET
PROJECT: Design of five storey Approval: Eng. Chacha
commercial building
DESIGNER MUHSIN D. YAHYA Date: JUNE,2022
:
CHECKED: Eng. Chacha & Arch A. Towo Sheet No. 26
3.0 FLOOR SLAB DESIGN
REF. CODE CALCULATION OUT PUT
Moment = nl /2 = (12.54 x 1.032)/2
2

Moment = 6.65kNm
K = M/bd2fcu = 6.65𝑥106/1000𝑥1192𝑥25 = 0.019
From lever arm table since 𝐾 < 𝐾 ′ Use K= 0.043 then,
𝑧/𝑑 = 0.95, 𝑧 = 0.95𝑥119 = 113.05𝑚𝑚
As =
Then, 𝐴𝑠 = 𝑀/0.87𝑓𝑦𝑧 393𝑚𝑚2 T1
As𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 146.97𝑚𝑚2 Provide Y10 at 200 c/c As= 393𝑚𝑚2 T1 Y10-200c/c

Design of reinforcement Top Distribution reinforcements [T2]

As =
As = 0.13bh/100
314𝑚𝑚2 T2
As = (0.13x1000x150)/100 Y10-250c/c
Asreq = 195mm2 Provide Y10 at 250 c/c As = 314mm2

56
 DESIGN SHEET
PROJECT: Design of five storey Approval: Eng. Chacha
commercial building in
Mtanda, Lindi
DESIGNER MUHSIN D. YAHYA Date: JUNE,2022
:
CHECKED: Eng. Chacha & Arch A. Towo Sheet No. 27
4.0 FLOOR BEAM DESIGN
REF. CODE CALCULATION OUT PUT
Design of Floor Beam (FB)
Consider Floor Beam (FB34) Grid (10-10)
[Refer beams layout drawing to appendix]
Initial sizing
For flanged beams
Basic span/effective depth ratio = 20.8
Maximum span = 5830mm
5830/dmin = 20.8 x 1.3
dmin = 5830/20.8 x 1.3
dmin = 172.49 mm
assume Ømain = 16mm
height of the beam (h)
h = dmin + c + Ømain/2
h = 172.49 +30 + 16/2
h = 213.49 h = 450mm
Adopt h to be 450mm
BS 8110- Minimum Rib width is 125 mm for 2-hour fire resistance
1:1997 b = 230mm
Adopt breadth (bw) to be 230mm
Table 3.2

Effective depth of beam

d = h – c – Ø/2 – Ølinks
d = 450 – 25- 16/2 - 8
d = 404mm
d = 409mm

57
 DESIGN SHEET
PROJECT: Design of five storey Approval: Eng. Chacha
commercial building in
Mtanda, Lindi
DESIGNER MUHSIN D. YAHYA Date: JUNE,2022
:
CHECKED: Eng. Chacha & Arch A. Towo Sheet No. 28
4.0 FLOOR BEAM DESIGN
REF. CODE CALCULATION OUT PUT
LOADING ON THE BEAM:
Dead load = slab dead load + Beam dead load
Beam dead load = self-weight + Finishes + wall load
beam self-weight = 0.23 x 0.3 x 24 = 1.66kN/m
finishes = 20 x 0.025 x (0.23 + (2 x 0.3)) = 0.415kN/m
Total beam dead load = 1.66 +0.415 = 2.075kN/m
Consider span B-C (slab dead load)
Slab Panel 07
qz = q [1 – 1/2𝛼2 + 1/8𝛼3] 𝛼 = ly/lx = (5830/4663) = 1.25
lx = 4.663
q = 0.5 x nlx = 0.5 x 8.08 x 4.663 = 18.84kN/m
qz = 11.61kN/m
qz = (2 x 11.61) = 23.22kN/m
Consider span C-D (slab dead load)
Slab Panel 11
qz = q x 0.625 for triangular loading
lx = 4.663
q = 0.625 x 0.5 x 5.1 x 4.663 = 7.43kN/m
qz = 7.43kN/m
then, for 2 panels
qz = (2 x 7.43) = 14.86kN/m
Consider span D-G (slab dead load)
Slab Panel 07
qz = q [1 – 1/2𝛼2 + 1/8𝛼3] 𝛼 = ly/lx = (5830/4663) = 1.25
q = 0.5 x nlx = 0.5 x 8.08 x 4.663 = 18.84kN/m
qz = (2 x11.61) = 23.22kN/m (for 2 panels)

58
 DESIGN SHEET
PROJECT: Design of five storey Approval: Eng. Chacha
commercial building
DESIGNER MUHSIN D. YAHYA Date: JUNE,2022
:
CHECKED: Eng. Chacha & Arch A. Towo Sheet No. 29
4.0 FLOOR BEAM DESIGN
REF. CODE CALCULATION OUT PUT
Imposed loads from slabs (qk)
Consider span B-C (slab dead load)
Slab Panel 07
qz = q [1 – 1/2𝛼2 + 1/8𝛼3] 𝛼 = ly/lx = (5830/4663) = 1.25
lx = 4.663
q = 0.5 x nlx = 0.5 x 2.5 x 4.663 = 5.83kN/m
qz = 3.6kN/m
then, for 2 panels
qz = (2 x 3.6) = 7.2kN/m
Consider span C-D (slab dead load)
Slab Panel 11
qz = q x 0.625 for triangular loading
lx = 4.663
q = 0.625 x 0.5 x 2.5 x 4.663 = 7.43kN/m
qz = 3.64kN/m
then, for 2 panels
qz = (2 x 3.64) = 7.28kN/m
Consider span D-G (slab dead load)
Slab Panel 07
qz = q [1 – 1/2𝛼2 + 1/8𝛼3] 𝛼 = ly/lx = (5830/4663) = 1.25
q = 0.5 x nlx = 0.5 x 2.5 x 4.663 = 5.83kN/m
qz = (2 x 3.6) = 7.2kN/m (for 2 panels)

59
 DESIGN SHEET
PROJECT: Design of five storey Approval: Eng. Chacha
commercial building
DESIGNER MUHSIN D. YAHYA Date: JUNE,2022
:
CHECKED: Eng. Chacha & Arch A. Towo Sheet No. 30
4.0 FLOOR BEAM DESIGN
REF. CODE CALCULATION OUT PUT
BEAM LOAD SUMMARY (FB34)

SPAN 1.0gk + 1.0qk 1.4gk + 1.6qk 1.0gk

(kN/m) (kN/m) (kN/m)
B-C 32.50 46.94 25.30
C-D 24.22 35.24 16.94
D-G 32.50 46.94 25.30

Consider Combinations
CASE 1:
All spans with maximum load (1.4gk + 1.6qk)

Beamax
Software

Max Shear = 158.53kN

Max Sagging Moment = 141.19kNm
Max Hogging Moment = 126.51kNm

60
 DESIGN SHEET
PROJECT: Design of five storey Approval: Eng. Chacha
commercial building
DESIGNER MUHSIN D. YAHYA Date: JUNE,2022
:
CHECKED: Eng. Chacha & Arch A. Towo Sheet No. 31
4.0 BEAM DESIGN
REF. CODE CALCULATION OUT PUT
CASE 2:
Alternative (1.0gk + 1.0qk) and (1.4gk + 1.6qk)

Beamax
Software

Max Shear = 110.2kN

Max Sagging Moment = 96.69kNm
Max Hogging Moment = 90.14kNm
CASE 3:

Alternative 1.4gk and 1.6gk and 1.0gk + 1.0qk

Beamax
Software

Max Shear = 157.99kN

Max Sagging moment = 142.52kNm
Max Hogging moment = 123.35kNm

61
 DESIGN SHEET
PROJECT: Design of five storey Approval: Eng. Chacha
commercial building
DESIGNER MUHSIN D. YAHYA Date: JUNE,2022
:
CHECKED: Eng. Chacha & Arch A. Towo Sheet No. 32
4.0 FLOOR BEAM DESIGN
REF. CODE CALCULATION OUT PUT
CASE 4:
All spans (1.0gk)

Beamax
Software

Max Shear = 67.48kN

Max Sagging Moment = 76.40kNm
Max Hogging Moment = 67.48kNm

Design Parameters:
Design Shear Force = 158.53kN
Design Sagging Moment = 142.52kNm
Design Hogging Moment = 126.51kNm

62
 DESIGN SHEET
PROJECT: Design of five storey Approval: Eng. Chacha
commercial building
DESIGNER MUHSIN D. YAHYA Date: JUNE,2022
:
CHECKED: Eng. Chacha & Arch A. Towo Sheet No. 33
4.0 FLOOR BEAM DESIGN
REF. CODE CALCULATION OUT PUT
Effective breadth of flanged beam (bf):
bf = web width + lz/5
lz = 0.7 x effective span
lz = 0.7 x 5830
bf = 230 + 0.7 x 5830/5
bf = 1046mm
Determination of neutral axis (x)
z = d – 0.45x
x = (d – z)/0.45
z = d (0.5 + (0.25 – K/0.9 )1/2) ≤ 0.95d

But;
K = M/fcubfd2
K = (142.52 x 106)/25 x 1046 x 4092
K = 0.0145
K = 0.033, take K = 0.043
z=
Z = 0.95d = (0.95 x 409) = 388.55mm
388.55mm
then;
x = (d – z)/0.45
x=
x = 45.44mm 45.44mm
x ˂ hf = 150mm hence the neutral axis lies within the flange
hence, Design as Normal Rectangular Section
OR;
MR = 0.45 x fcu x bf x hf x (d – 0.5hf) MR =
589.56kNm
MR = 0.45 x 25 x 1046 x 150 (409 – 0.5 x 150)
MR = 589.56 kNm (Mapp < MR)
Hence, Design Normal Rectangular Section

63
 DESIGN SHEET
PROJECT: Design of five storey Approval: Eng. Chacha
commercial building
DESIGNER MUHSIN D. YAHYA Date: JUNE,2022
:
CHECKED: Eng. Chacha & Arch A. Towo Sheet No. 34
4.0 FLOOR BEAM DESIGN
REF. CODE CALCULATION OUT PUT
Design of Sagging Reinforcement [At span]
Design as rectangular beam
As = M/0.87fyz
As = (142.52 x 106)/0.87 x 460 x 388.55
As = 916.54mm2
Provide 5Y16 Asprov = 1010mm2 at the Bottom
Design of Hogging reinforcement [At support]
Moment = 126.51kNm
K = M/bd2fcu = 126.51𝑥106/230𝑥4092𝑥25 = 0.13
From lever arm table since 𝐾 < 𝐾′ Use K (singly reinforced) then
𝑧/𝑑 = 0.875, 𝑧 = 0.875𝑥409 = 357.88𝑚𝑚
Then, 𝐴𝑠 = 𝑀/0.87𝑓𝑦𝑧
As= 883.3𝑚𝑚2 Provide 5Y16 at support Asprov = 1010𝑚𝑚2
Deflection check
Modification factor,
m. f = 0.55 + [(477 − 𝑓𝑠) /120(0.9 + 𝑀/𝑏𝑑2)] ≤ 2
But,
fs = 5/8𝑓𝑦𝑥𝐴𝑠. 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑/𝐴𝑠. 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑𝑥1/𝛽𝑏
fs = 5/8𝑥460𝑥 (916/1010) 𝑥 (1/1) = 230
𝑀/(bd2) = 0.8
m. f = 0.55 + [(477−230)/ 120(0.9+0.8)] = 1.75
Determination of Allowable and Actual deflection
Actual deflection = span/d = 5830/409 = 14.25
Allowable deflection = (factor from table 3.1) x m.f Allowable
deflection = 26 x1.75 = 45.5
Since 14.25 < 45.5 hence the beam is OK under deflection

64
 DESIGN SHEET
PROJECT: Design of five storey Approval: Eng. Chacha
commercial building
DESIGNER MUHSIN D. YAHYA Date: JUNE,2022
:
CHECKED: Eng. Chacha & Arch A. Towo Sheet No. 35
4.0 FLOOR BEAM DESIGN
REF. CODE CALCULATION OUT PUT
Shear check
Maximum shear = 158.53kN
Nominal shear, 𝑣 = 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥. / 𝑏𝑑 = 1.69/𝑚𝑚2
Since Nominal shear, 𝑣 < 0.8𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑜𝑟5𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 hence Nominal
shear is OK
Determination of concrete shear capacity, v𝑐
vc = [0.79(100Asprov/bd)1/3(400/d)1/4(fcu/25)1/3]/1.25
vc = 0.64N/mm2

Condition satisfied
𝑉𝑐 + 0.4 < 𝑣 < 0.8𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑜𝑟 5𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
Asv ≥ bvSv (v-vc)/0.87fyv
Sv ≤ Asv 0.87fyv/ bv(v-vc)
Asv = 101mm2 (2-legged 8mm link)
Sv ≤ (101 x 0.87 x 460)/ 230(1.69 – 0.64)
Sv ≤ 167mm
Say 150mm
Provide Y8- 150mm c/c links.
Check,
Sv < 0.75d = (0.75 x 409) = 307mm
Sv = 150mm < 307mm (OK)
Summary
As. 𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 916.5𝑚𝑚2 Provide 5Y16 at span As𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 1010𝑚𝑚2
As. 𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 883.3𝑚𝑚2 Provide 5Y16 at support As𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 1010𝑚𝑚2
Provide Y8- 150mm c/c links

65
 DESIGN SHEET
PROJECT: Design of five storey Approval: Eng. Chacha
commercial building
DESIGNER MUHSIN D. YAHYA Date: JUNE,2022
:
CHECKED: Eng. Chacha & Arch A. Towo Sheet No. 36
4.0 FLOOR BEAM DESIGN
REF. CODE CALCULATION OUT PUT
Design of Floor Beam (FB)
Consider Floor Beam (FB29A) Grid (B-B)
[Refer beams layout drawing to appendix]
Initial sizing
For flanged beams
Basic span/effective depth ratio = 20.8
Maximum span = 5830mm
5830/dmin = 20.8 x 1.3
dmin = 5830/20.8 x 1.3
dmin = 172.49 mm
assume Ømain = 16mm
height of the beam (h)
h = dmin + c + Ømain/2
h = 172.49 +30 + 16/2
h = 213.49 h = 450mm
Adopt h to be 450mm
BS 8110- Minimum Rib width is 125 mm for 2-hour fire resistance
1:1997 b = 230mm
Adopt breadth (bw) to be 230mm
Table 3.2

Effective depth of beam

d = h – c – Ø/2 – Ølinks
d = 450 – 25- 16/2 - 8
d = 404mm
d = 409mm

66
 DESIGN SHEET
PROJECT: Design of five storey Approval: Eng. Chacha
commercial building in
Mtanda, Lindi
DESIGNER MUHSIN D. YAHYA Date: JUNE,2022
:
CHECKED: Eng. Chacha & Arch A. Towo Sheet No. 37
4.0 FLOOR BEAM DESIGN
REF. CODE CALCULATION OUT PUT
LOADING ON THE BEAM:
Dead load = slab dead load + Beam dead load
Beam dead load = self-weight + Finishes + wall load
beam self-weight = 0.23 x 0.3 x 24 = 1.66kN/m
finishes = 20 x 0.025 x (0.23 + (2 x 0.3)) = 0.415kN/m
Total beam dead load = 1.66 +0.415 = 2.075kN/m
Consider span 9-10 (slab dead load)
Slab Panel 07
qz = q x 0.625 for triangular loading
lx = 4.663
q = 0.625 x 0.5 x 8.08 x 4.663 = 11.77kN/m
qz = 11.77kN/m
Consider span 11- 12 (slab dead load)
Slab Panel 07
qz = q x 0.625 for triangular loading
lx = 4.663
q = 0.625 x 0.5 x 5.1 x 4.663 = 11.77kN/m
qz = 11.77kN/m
Consider span 12-13 (slab dead load)
Slab Panel 07
qz = q x 0.625 for triangular loading
lx = 4.663
q = 0.625 x 0.5 x 5.1 x 4.663 = 11.77kN/m
qz = 11.77kN/m

67
 DESIGN SHEET
PROJECT: Design of five storey Approval: Eng. Chacha
commercial building in
Mtanda, Lindi
DESIGNER MUHSIN D. YAHYA Date: JUNE,2022
:
CHECKED: Eng. Chacha & Arch A. Towo Sheet No. 38
4.0 FLOOR BEAM DESIGN
REF. CODE CALCULATION OUT PUT
Imposed loads from slabs (qk)
Consider span 9-10 (slab dead load)
Slab Panel 07
qz = q x 0.625 for triangular loading
lx = 4.663
q = 0.625 x 0.5 x 2.5 x 4.663 = 3.6kN/m
qz = 3.6kN/m
Consider span 10-11 (slab dead load)
Slab Panel 07
qz = q x 0.625 for triangular loading
lx = 4.663
q = 0.625 x 0.5 x 2.5 x 4.663 = 3.6kN/m
qz = 3.6kN/m
Consider span 11-12 (slab dead load)
Slab Panel 07
qz = q x 0.625 for triangular loading
lx = 4.663
q = 0.625 x 0.5 x 2.5 x 4.663 = 3.6kN/m
qz = 3.6kN/m
Consider span 12-13 (slab dead load)
Slab Panel 07
qz = q x 0.625 for triangular loading
lx = 4.663
q = 0.625 x 0.5 x 2.5 x 4.663 = 3.6kN/m
qz = 3.6kN/m

68
 DESIGN SHEET
PROJECT: Design of five storey Approval: Eng. Chacha
commercial building in
Mtanda, Lindi
DESIGNER MUHSIN D. YAHYA Date: JUNE,2022
:
CHECKED: Eng. Chacha & Arch A. Towo Sheet No. 39
4.0 FLOOR BEAM DESIGN
REF. CODE CALCULATION OUT PUT
BEAM LOAD SUMMARY (FB34)

SPAN 1.0gk + 1.0qk 1.4gk + 1.6qk 1.0gk

(kN/m) (kN/m) (kN/m)
8-9 16.58 23.21 16.58
9 – 10 31.95 45.45 28.35
10 - 11 31.95 45.45 28.35
11 - 12 31.95 45.45 28.35
12 - 13 31.95 45.45 28.35

Consider Combinations
CASE 1:
All spans with maximum load (1.4gk + 1.6qk)

Beamax
Software

Max Shear = 128.45kN

Max Sagging Moment = 76.67kNm
Max Hogging Moment = 104.86kNm

69
 DESIGN SHEET
PROJECT: Design of five storey Approval: Eng. Chacha
commercial building in
Mtanda, Lindi
DESIGNER MUHSIN D. YAHYA Date: JUNE,2022
:
CHECKED: Eng. Chacha & Arch A. Towo Sheet No. 40
4.0 FLOOR BEAM DESIGN
REF. CODE CALCULATION OUT PUT
CASE 2:
Alternative (1.0gk + 1.0qk) and (1.4gk + 1.6qk)

Beamax
Software

Max Shear = 110.67kN

Max Sagging Moment = 56.57kNm
Max Hogging Moment = 104.86kNm
CASE 3:

Alternative 1.4gk and 1.6gk and 1.0gk + 1.0qk

Beamax
Software

Max Shear = 125.16kN

Max Sagging moment = 82.84kNm
Max Hogging moment = 89.48kNm

70
 DESIGN SHEET
PROJECT: Design of five storey Approval: Eng. Chacha
commercial building in
Mtanda, Lindi
DESIGNER MUHSIN D. YAHYA Date: JUNE,2022
:
CHECKED: Eng. Chacha & Arch A. Towo Sheet No. 41
4.0 FLOOR BEAM DESIGN
REF. CODE CALCULATION OUT PUT
Effective breadth of flanged beam (bf): (L – Beam)
bf = web width + lz/10
lz = 0.7 x effective span
lz = 0.7 x 4663
bf = 230 + 0.7 x 4663/10
bf = 883mm
Determination of neutral axis (x)
z = d – 0.45x
x = (d – z)/0.45
z = d (0.5 + (0.25 – K/0.9 )1/2) ≤ 0.95d
But;
K = M/fcubfd2
K = (82.84 x 106)/25 x 883 x 4092
K = 0.033, take K = 0.043
K = 0.0145
Z = 0.95d = (0.95 x 409) = 388.55mm
z=
then;
388.55mm
x = (d – z)/0.45
x = 45.44mm
x=
x ˂ hf = 150mm hence the neutral axis lies within the flange 45.44mm
hence, Design as Normal Rectangular Section
OR;
MR = 0.45 x fcu x bf x hf x (d – 0.5hf)
MR = 0.45 x 25 x 883 x 150 (409 – 0.5 x 150)
MR =
MR = 497.68 kNm (Mapp < MR)
497.68kNm
Hence, Design Normal Rectangular Section

71
 DESIGN SHEET
PROJECT: Design of five storey Approval: Eng. Chacha
commercial building in
Mtanda, Lindi
DESIGNER MUHSIN D. YAHYA Date: JUNE,2022
:
CHECKED: Eng. Chacha & Arch A. Towo Sheet No. 42
4.0 FLOOR BEAM DESIGN
REF. CODE CALCULATION OUT PUT
Design of Sagging Reinforcement [At span]
Design as rectangular beam
As = M/0.87fyz
As = (82.84 x 106)/0.87 x 460 x 388.55
As = 532.74mm2
Provide 3Y16 Asprov = 603mm2 at the Bottom
Design of Hogging reinforcement [At support]
Moment = 104.86kNm
K = M/bd2fcu = 104.86𝑥106/230𝑥4092𝑥25 = 0.109
From lever arm table since 𝐾 < 𝐾′ Use K (singly reinforced) then
𝑧/𝑑 = 0.909, 𝑧 = 0.909𝑥409 = 371.78𝑚𝑚
Then, 𝐴𝑠 = 𝑀/0.87𝑓𝑦𝑧
As= 704.77𝑚𝑚2 Provide 4Y16 at support Asprov = 804𝑚𝑚2
Deflection check
Modification factor,
m. f = 0.55 + [(477 − 𝑓𝑠) /120(0.9 + 𝑀/𝑏𝑑2)] ≤ 2
But,
fs = 5/8𝑓𝑦𝑥𝐴𝑠. 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑/𝐴𝑠. 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑𝑥1/𝛽𝑏
fs = 5/8𝑥460𝑥 (532.74/603) 𝑥 (1/1) = 254
𝑀/(bd2) = 0.56
m. f = 0.55 + [(477−230)/ 120(0.9+0.8)] = 1.82
Determination of Allowable and Actual deflection
Actual deflection = span/d = 4663/409 = 11.4
Allowable deflection = (factor from table 3.1) x m.f Allowable
deflection = 26 x 1.82 = 47.32
Since 11.4 < 47.32 hence the beam is OK under deflection

72
 DESIGN SHEET
PROJECT: Design of five storey Approval: Eng. Chacha
commercial building in
Mtanda, Lindi
DESIGNER MUHSIN D. YAHYA Date: JUNE,2022
:
CHECKED: Eng. Chacha & Arch A. Towo Sheet No. 43
4.0 FLOOR BEAM DESIGN
REF. CODE CALCULATION OUT PUT
Shear check
Maximum shear = 128.45kN
Nominal shear, 𝑣 = 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥. / 𝑏𝑑 = 1.37N/𝑚𝑚2
Since Nominal shear, 𝑣 < 0.8𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑜𝑟5𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 hence Nominal
shear is OK
Determination of concrete shear capacity, v𝑐
vc = [0.79(100Asprov/bd)1/3(400/d)1/4(fcu/25)1/3]/1.25
vc = 0.54N/mm2

Condition satisfied
𝑉𝑐 + 0.4 < 𝑣 < 0.8𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑜𝑟 5𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
Asv ≥ bvSv (v-vc)/0.87fyv
Sv ≤ Asv 0.87fyv/ bv(v-vc)
Asv = 101mm2 (2-legged 8mm link)
Sv ≤ (101 x 0.87 x 460)/ 230(1.37 – 0.54)
Sv ≤ 211mm
Say 200mm
Provide Y8- 200mm c/c links.
Check,
Sv < 0.75d = (0.75 x 409) = 307mm
Sv = 200mm < 307mm (OK)
Summary
As.𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 532.74𝑚𝑚2 Provide 3Y16 at span As𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 603𝑚𝑚2
As.𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 704.77𝑚𝑚2 Provide 4Y16 at support As𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 804𝑚𝑚2
Provide Y8- 200mm c/c links

73
 DESIGN SHEET
PROJECT: Design of five storey Approval: Eng. Chacha
commercial building in
Mtanda, Lindi
DESIGNER MUHSN D. YAHYA Date: JUNE,2022
:
CHECKED: Eng. Chacha & Arch A. Towo Sheet No. 44
5.0 COLUMN DESIGN
REF. CODE CALCULATION OUT PUT
COLUMN DESIGN
Consider the column below

Assumption
Column size (300mm x 300mm), Column height 4.0m
𝑓𝑐𝑢 = 25𝑁/𝑚𝑚2, 𝑓𝑦 = 460𝑁/𝑚𝑚2, 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 = 25𝑚𝑚

74
 DESIGN SHEET
PROJECT: Design of five storey Approval: Eng. Chacha
commercial building
DESIGNER MUHSIN D. YAHYA Date: JUNE,2022
:
CHECKED: Eng. Chacha & Arch A. Towo Sheet No. 45
5.0 COLUMN DESIGN
REF. CODE CALCULATION OUT PUT
For X-X direction the column satisfies end condition 1 such that
𝛽 = 0.75
BS:8110
Effective length 𝑙𝑒𝑥 = 𝛽𝑙𝑜 = 0.75𝑥3550 = 2662.5𝑚𝑚
𝑙𝑒𝑥 2662.5𝑚𝑚 𝑙𝑒𝑥
= = 8.88 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 ≤ 15
ℎ 300𝑚𝑚 ℎ

Hence the column is short and braced

Column condition [Loading]
𝑤𝑙
𝑁𝑥 = + column self weight
2
But
Column self-weight = Density of concrete 𝑥 ℎ 𝑥 𝑤 𝑥 𝑏
= (24𝑥0.3𝑥0.3𝑥3.55) x5 = 39.4𝑘𝑁
At roof
Loading
𝑤 𝑥 𝑙 26.64𝑥2.873 26.64𝑥4.663
= + = 100𝑘𝑁
2 2 2
At 2nd floor Loading (3rd ,4th similar)
𝑤 𝑥 𝑙 46.48𝑥2.873 46.48𝑥4.663
= + = 156.83𝑘𝑁
2 2 2
At 1nd floor Loading
𝑤 𝑥 𝑙 46.48𝑥2.873 46.48𝑥4.663
= + =156.83
2 2 2

Total load at X-direction

𝑁𝑥 = [100.38+(156.83 x 3) + 156.83] + 6.8 = 727.70𝑘𝑁
727kN

75
 DESIGN SHEET
PROJECT: Design of five storey Approval: Eng. Chacha
commercial building in
Mtanda, Lindi
DESIGNER MUHSIN D. YAHYA Date: JUNE,2022
:
CHECKED: Eng. Chacha & Arch A. Towo Sheet No. 46
4.0 FLOOR BEAM DESIGN
REF. CODE CALCULATION OUT PUT
Column moments about X
2
FEM = 𝑤𝑙 ⁄12
Where
𝑤𝑙 2 46.48 𝑥 2.8732
FEMD-B = = = 31.97kNm
12 12
𝑤𝑙2 38.63 𝑥 4.6632
FEMD-B = = = 70kNm
12 12

The Stiffness factor, K about X

0.5 𝑥 𝐼 1
𝑏
KbD-B = 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ(𝐷−𝐵) but Ib = 12 𝑥 𝑏ℎ3
1 𝑥 230 𝑥 4503
0.5( )
12
KbD-B = = 303.96 x 103 mm3
2873
1 𝑥 230 𝑥 4503
0.5( )
12
KbE-B = = 187.28 x 103 mm3
4663
1 𝑥 300 𝑥 3003
1.0( )
12
KbA-B = = 168.75 x 103 mm3
4000
1 𝑥 300 𝑥 3003
1.0( )
12
KbA-B = = 187.28 x 103 mm3
3600

Determine column distribution factor rA-B

𝑘𝐴−𝐵
rA-B = ∑𝑘

∑ 𝑘 = [303.96 + 187.28 + 168.75 + 187.28] x 103

∑ 𝑘 = 847.49 x 103 mm3
168.75 𝑋 103
Therefore, distribution factor; rA-B = 847.49 𝑋 103 = 0.2

Moment about X-X, Mx = [FEMD-B – FEME-B] x rA-B

Mx = [70 – 31.97] x 0.2 = 7.6kNm

76
 DESIGN SHEET
PROJECT: Design of five storey Approval: Eng. Chacha
commercial building
DESIGNER MUHSIN D. YAHYA Date: JUNE,2022
:
CHECKED: Eng. Chacha & Arch A. Towo Sheet No. 47
5.0 COLUMN DESIGN
REF. CODE CALCULATION OUT PUT
∑ 𝑘 = [303.96 + 187.28 + 168.75 + 187.28] x 103
∑ 𝑘 = 847.49 x 103 mm3
168.75 𝑋 103
Therefore, distribution factor; rA-B = = 0.2
847.49 𝑋 103

Moment about X-X, Mx = [FEMD-B – FEME-B] x rA-B

Mx = [70 – 31.97] x 0.2 = 7.6kNm

Now consider about Y-Y axis

77
 DESIGN SHEET
PROJECT: Design of five storey Approval: Eng. Chacha
commercial building
DESIGNER MUHSIN D. YAHYA Date: JUNE,2022
:
CHECKED: Eng. Chacha & Arch A. Towo Sheet No. 48
5.0 COLUMN DESIGN
REF. CODE CALCULATION OUT PUT
For Y-Y direction the column satisfies end condition 1 such that
𝛽 = 0.75
Effective length 𝑙𝑒𝑥 = 𝛽𝑙𝑜 = 0.75𝑥3650 = 2738𝑚𝑚
𝑙𝑒𝑥 3550𝑚𝑚 𝑙𝑒𝑥
BS:8110 = = 8.88 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 ≤ 15
ℎ 300𝑚𝑚 ℎ

Hence the column is short and braced

Column condition [Loading]
𝑤𝑙
𝑁𝑦 = + column self weight
2
But
Column self weight= Density of concrete 𝑥 ℎ 𝑥 𝑤 𝑥 𝑏
= (24𝑥0.3𝑥0.3𝑥3.55)x 5 =39.74𝑘𝑁
At roof
Loading
𝑤𝑥𝑙 26.64𝑥5.83 26.64𝑥2.73
= + = 114.0𝑘𝑁
2 2 2
At 2nd floor Loading (3rd, 4th similar)
𝑤 𝑥 𝑙 68.41𝑥5.83 21.9𝑥2.73
= + =229.3𝑘𝑁
2 2 2
At 1st floor Loading
𝑤 𝑥 𝑙 68.4𝑥5.83 21.9𝑥2.73
= + =229.3𝑘𝑁
2 2 2

Total load at Y-direction

𝑁𝑦 = [114 + (229.3 x 3) + 229.3] = 1031.2𝑘𝑁 1031.2kN

78
 DESIGN SHEET
PROJECT: Design of five storey Approval: Eng. Chacha
commercial building
DESIGNER MUHSIN D. YAHYA Date: JUNE,2022
:
CHECKED: Eng. Chacha & Arch A. Towo Sheet No. 49
4.0 FLOOR BEAM DESIGN
REF. CODE CALCULATION OUT PUT
Column moments about X
2
FEM = 𝑤𝑙 ⁄12
Where
𝑤𝑙2 64.41 𝑥 5.832
FEMD-B = = = 193.77kNm
12 12
𝑤𝑙2 21.9 𝑥 2.732
FEMD-B = = = 13.6kNm
12 12

The Stiffness factor, K about X

0.5 𝑥 𝐼 1
𝑏
KbD-B = 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ(𝐷−𝐵) but Ib = 12 𝑥 𝑏ℎ3
1 𝑥 450 𝑥 2303
0.5( )
12
KbD-B = = 39.13 x 103 mm3
5830
1 𝑥 450 𝑥 2303
0.5( )
12
KbE-B = = 83.56 x 103 mm3
2730
1 𝑥 300 𝑥 3003
1.0( )
12
KbA-B = = 168.75 x 103 mm3
4000
1 𝑥 300 𝑥 3003
1.0( )
12
KbA-B = = 187.28 x 103 mm3
3600

Determine column distribution factor rA-B

𝑘𝐴−𝐵
rA-B = ∑𝑘

79
 DESIGN SHEET
PROJECT: Design of five storey Approval: Eng. Chacha
commercial building
DESIGNER MUHSIN D. YAHYA Date: JUNE,2022
:
CHECKED: Eng. Chacha & Arch A. Towo Sheet No. 50
5.0 COLUMN DESIGN
REF. CODE CALCULATION OUT PUT

∑𝑘 = [39.13 + 83.56 + 168.75 + 187.28] 𝑥103

BS:8110 ∑𝑘 = 477.94𝑥103
168.75x103
therefore, distribution factor, 𝑟𝑐 = = 0.35
477.94𝑥103

Moment about Y-Y, 𝑀𝑦 − 𝑦 = [FEME−B - FEMD−B] x 𝑟A-B

𝑀𝑦 = [193.77 – 13.6] 𝑥 0.35 = 63.065𝑘𝑁𝑚

𝑁 = 𝑁𝑥 + 𝑁𝑦

𝑁 = 727 + 1031.2 = 1758.2kN 1758.2kN

Design of reinforcement

To find effective depth, d

d = h – c – Ф/2 – Ф = 300-25-16/2–8=259mm

𝑑 259
= = 0.9
ℎ 300
Determination 𝑁/𝑏ℎ
𝑁 1625𝑥103
= = 20𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝑏ℎ 300𝑥300

Determination of greater moment between Mx and My

From
𝑀𝑥 𝑀𝑦
𝑎𝑛𝑑
ℎ′ 𝑏′

80
 DESIGN SHEET
PROJECT: Design of five storey Approval: Eng. Chacha
commercial building
DESIGNER MUHSIN D. YAHYA Date: JUNE,2022
:
CHECKED: Eng. Chacha & Arch A. Towo Sheet No. 51
5.0 COLUMN DESIGN
REF. CODE CALCULATION OUT PUT

BS:8110 𝑀𝑥 0.26𝑥106
= = 1.01𝑥103 𝑎𝑛𝑑
ℎ′ 257

𝑀𝑦 84.81𝑥106
= = 330𝑥103
𝑏′ 257
Since
𝑀𝑥 𝑀𝑦
< ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑀𝑦
ℎ′ 𝑏′
Determination of moment about Y
𝛽ℎ′
𝑀𝑦′ = 𝑀𝑦 + 𝑀𝑥
𝑏′
𝑁 1625𝑥103
but = = 0.72
𝑏ℎ𝑓𝑐𝑢 300𝑥300𝑥25
From table 3.24 the value of coefficient 𝛽 = 0.3
0.3𝑥257
𝑀𝑦′ = 84.81 + 𝑥0.26 = 84.9𝑘𝑁𝑚
257

Design of reinforcement

𝑀 84.9𝑥106
= = 3.1
𝑏ℎ2 300𝑥3002
100𝐴𝑠
= 3.5 from column design chart
𝑏ℎ
300𝑥300𝑥3.5
𝐴𝑠 = = 3150𝑚𝑚2
100 3930𝑚𝑚2
Provide
Provide 8T25 As= 3930𝑚𝑚2 8Y25

81
 DESIGN SHEET
PROJECT: Design of five storey Approval: Eng. Chacha
commercial building
DESIGNER MUHSIN D. YAHYA Date: JUNE,2022
:
CHECKED: Eng. Chacha & Arch A. Towo Sheet No. 52
5.0 COLUMN DESIGN
REF. CODE CALCULATION OUT PUT
Spacing of stirrup/Links
From Link Spacing =12d, but diameter of steel d=25
12𝑥25 = 300𝑚𝑚
BS:8110
Provide link spacing 200mm Link=1/4xdiameter
= 1 / 4 x 2 5 = 6.25mm Provide
Y8-200 c/c
Provide link T8-250mm c/c
Summary for column Reinforcement
Provide 8T25 As= 3930𝑚𝑚2
Provide link T8-200mm c/c

82
 DESIGN SHEET
PROJECT: Design of five storey Approval: Eng. Chacha
commercial building
DESIGNER MUHSIN D. YAHYA Date: JUNE,2022
:
CHECKED: Eng. Chacha & Arch A. Towo Sheet No. 53
6.0 FOUNDATION DESIGN
REF. CODE CALCULATION OUT PUT
PAD FOUNDATION
Consider the data below
The Ultimate axial load, N=1798kN
The Ultimate Moment M=84.90kN
Characteristic strength of concrete fcu = 25N/mm2
Characteristic strength of steel fy = 460N/mm2
Safe bearing capacity of soil P = 150N/mm2

Determination of serviceability limit state

Serviceablity axial load

N 1798
= = = 1284.70kN
factor 1.4
Serviceablity Moment
M 84.9
= = 53kNm
factor 1.6
Assumed footing weight= 10% x ultimate load
10
x 1284.70 = 128.47kN
100
Total load at serviceability = 1284.7 + 128.47 = 1413.17kN
Determination of footing size
From
N 6M
P= +
BD BD2
But P = 150N/mm2 Assume the footing is square therefore B=D
N 6M 1413.17 6 x 53
P= 2 + 3 150 = +
D D D2 D3

83
 DESIGN SHEET
PROJECT: Design of five storey Approval: Eng. Chacha
commercial building
DESIGNER MUHSIN D. YAHYA Date: JUNE,2022
:
CHECKED: Eng. Chacha & Arch A. Towo Sheet No. 54
6.0 FOUNDATION DESIGN
REF. CODE CALCULATION OUT PUT

150D3 + 0D2 – 1413.17D − 318 = 0

By solving the equation above the value of D = 3.176m
Hence provide a square footing base with 3.5m
Vol. of base = 3.2m x 3.2m x 0.8m

Determination of actual soil pressure

N 6M
From P = +
BD BD2

N 6M 1648.2 6𝑥53
P= + = + = 142kN/m2
BD BD2
3.5𝑥3.5 3.5𝑥3.52

Since actual pressure < Soil bearing pressure Such that

142kN/m2 < 150kN/m2
Check for eccentricity, e
From eccentricity
M 53
e= = = 0.0268
N 1978.5
D 3.0m
but = = 0.5
6 6

84
 DESIGN SHEET
PROJECT: Design of five storey Approval: Eng. Chacha
commercial building
DESIGNER MUHSIN D. YAHYA Date: JUNE,2022
:
CHECKED: Eng. Chacha & Arch A. Towo Sheet No. 55
6.0 FOUNDATION DESIGN
REF. CODE CALCULATION OUT PUT

Since eccentricity
D
e < such that 0.026 < 0.5
6
Checking for footing weight [Actual footing weight]
Footing weight = Density of concrete x Area of footing x height
but height of pad
Projection 1350
= = = 675mm
2 2
Therefore, footing weight= 24x3.5x3.5x 0.8 = 235.2kN
Since Actual footing weight < Assumed footing weight
235kN < 272.9kN OK
For Ultimate limit state
Determination of Maximum bending moment
Bending Moment
[Ultimate stress x Pad size x Projection2]
BM =
2
but Ultimate stress is given by
N 6M
P= +
BD BD2
10
but N= x 1799 + 1799 = 1979kN
100
N 6M 1979 6𝑥84.9
therefore Ultimate stress, P = + = +
BD BD2 3..5𝑥3.5 3.5𝑥3.52
.
Ultimate stress = 173.43kN/m2

85
 DESIGN SHEET
PROJECT: Design of five storey Approval: Eng. Chacha
commercial building
DESIGNER MUHSIN D. YAHYA Date: JUNE,2022
:
CHECKED: Eng. Chacha & Arch A. Towo Sheet No. 56
6.0 FOUNDATION DESIGN
REF. CODE CALCULATION OUT PUT

Maximum Bending Moment

[Ultimate stress x Pad size x Projection2]
BM =
2
[173.43kN/m2 x 1.0m x 1.62]
BM = = 222.0kNm/m
2

To find effective depth, d

d = h –c – Ф/2 = 800-50-16/2 = 742mm
Determination, K
6
M 222.0𝑥10
K= = 1000𝑥7422𝑥25 = 0.016
bd2fcu

From lever arm table Since K < K′ then use

𝑧/𝑑 = 0.95, 𝑧 = 0.95𝑥742 = 704.9mm Then,

M 222.0x106
As = = = 787mm2
0.87fyz 0.87x460x704.9

Asreq = 787mm2 Provide Y16– 175 c/c As = 1149mm2

Distribution bars

from
0.13bh 0.13x1000x800
As. min = = = 1040mm2
100 100

Provide Y16 − 175 c/c 1149mm2

86
 DESIGN SHEET
PROJECT: Design of five storey Approval: Eng. Chacha
commercial building
DESIGNER MUHSIN D. YAHYA Date: JUNE,2022
:
CHECKED: Eng. Chacha & Arch A. Towo Sheet No. 57
6.0 FOUNDATION DESIGN
REF. CODE CALCULATION OUT PUT

Punching shear check

Determination of critical Perimeter
Critical Perimeter = Column perimeter + 8x1.5d
Column perimeter = (300𝑥4) + 8𝑥1.5𝑥640 = 8880𝑚𝑚
Area within perimeter (h + 3d)2 = (300 + 3𝑥640)2 = 4.9𝑥106
Area within perimeter = 4.9x106mm2 = 4.9m2
Total Area (base area)= [3.5m x 3.5m] = 1225m2
Determination of Punching shear force, 𝑣
𝑣 = Ultimate stress 𝑥 (Total area − Area within perimeter)
𝑣 = 345.3kN/m2 𝑥 ( 9m2 − 4.9m2) = 1415.73kN

Punching shear stress is given by

[Punching shear force] [1415.73𝑥103]

= = 0.249
[critical perimeter x d] [8880𝑥640]

Punching shear= 0.249N/mm2

Determination of critical shear Vc

1 1
100xAsprov 3 400 4 fcu 1/3
Vc = 0.79/1.25 [ ] x[ ] x [ ]
bd d 25
1 1 1
100𝑥4596 3 400 4 25 3
𝑉𝑐 = 0.79/1.25 [ ] 𝑥 [ ] 𝑥 [25 ]
3000𝑥640 640

= 0.578N/mm2

Since punching shear < Critical shear such that 0.249 < 0.578

87
 DESIGN SHEET
PROJECT: Design of five storey Approval: Eng. Chacha
commercial building
DESIGNER MUHSIN D. YAHYA Date: JUNE,2022
:
CHECKED: Eng. Chacha & Arch A. Towo Sheet No. 58
6.0 FOUNDATION DESIGN
REF. CODE CALCULATION OUT PUT
Nominal shear check
Nominal shear,
Ultimate load 2729 x 103
𝑣= = = 3.55N/mm2
Column perimeter x d (300x4) x640

Since Nominal shear, 𝑣 < 0.8𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑜𝑟5𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 such that

3.55N/mm2 < 0.8fcu OR 5N/mm2 hence Nominal shear
is OK
Conclusion
Provide 3500mmx3500mmx800mm

88
 DESIGN SHEET
PROJECT: Design of five storey Approval: Eng. Chacha
commercial building
DESIGNER MUHSIN D. YAHYA Date: JUNE,2022
:
CHECKED: Eng. Chacha & Arch A. Towo Sheet No. 59
7.0 STAIR DESIGN
REF. CODE CALCULATION OUT PUT

Consider a stair below

For comfort stair the dimensions should be within the following

rules
R ≤ 190𝑚𝑚G
≥ 225𝑚𝑚
nR ≤ 16 per flight
α ≤ 380
From the stair above
Riser = 150𝑚𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 Going 270𝑚𝑚

89
 DESIGN SHEET
PROJECT: Design of five storey Approval: Eng. Chacha
commercial building
DESIGNER MUHSIN D, YAHYA Date: JUNE,2022
:
CHECKED: Eng. Chacha & Arch A. Towo Sheet No. 60
7.0 STAIR DESIGN
REF. CODE CALCULATION OUT PUT
Determine of angle 𝛼
from
𝑅𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑟
𝛼 = tan−1
𝐺𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑅𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑟 150
𝛼 = tan−1 = tan−1 = 290
𝐺𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑔 270

Determination of factor

1 1
factor = = = 1.14
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠290
Landing
waist = waist thickness x Density of concrete x factor
waist = 0.15 x 24 x 1.14 = 4.104kN/m2
Steps = 1/2 x riser x Density of concrete
= 1/2 x 0.15 x 24 = 1.8kN/m2
𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑠 = 1.8𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
Total dead load on flight, gk = 4.104 + 1.8 + 1.8 = 7.704kN/𝑚2
Imposed load on flight = 4kN/m2
n =1.4gk + 1.6qk = 1.4 x 7.704 + 1.6 x 4 = 17.19kN/m2
Consider the statical system below
Note : Stair is designed as a strip of 1m

Engi Lab
Software

90
 DESIGN SHEET
PROJECT: Design of five storey Approval: Eng. Chacha
commercial building
DESIGNER MUHSIN D. YAHYA Date: JUNE2022
:
CHECKED: Eng. Chacha & Arch A. Towo Sheet No. 61
7.0 STAIR DESIGN
REF. CODE CALCULATION OUT PUT

EngiLab
Software

Maximum moment = 26.74kN/m2

Design of reinforcement at flight
Now
𝜃 12
𝑑 − ℎ − 𝑐 − = 150 − 20 − = 124𝑚𝑚
2 2
Determination, K
K = M/bd2fcu

26.74𝑥106
= = 0.07
1000𝑥1242𝑥25
From lever arm table
𝑧/𝑑 = 0.915, 𝑧 = 0.915𝑥124 = 113.46𝑚𝑚 Then,
𝑀 26.74𝑥106
𝐴𝑠 = = = 588.90𝑚𝑚2
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑧 0.87𝑥460𝑥113.46
As𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 588.90𝑚𝑚2 Provide T12 – 175 c/c As= 646𝑚𝑚2

91
 DESIGN SHEET
PROJECT: Design of five storey Approval: Eng. Chacha
commercial building
DESIGNER MUHSIN D. YAHYA Date: JUNE,2022
:
CHECKED: Eng. Chacha & Arch A. Towo Sheet No. 62
7.0 STAIR DESIGN
REF. CODE CALCULATION OUT PUT
Deflection check
From Modification factor,
(477−𝑓𝑠)
m. f = 0.55 + [ ]≤2 But,
𝑀
120(0.9+ )
𝑏𝑑2

fs = 5/8fyxAs. required/As. providedx1/βb

fs = 5/8x460x588.9/646 x1/1 = 262.09

M 26.74 x 106
= = 1.74
bd2 1000x1242
(477 − 262.09)
m. f = 0.55 + [ ] = 1.23
120(0.9 + 1.74 )

Determination of Allowable deflection and Actual deflection

Actual deflection = span /[Link]

Span = [2430 + 0.5 x 1200 + 0.5 x 1500] = 3780mm

= 3780/124 = 30.48

Allowable deflection= (factor from table 3.10) x m.f

Allowable deflection = 26 x1.23= 31.98
Since 30.48 < 31.98 hence the stair is OK under deflection
Distribution bars

from

0.13bh 0.13x1000x150
As. min = = = 195mm2
100 100

Provide T10 − 250 c/c 314mm2

92
 DESIGN SHEET
PROJECT: Design of five storey Approval: Eng. Chacha
commercial building
DESIGNER MUHSIN D. YAHYA Date: JUNE,2022
:
CHECKED: Eng. Chacha & Arch A. Towo Sheet No. 63
7.0 STAIR DESIGN
REF. CODE CALCULATION OUT PUT
Landing design
Slab dead load = thickness x density of concrete x strip of 1metre
BS 6399-1
0.15 x 24 x 1 = 3.6kN/𝑚2
Finishes provision = 1.8kN/m2

Total dead load gk = 3,6 + 1.8 = 5.4kN/m2

Imposed load on landing = 4kN/m2

Design load n = 1.4gk + 1.6qk
n = 1.4 x 5.4 + 1.6 x 4 = 13.96kN/m2
Design load from stairs (ns)
[stair UDLx landing depth]
ns =
[width x effective length of landing]
[17.19x 1.3]
𝑛𝑠 = = 12.97kN/m2
0.39
[1.2 x (1.3 + )]
2
Total design load = landing design load + design load from stair
Total design load =13.96 + 12.97 = 26.93kN/m2
Consider a diagram below
EngiLab
Software

93
 DESIGN SHEET
PROJECT: Design of five storey Approval: Eng. Chacha
commercial building
DESIGNER MUHSIN D. YAHYA Date: JUNE,2022
:
CHECKED: Eng. Chacha & Arch A. Towo Sheet No. 64
7.0 STAIR DESIGN
REF. CODE CALCULATION OUT PUT

Maximum moment = 30.09kN/m2

BS 6399-1
Design of reinforcement
from
𝜃 12
𝑑−ℎ−𝑐− = 150 − 20 − = 124𝑚𝑚2
2
Determination, K
K = M/bd2fcu

30.09𝑥106
= = 0.08
1000𝑥1242𝑥25
From lever arm table
𝑧/𝑑 = 0.901, 𝑧 = 0.901𝑥124 = 111.724𝑚𝑚 Then,
𝑀 30.09𝑥106
𝐴𝑠 = = = 672.97𝑚𝑚2
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑧 0.87𝑥460𝑥111.724
As𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 672.97𝑚𝑚2 Provide T12 – 150 c/c As= 754𝑚𝑚2

Distribution bars

from

0.13bh 0.13x1000x150
As. min = = = 195mm2
100 100

Provide T10 − 250 c/c 314mm2

94
 DESIGN SHEET
PROJECT: Design of five storey Approval: Eng. Chacha
commercial building in
Mtanda, Lindi
DESIGNER MUHSIN D. YAHYA Date: JUNE,2022
:
CHECKED: Eng. Chacha & Arch A. Towo Sheet No. 65
8.0 SHEAR WALL DESIGN
REF. CODE CALCULATION OUT PUT
DESIGN DATA:

Condition of exposure: mild

BS 8110 P1
:1997 Nominal cover: 25mm

Fire resistance: 2hrs

Strength of concrete fcu: 25N/mm2

Strength of reinforcement fy: 460N/mm2

Main bar diameter = 12mm

DIMENSIONS:

Height of a building = 20.8 mm

Height of storey = 3.6m
Breadth b = 230mm
Number of storey = 5
Floor Construction = No slabs and Floor beams supported by walls
Dead load, gk (From the shear wall self-weight only)

= 24 x 0.23 x 2.61 [4 + (4 x 3.6)]

= 265.09kN

Imposed Load, qk (From the lift-imposed load only)

= (Lift imposed load) x (Influence Area) x (No. of floors)

= 2.5kN/m2 x (2.61 x 1.055) x 5

= 34kN

95
 DESIGN SHEET
PROJECT: Design of five storey Approval: Eng. Chacha
commercial building in
Mtanda, Lindi
DESIGNER MUHSIN D. YAHYA Date: JUNE,2022
:
CHECKED: Eng. Chacha & Arch A. Towo Sheet No. 66
4.0 SHEAR WALL DESIGN
REF. CODE CALCULATION OUT PUT
Wind Load, wk:
Dynamic pressure (qs) = 0.613Ve2 = 0.613Vd2
= 0.84kN/m2
TABLE Total Wind Load (wk) = 0.85Ca [Cpe front – Cpe rear] qs(1 + Cr)A
BS6399-1,
1996 Ca = 0.87, Kb = 1.0, a = 52.63m, Cr = 0.02
Cpe front = +0.85, Cpe rear = -0.5
Then,
wk = 0.85 x 0.087 [0.85 – -0.5] 0.84(1 + 0.02) x (48.385 x 20.75)
wk = 858.78kN
Moment at the Base due to wind:
M = wk x H/2 = 858.78 x 20.8/2
M = 8931.312kNm
Combinations:

Case 1:

N=1.2(qk+gk+wk)

N=1.2(34+265.09) = 358.9kN

M = 1.2 x 8931.312 = 10717.57KNm

N 358.9x103
= = 0.6N/mm2
bh 230x2610
M 10717.57x106
= = 6.84
bh2 230x26102

96
 DESIGN SHEET
PROJECT: Design of five storey Approval: Eng. Chacha
commercial building in
Mtanda, Lindi
DESIGNER MUHSIN D. YAHYA Date: JUNE,2022
:
CHECKED: Eng. Chacha & Arch A. Towo Sheet No. 67
4.0 SHEAR WALL DESIGN
REF. CODE CALCULATION OUT PUT
Case 2:
Handbook 10th
N=1.4(gk + wk)
Edition,
N=1.4(265.09) = 371.126kN
Charles
Reynolds and M = 1.4 x 8931.312 = 12503.84KNm
N 371.12x103
James C = = 0.62N/mm2
bh 230x2610
Steadman, M 12503.84x106
= =8
bh2 230x26102
BRU

Case 3:

N=1.0gk + 1.4wk)

N=1.0(265.09) = 265.09kN

M = 1.4 x 8931.312 = 12503.84KNm

N 265.09x103
= = 0.44N/mm2
bh 230x2610
M 12503.84x106
= =8
bh2 230x26102

d = h-c-Ølink-Ø/2
=2610-25-8-12/2 = 2571mm
d/h=2571/2610 = 0.95

97
 DESIGN SHEET
PROJECT: Design of five storey Approval: Eng. Chacha
commercial building in
Mtanda, Lindi
DESIGNER MUHSIN D. YAHYA Date: JUNE,2022
:
CHECKED: Eng. Chacha & Arch A. Towo Sheet No. 68
4.0 SHEAR WALL DESIGN
REF. CODE CALCULATION OUT PUT
Combination Summary:

CASE 1 CASE 2 CASE 3

N/bh 0.6 0.62 0.44

m/bh2 6.84 8.0 8.0

100Asc/bh 0.4 0.4 0.4

Reinforcement Provision:

100Asc/bh = 0.4
Asc = 0.4bh/100
Prvide
Asc = 0.4×230×2610/2×100 x 2.61 = 460mm2/m Y12-200
c/c
Provide 2 Rows of Y12-200c/c

Asprov = 565mm2/m

Distribution Bars:

As = 0.13bh/100
As = (0.13x1000x150)/100

Asreq = 195mm2 Provide Y10 at 200 c/c As = 314mm2/m

98
 CHAPTER SIX

6 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

6.1 CONCLUSION
The design of the five storey commercial building (Mtanda Complex) has been done and the
specific objectives have been achieved. The basic structural elements (flat roof slab, beams,
Floor slabs, columns, shear wall and pad foundation) have been designed manually in
accordance with British standards (BS 8110).

The selection of the element designed was based on the critical loading case in accordance with
BS 8110 -1:1997 for concrete, and BS6399 part 1,2 and 3 for wind and live loads.

The detailing of the designed elements was done by using AutoCAD software and all drawings
represented in accordance to the BS8666.

Below is the summary of the structural elements that have been designed in this project.

MEMBER SIZE (mm) GRADE REINFORCEMENT

COLUMN 300 x 300 25 Y16
Y20
Y25
BEAM 230 x 450 25 Y16
Y20
Y25
PAD FOOTING 3500 x 3500 25 Y16
d = 800 Y20
FLOOR SLAB d = 150 25 Y10
ROOF SLAB d =150 25 Y10

STAIR d =150 25 Y12

Y10
SHEAR WALL 230 x 2610 25 Y12
230 x 2110 Y10

6.2 RECOMMENDATION
For better and effective structural results to be attained, all design specifications and standards
should be followed during construction and also adhere to all the site conditions/parameters
obtained from the collected data.

99
REFERENCES

Mosley, W.H. and Bungey, J.H. (1987) Reinforced Concrete Design, 3rd Edition, Macmillan,
London.

Reynolds, C.E. and Steedman, J.C. (1988), Reinforced Concrete Designer’s Handbook, 10th
Edition, E & F Spon, London
DIT, Manual for Reinforced Concrete Design and Construction (1993),

Institution of structural Engineering- Manual for the Design of Reinforced Concrete Building,

Kassimali, A. (2011), Structural Analysis (Fourth ed.). Stamford: Cengage Learning.

McKenzie. (2004), Design of Structural Elements (First ed.). New York: PALGRAVE
MACMILLAN.

British standards 8110: 1997: Part 1

British standards 5268 :1984: Part 2, Code of Practice for Permissible, Stress design, Material
and Workmanship.

British standards 6399 :1996: Part 1, Code of Practice for dead loads and Imposed loads

Mac Ginley T.J. and Choo B.S. (1990), Reinforced Concrete Design Theory and Examples, 2nd
Edition, London

100
 APPENDIX A

GEOTECHNICAL/SOIL REPORT SUMMARY

101
 APPENDIX B

ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS

102
 APPENDIX C

STRUCTURAL DRAWINGS

103