Problem Solving using Python
(ITFC0101)
Dictionary
Dr. Naveen Kumar Gupta
Assistant Professor
Department of Information Technology
Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology Jalandhar
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Dictionary Operations and Methods
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• Dictionary uses hashing internally
• Similar to hashmap in java
• Key is unique but value may be repeated
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Dictionary Methods
Functions Name Descriptions
clear() Removes all items from the dictionary
copy() Returns a shallow copy of the dictionary
fromkeys() Creates a dictionary from the given sequence
get() Returns the value for the given key
items() Return the list with all dictionary keys with values
Returns a view object that displays a list of all the keys in the
keys()
dictionary in order of insertion
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Dictionary Methods
Functions
Descriptions
Name
pop() Returns and removes the element with the given key
popitem() Returns and removes the key-value pair from the dictionary
Returns the value of a key if the key is in the dictionary else inserts
setdefault()
the key with a value to the dictionary
values() Updates the dictionary with the elements from another dictionary
update() Returns a list of all the values available in a given dictionary
del keyword Delete specific item. del d1[4]
len() Number of items in dictionary
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Dictionary Methods
fromkeys(seq, val)
• Seq: sequence to be transformed into a dictionary //Keys
• Val: Initial values need to be assigned to keys
• Defaults 🡪 None
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Dictionary Methods
fromkeys(seq, val)
• Creates a new dictionary from the given sequence
• Returns the dictionary with key mapped and specific value
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Dictionary Methods
fromkeys 🡪 behavior with mutable objects
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Dictionary Methods
Dictionary Creation: Difference between fromkeys & Comprehension
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Dictionary Methods
clear()
• Remove all the elements (key-value pairs) from a dictionary
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Dictionary Methods
copy()
• Shallow copy: An object is a copy that shares
same references as original object
• copy() method returns a shallow copy of
dictionary
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Difference between Shallow copy and Deep copy
Shallow Copy Deep Copy
Shallow Copy stores the references of objects to
Deep copy stores copies of the object’s value.
the original memory address.
Shallow Copy reflects changes made to the Deep copy doesn’t reflect changes made to the
new/copied object in the original object. new/copied object in the original object.
Shallow Copy stores the copy of the original Deep copy stores the copy of the original object
object and points the references to the objects. and recursively copies the objects as well.
A shallow copy is faster. Deep copy is comparatively slower.
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Dictionary Methods
get()
• Return the value for the given key if present in the dictionary
• If not present 🡪 return None
• With Default Parameter
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Dictionary Methods
get(): Difference with square brackets
• KeyError for non-exist value
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Dictionary Methods
items()
• Retrieves a view object containing a list of tuples
• Each tuple represents a key-value pair from the dictionary
• A convenient and efficient way to access both the keys and values of a dictionary
simultaneously
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Dictionary Methods
keys()
• Returns a view object with dictionary keys
• Allowing efficient access and iteration
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Dictionary Methods
values()
• Returns a view object containing all dictionary values
• Accessed and iterated efficiently
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Dictionary Methods
pop()
• Removes and retrieves the value linked with a given key from a dictionary
• If key is not present 🡪 can set an optional default value to be returned
• del doesn’t return
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Dictionary Methods
popitem()
• Eliminates and returns a (key, value) pair from the dictionary
• pop() method requires a key
• popitem() takes out a pair (last inserted element) without requiring a
key
• del doesn’t return
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Dictionary Methods
setdefault()
• Returns the value of a key (if the key is in dictionary)
• Otherwise, it inserts a key with the default value to the dictionary
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Dictionary Methods
setdefault()
• Returns the value of a key (if the key is in dictionary)
• Otherwise, it inserts a key with the default value to the dictionary
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Dictionary Methods
update()
• Updates the key-value pairs of a dictionary
• using elements from another dictionary
• (or) an iterable of key-value pairs
• Can include new data or merge it with existing dictionary entries
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Dictionary Methods
update()
• Updates the key-value
pairs of a dictionary
• using an iterable of
key-value pairs
• Can include new data or
merge it with existing
dictionary entries
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Dictionary Methods
update()
• Include new data or
merge it with existing
dictionary entries
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Dictionary Methods
Functions
Descriptions
Name
values() Updates the dictionary with the elements from another dictionary
pop() Returns and removes the element with the given key
popitem() Returns and removes the key-value pair from the dictionary
Returns the value of a key if the key is in the dictionary else inserts
setdefault()
the key with a value to the dictionary
update() Returns a list of all the values available in a given dictionary
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= shallow copy Deep Copy
Applies on mutable collections: list, array, dictionary, set
• Shallow copy creates a new array
• Does not create new copies of the elements within the array
• Instead, it points to the same elements as the original array
• A deep copy, creates a completely independent copy of both the array and
its data.
• Does not share any data with the original array
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Difference between Shallow copy and Deep copy
Shallow Copy Deep Copy
Shallow Copy stores the references of objects to
Deep copy stores copies of the object’s value.
the original memory address.
Shallow Copy reflects changes made to the Deep copy doesn’t reflect changes made to the
new/copied object in the original object. new/copied object in the original object.
Shallow Copy stores the copy of the original object Deep copy stores the copy of the original object
and points the references to the objects. and recursively copies the objects as well.
A shallow copy is faster. Deep copy is comparatively slower.
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Ordered Dictionary
Special concept: Python 3.7 onwards
• Arranged in insertion order of element
• Part of collection module
• Syntax: [Link]()
• Regular dictionary methods works as usual
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Thank You!
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