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4 POWER PACKED SECTIONS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 NUMBER SERIES & PATTERNS

2 CODING-DECODING

3 BLOOD RELATIONS

4 SYLLOGISMS
 SECTION 1
NUMBER SERIES
A number series is a sequence of numbers following a specific
pattern. To solve these problems, identify the pattern (addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division, squares, cubes, etc.).

TYPE 1 :
The difference between consecutive terms increases by 2.

Q1: Find the missing number in the series:

2, 6, 12, 20, ?, 42

Solution:
Pattern: The difference between consecutive terms increases
by 2.
6-2=4
12 - 6 = 6
20 - 12 = 8
Next difference = 10 → Missing number = 20 + 10 = 30
42 - 30 = 12 (follows pattern)
Answer: 30

Q2: Find the missing number in the series:

5, 10, 17, 26, ?, 50
Solution:
Pattern: The difference between consecutive terms increases
by 2.
 10 - 5 = 5
17 - 10 = 7
26 - 17 = 9
Next difference = 11 → Missing number = 26 + 11 = 37
50 - 37 = 13 (follows pattern)
Answer: 37

Q3: Find the missing number in the series:

3, 8, 15, 24, ?, 48

Solution:
Pattern: The difference between consecutive terms increases by 2.
8-3=5
15 - 8 = 7
24 - 15 = 9
Next difference = 11 → Missing number = 24 + 11 = 35
48 - 35 = 13 (follows pattern)
Answer: 35

TYPE 2:
(previous number × 2) +1

Q1: Find the missing number:

3, 7, 15, 31, ?, 127

Solution:
Pattern: (previous number × 2) +1
3×2+1=7
7 × 2 + 1 = 15
15 × 2 + 1 = 31
 31 × 2 + 1 = 63
63 × 2 + 1 = 127
Answer: 63

Q2: Find the missing number:

2, 5, 11, 23, ?, 95

Solution:
Pattern: (previous number × 2) +1
2×2+1=5
5 × 2 + 1 = 11
11 × 2 + 1 = 23
23 × 2 + 1 = 47
47 × 2 + 1 = 95
Answer: 47

Q3: Find the missing number:

4, 9, 19, 39, ?, 159

Solution:
Pattern: (previous number × 2) +1
4×2+1=9
9 × 2 + 1 = 19
19 × 2 + 1 = 39
39 × 2 + 1 = 79
79 × 2 + 1 = 159
Answer: 79
TYPE 3:
Arithmetic Progression (AP)

Q1: Find the missing term:

2, 5, 8, 11, ?, 17

Solution:
Pattern: A sequence where the difference between consecutive
terms is constant.
The difference between terms: 5 - 2 = 3, 8 - 5 = 3, 11 - 8 = 3
Common difference = 3
Missing term = 11 + 3 = 14
Answer: 14

Q2: Find the missing number:

7, 14, 21, ?, 35

Solution:
Pattern: A sequence where the difference between consecutive
terms is constant.
The difference between terms: 14 - 7 = 7, 21 - 14 = 7,
Common difference = 7
Missing term = 21+7 = 28.
Answer: 28

Q3: Find the missing number:

10, 20, 30, ?, 50

Solution:
Pattern: A sequence where the difference between consecutive
terms is constant.
 The difference between terms: 20-10 = 10, 30-20 = 10
Common difference = 10
Missing term = 30+10 = 40
Answer: 40

TYPE 4:
Geometric Progression (GP)

Q1: Find the missing number:

3, 6, 12, 24, ?, 96

Solution:
Pattern: Find the common ratio r by dividing consecutive terms.
Multiply the last known term by r to find the missing term.
Step 1: Find r = 6/3 = 2
Step 2: Find missing term : 24 × 2 = 48
Answer: 48

Q2: Find the missing number:

5, 10, 20, ?, 80

Solution:
Pattern: Find the common ratio r by dividing consecutive terms.
Multiply the last known term by r to find the missing term.
Step 1: Find r = 10/5 = 2
Step 2: Find missing term : 20 x 2 = 40
Answer: 40
TYPE 5:
Square Number Series

Q1: Find the missing number:

49, 64, ?, 100, 121

Solution:
Pattern: Identify the sequence of squares. Find the missing term by
checking the square root pattern.
Step 1: 8², 9², 10², 11²
Step 2: Missing term is 81 (9²)
Answer: 81

Q2: Find the missing number:

4, 9, 16, 25, ?, 49

Solution:
Pattern: Identify the sequence of squares. Find the missing term by
checking the square root pattern.
Step 1: 2², 3², 4², 5², 6², 7²
Step 2: Missing term is 36 (6²)
Answer: 36
 PRACTISE QUESTIONS
ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION (AP)
1. A sequence follows the pattern 4, 11, 18, 25, ?. What
is the missing term?
2. The 8th term of an AP is 50, and the 12th term is 74.
Find the first term and common difference.
3. A sequence follows the AP rule where T5 = 25 and
T10 = 50. What is T20?
4. If the sum of the first 20 terms of an AP is 820, and
the first term is 5, find the common difference.
5. The sum of the first n terms of an AP is given by Sn =
3n² + 2n. Find the first term and common difference.
6. The sum of the first 6 terms of an AP is 72, and the
sum of the next 6 terms is 222. Find the common
difference.
7. If S8 = 4S4, find the ratio of the first term to the
common difference.
8. The sum of the first 100 terms of an AP is 5050. If the
last term is 100, find the first term and common
difference.
9. If a, b, c are in AP, prove that b² = ac.
10. The sum of an AP is given by Sn = n(5n - 3). Find its
first term and common difference.
 PRACTISE QUESTIONS
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION (GP)
1. A sequence follows the pattern 3, 6, 12, 24, ?. What is
the missing term?
2. The 4th term of a GP is 32, and the 7th term is 256.
Find the common ratio.
3. The sum of the first 5 terms of a GP is 121, and the
first term is 3. Find the common ratio.
4. If the 3rd term of a GP is 18 and the 6th term is 486,
find the common ratio.
5. The sum of an infinite GP is 24, and the first term is 8.
Find the common ratio.
6. If a, b, c are in GP, prove that b² = ac.
7. The first three terms of a GP add up to 21, and the
sum of their squares is 189. Find the terms.
8. The ratio of the sum of the first 5 terms to the sum of
the first 3 terms in a GP is 11:3. Find the common
ratio.
9. The sum of an infinite GP is 20, and the first term is 5.
Find the common ratio.
10. The sum of the first n terms of a GP is given by Sn =
7(3n - 1)/2. Find the first term and common ratio.
 PRACTISE QUESTIONS
PRIME NUMBER PATTERN
1. What is the next number in the series 2, 3, 5, 7, 11,
13, ?
2. A sequence follows the pattern 11, 17, 23, 29, ?, ?.
Find the missing terms.
3. If a number in a sequence is the sum of the two
previous prime numbers, what is the next term after
2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, ?
4. The nth term of a prime series is P(n) = P(n-1) + 6,
where P(1) = 5. Find the 7th term.
5. Identify the missing prime in the sequence 3, 5, ?, 11,
13, 17, 19.

FIBONACCI SERIES
1. What is the missing term in 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, ?, 8, 13?
2. If the Fibonacci sequence is modified so that F(1) = 2,
F(2) = 3, what is F(6)?
3. A company uses a modified Fibonacci formula: F(n) =
2F(n-1) + 3F(n-2). Find F(5) if F(1) = 1 and F(2) = 2.
4. The sum of the first n Fibonacci numbers is F(n+2) - 1.
Prove this for n = 6.
5. Identify the missing term in 1, 3, 4, 7, 11, ? where
each term follows a modified Fibonacci pattern.
 PRACTISE QUESTIONS
SQUARE & CUBE PATTERNS
1. Find the missing term: 1, 4, 9, 16, ?, 36, 49
2. Identify the missing number in 1, 8, 27, 64, ?, 216
3. What is the missing term in 2, 4, 8, 16, ?, 64?
4. If a sequence follows n³ + 1, find the 6th term.
5. Identify the pattern in 2, 10, 30, 68, ?, 222 and find
the missing term.

ALTERNATING SERIES
1. Identify the next term: 1, 4, 2, 8, 3, 16, ?
2. The sequence follows an alternating sum-difference
pattern: 100, 90, 110, 80, 120, ?. Find the missing
number.
3. Identify the missing term: 5, 10, 7, 14, 9, ?
4. The nth term follows the pattern T(n) = (-1)^n × n².
Find T(7).
5. Identify the pattern: 1, -2, 3, -4, 5, -6, ?

CUSTOM LOGIC-BASED SERIES

1. Identify the missing number: 2, 6, 12, 20, ?, 42
2. The pattern follows n² + n. Find the 7th term.
3. Identify the missing term: 3, 8, 15, 24, ?, 48
4. The nth term follows n² - n + 1. Find T(10).
5. Identify the pattern in 4, 9, 16, 25, ?, 49.
 PRACTISE QUESTIONS
FACTORIAL-BASED SERIES
1. Identify the missing term: 1, 2, 6, 24, ?, 720
2. The sequence follows n! + 1. Find the 5th term.
3. If the pattern follows (n! - 1) / n, find the 4th term.
4. Identify the missing number in 1, 3, 9, 27, ?, 243.
5. The sequence follows n! / 2. Find the 6th term.
 SECTION 2
CODING DECODING
A number series is a sequence of numbers following a specific
pattern. To solve these problems, identify the pattern (addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division, squares, cubes, etc.).

TYPE 1 :
Letter Shifting (Forward & Backward)

Q1: If CODE is written as DPKF, how is LOGIC written?

Solution:
Each letter is shifted forward by 1:
C → D, O → P, D → K, E → F
Similarly, L → M, O → P, G → H, I → J, C → D
Answer: MPHJD

Q2: If WORD is coded as XPSF, how is TRUTH written?

Solution:
Each letter is shifted backward by 1:
S → R, H → G, I → H, F → E, T → S
Similarly, V → U, A → Z, L → K, U → T, E → D
Answer: UZKTD
Q3: If SHIFT is coded as RGHES, how is VALUE written?
Solution:
Each letter is shifted backward by 1:
S → R, H → G, I → H, F → E, T → S
Similarly, V → U, A → Z, L → K, U → T, E → D
Answer: UZKTD

TYPE 2 :
Opposite Letter Pairing (A ↔ Z, B ↔ Y, etc.)

Q1: If DOG is coded as WLT, how is CAT written?

Solution: Each letter is replaced with its opposite:
D (4th letter) ↔ W (23rd letter)
O (15th letter) ↔ L (12th letter)
G (7th letter) ↔ T (20th letter)
Similarly, C → X, A → Z, T → G
Answer: XZG

Q2: If FLOWER is coded as UOLDVI, how is GARDEN written?

Solution:
F → U, L → O, O → L, W → D, E → V, R → I
Similarly, G → T, A → Z, R → I, D → W, E → V, N → M
Answer: TZIWVM
TYPE 3 :
Number Coding (Letter to Number)

Q1: If A = 1, B = 2, ..., Z = 26, how is TRUTH coded?

Solution:
T = 20, R = 18, U = 21, T = 20, H = 8
Answer: 20-18-21-20-8

Q2: If HAPPY is coded as 8-1-16-16-25, how is LOGIC written?

Solution:
L = 12, O = 15, G = 7, I = 9, C = 3
Answer: 12-15-7-9-3

TYPE 4 :
Reverse Order Coding

Q1: If TABLE is written as ELBAT, how is WORLD written?

Solution:
Reverse order: W → D, O → L, R → R, L → O, D → W
Answer: DLROW

Q2: If COMPUTER is written as RETUPMOC, how is LANGUAGE

written?

Solution: Reverse order: EGAUGNAL

Answer: EGAUGNAL
TYPE 5 :
Addition & Subtraction Coding

Q1: If A = 1, B = 2, ..., Z = 26, and each letter is increased by 3,

how is HELLO written?
Solution:
H → K, E → H, L → O, L → O, O → R
Answer: KHOOO

Q2: If A = 1, B = 2, ..., Z = 26, and each letter is decreased by 2,

how is BRIDGE written?

Solution:
B → Z, R → P, I → G, D → B, G → E, E → C
Answer: ZPGBEC

TYPE 6 :
Symbol & Number Coding

Q1: If APPLE is coded as @7#9$, how is MANGO written using

the same pattern?
Solution: Identify the letter-to-symbol mapping:
A → @, P → 7, P → 7, L → 9, E → $
M → ?, A → @, N → ?, G → ?, O → ?
Answer: ?@?#? (Symbols follow the defined pattern)
Q2: If SUN is coded as $6*9, how is MOON written?

Solution: Check pattern:

S → $, U → 6, N → 9
M → ?, O → ?, O → ?, N → ?
Answer: ?##?

TYPE 7 :
Complex Pattern Coding

Q1: If TRUTH is coded as 13579, how is LOGIC written?

Solution: Assign alternate odd numbers:

T → 1, R → 3, U → 5, T → 7, H → 9
L → 2, O → 4, G → 6, I → 8, C → 10
Answer: 2-4-6-8-10

Q2: If PEACE is coded as QFBDC, how is WORLD written?

Solution:
P → Q (+1), E → F (+1), A → B (+1), C → D (+1), E → C (-2)
Apply the same pattern: W → X, O → P, R → S, L → M, D → B
Answer: XPSMB
 PRACTISE QUESTIONS
LETTER SHIFTING (FORWARD &
BACKWARD)
1. If LIGHT is coded as MJHIU, how is POWER written?
2. If APPLE is coded as DQNNG, how is MANGO written?
3. If TREND is coded as VSJPF, how is NIGHT written?
4. If GOAL is coded as HQBM, how is CHAMP written?
5. If BRIDGE is coded as DVLFIH, how is TUNNEL
written?
6. If STARS is coded as UVCTU, how is MOON written?
7. If CYCLE is coded as EZGNG, how is VEHICLE written?
8. If FIGHT is coded as HJIKV, how is PEACE written?
9. If MIND is coded as NKPE, how is WORLD written?
10. If TABLE is coded as VDNFG, how is CHAIR written?

OPPOSITE LETTER PAIRING (A ↔ Z, B ↔

Y, ETC.)
1. If SUN is coded as HFM, how is MOON written?
2. If LION is coded as ORLM, how is TIGER written?
3. If DOG is coded as WLT, how is ELEPHANT written?
4. If PLANE is coded as OKZMV, how is TRAIN written?
5. If HOUSE is coded as SLFHV, how is GARDEN
written?
 2. If LION is coded as ORLM, how is TIGER written?
3. If DOG is coded as WLT, how is ELEPHANT written?
4. If PLANE is coded as OKZMV, how is TRAIN written?
PRACTISE QUESTIONS
5. If HOUSE is coded as SLFHV, how is GARDEN
written?
6. If TIGER is coded as GRVIZ, how is LEOPARD written?
7. If APPLE is coded as ZKKOV, how is ORANGE
written?
8. If BOTTLE is coded as YOLLOV, how is MIRROR
written?
9. If LAPTOP is coded as OZKGLK, how is KEYBOARD
written?
10. If SYSTEM is coded as HBGVMN, how is MOBILE
written?

NUMBER CODING (LETTER TO NUMBER)

1. If BRAIN is coded as 2-18-1-9-14, how is HEART
written?
2. If PENCIL is coded as 16-5-14-3-9-12, how is
MARKER written?
3. If EAGLE is coded as 5-1-7-12-5, how is FALCON
written?
4. If STORM is coded as 19-20-15-18-13, how is
THUNDER written?
5. If SUMMER is coded as 19-21-13-13-5-18, how is
WINTER written?
 written?
4. If STORM is coded as 19-20-15-18-13, how is
THUNDER written?
PRACTISE QUESTIONS
5. If SUMMER is coded as 19-21-13-13-5-18, how is
WINTER written?
6. If CLOUD is coded as 3-12-15-21-4, how is
RAINBOW written?
7. If OCEAN is coded as 15-3-5-1-14, how is RIVER
written?
8. If FRIEND is coded as 6-18-9-5-14-4, how is ENEMY
written?
9. If PYTHON is coded as 16-25-20-8-15-14, how is
JAVA written?
10. If MOBILE is coded as 13-15-2-9-12-5, how is
TABLET written?

REVERSE ORDER CODING

1. If PENCIL is coded as LICNEP, how is ERASER
written?
2. If BRIDGE is coded as EGDIRB, how is TUNNEL
written?
3. If SUNSET is coded as TESSUN, how is DAYLIGHT
written?
4. If WATER is coded as RETAW, how is CLOUD
written?
5. If PYTHON is coded as NOHTYP, how is PROGRAM
written?
 written?
4. If WATER is coded as RETAW, how is CLOUD
written?
PRACTISE QUESTIONS
5. If PYTHON is coded as NOHTYP, how is PROGRAM
written?
6. If MARKER is coded as REKRAM, how is BOARD
written?
7. If GARDEN is coded as NEDRAG, how is FOREST
written?
8. If SUMMER is coded as REMMUS, how is WINTER
written?
9. If BOTTLE is coded as ELTTOB, how is GLASS
written?
10. If FAMILY is coded as YLIMAF, how is PARENTS
written?

ADDITION & SUBTRACTION CODING

1. If HELLO is coded as JGNNQ, how is WORLD written?
2. If APPLE is coded as CQQNG, how is ORANGE
written?
3. If TABLE is coded as VDNFG, how is CHAIR written?
4. If CLOUD is coded as EQSWF, how is RAIN written?
5. If FROG is coded as HTQI, how is SNAKE written?
6. If PYTHON is coded as SBWKRP, how is JAVA
written?
7. If GARDEN is coded as ICTGGP, how is FOREST
written?
 5. If FROG is coded as HTQI, how is SNAKE written?
6. If PYTHON is coded as SBWKRP, how is JAVA
written?
PRACTISE QUESTIONS
7. If GARDEN is coded as ICTGGP, how is FOREST
written?
8. If SUN is coded as WXR, how is STAR written?
9. If FAMILY is coded as HCOKNA, how is PARENTS
written?
10. If MOBILE is coded as OQDNKG, how is TABLET
written?

SYMBOL & NUMBER CODING

1. If HAPPY is coded as *#@7&**, how is SMILE written?
2. If WORLD is coded as $%&@*#, how is PLANET
written?
3. If STARS is coded as @#*&^, how is GALAXY written?
4. If PYTHON is coded as !$%&*#, how is JAVA written?
5. If MOBILE is coded as @#$%^&, how is LAPTOP
written?
6. If FROG is coded as %$#@, how is SNAKE written?
7. If EAGLE is coded as *&%#@, how is TIGER written?
8. If SUMMER is coded as @#$^&%, how is WINTER
written?
9. If FOREST is coded as %*&@#^, how is JUNGLE
written?
10. If CLOUD is coded as $#@%&, how is THUNDER
written?
 PRACTISE QUESTIONS
COMPLEX PATTERN CODING
1. If EAGLE is coded as 27-24-21-18-15, how is TIGER
written?
2. If MANGO is coded as 50-45-40-35-30, how is APPLE
written?
3. If BRAIN is coded as 14-19-24-29-34, how is HEART
written?
4. If PYTHON is coded as 120-110-100-90-80-70, how
is JAVA written?
5. If SUMMER is coded as 200-190-180-170-160-150,
how is WINTER written?

VOWEL & CONSONANT CODING

1. If TABLE is coded as T#B#E, how is WINDOW
written?
2. If GARDEN is coded as G#RD#N, how is FOREST
written?
3. If PLANET is coded as PL#N#T, how is EARTH
written?
4. If CLOUD is coded as CL##D, how is RAINBOW
written?
 SECTION 3
BLOOD RELATIONS
Blood relation questions test logical reasoning and analytical skills.
Below are different types of advanced-level questions along with
detailed solutions.

TYPE 1 :
Single Person-Based Blood Relation Questions

Q1: A man introduces a woman and says, “She is the daughter of

my mother’s only daughter.” How is the woman related to the
man?
Solution:
"My mother’s only daughter" refers to the man's sister.
"She is the daughter of my sister" means the woman is his
niece.
Answer: Niece

Q2: Pointing to a photograph, Rahul said, “She is the only

daughter of my father’s wife’s only son.” How is the girl in the
photograph related to Rahul?
Solution:
"My father’s wife" means his mother.
"Only son of my mother" means Rahul himself.
"Only daughter of Rahul" means his own daughter.
Answer: Daughter
TYPE 2 :
Mixed Generation-Based Blood Relation Questions

Q1: Pointing to a boy, a man says, “He is the son of my

grandfather’s only son.” How is the boy related to the man?
Solution:
"My grandfather’s only son" refers to the man's father.
"The son of my father" is his brother.
Answer: Brother

Q2: Pointing to a girl, Ravi said, “She is the sister of my

grandfather’s son’s daughter.” How is the girl related to Ravi?
Solution:
"My grandfather’s son" refers to Ravi's father or uncle.
"Son’s daughter" means Ravi’s sister or cousin.
"Sister of Ravi’s sister" means Ravi’s sister.
Answer: Sister

TYPE 3 :
Puzzle-Based Blood Relation Questions

Q1 : A family consists of six members P, Q, R, S, T, and U. There

are two married couples. Q is an engineer and the father of T. U
is the grandfather of R and is a lawyer. S is the grandmother of T
and is a housewife. There is one engineer, one lawyer, one
teacher, one doctor, and two housewives. Who is the mother of
R?
Solution:
U (grandfather) is married to S (grandmother).
Q (father of T) is an engineer.
There are two married couples → (U-S) and (Q-?).
Since R and T are siblings, R and T’s mother must be the wife
of Q.
Only P is left, so P must be the mother of R.
Answer: P

TYPE 4 :
Coded Blood Relation Questions

Q1 : If A + B means A is the father of B, A - B means A is the

mother of B, A * B means A is the brother of B, and A / B means
A is the sister of B, then what does P + Q - R mean?
Solution:
P + Q → P is the father of Q
Q - R → Q is the mother of R
Combining both, P is the father of Q, and Q is the mother of R.
Therefore, P is the grandfather of R.
Answer: Grandfather

Q2 :If A * B means A is the brother of B, A + B means A is the

father of B, and A - B means A is the sister of B, then what does
M + N * O mean?
Solution:
M + N → M is the father of N.
N * O → N is the brother of O.
Combining both, M is the father of N, and N is the brother of O.
So, M is the father of O.
Answer: Father

TYPE 5 :
Complex Blood Relation Statements

Q1 : Introducing a man, a woman said, “His mother is the only

daughter of my mother.” How is the man related to the woman?

Solution:
"Only daughter of my mother" means the woman herself.
"His mother is the woman" means the man is her son.
Answer: Son

Q2 :Pointing to a photograph, Amit said, “She is the wife of my

father’s only son.” How is the woman related to Amit?

Solution:
"My father’s only son" refers to Amit himself.
"Wife of Amit" means the woman is his wife.
Answer: Wife
TYPE 6 :
Blood Relation with Directional Clues

Q1: A is the mother of B, who is the sister of C. C is the father of

D. E is the grandmother of D. How is E related to A? the man?
Solution:
B and C are siblings, and A is their mother.
C is the father of D.
E is the grandmother of D, meaning E is C’s mother.
Since A is also C’s mother, A and E are the same person.
Answer: Same person (Grandmother & Mother)

Q2: X is the son of Y. Y’s sister Z has a son A, and a daughter B.

How is A related to X?
Solution:
Y and Z are siblings.
Z’s son (A) is Y’s nephew.
X is Y’s son.
So, A is X’s cousin.
Answer: Cousin

TYPE 7 :
Relationship with Spouse and In-Laws

Q1: Pointing to a man, a woman said, “His mother-in-law is my

mother.” How is the woman related to the man?
Solution:
"His mother-in-law is my mother" → The woman’s mother is
the man’s mother-in-law.
This means the woman is his wife.
Answer: Wife

Q2 : Pointing to a girl, a man said, “She is the only daughter-in-

law of my father.” How is the girl related to the man?ated to the
woman?
Solution:
"The only daughter-in-law of my father" means the wife of his
brother.
Answer: Brother’s Wife (Sister-in-law)

TYPE 8 :
Blood Relation with Multiple Generations

Q1 :If A is the father of B, B is the mother of C, and C is the father

of D, then how is A related to D?

Solution:
A → Father of B
B → Mother of C
C → Father of D
So, A is the great-grandfather of D.
Answer: Great-grandfather
 PRACTISE QUESTIONS
SINGLE PERSON-BASED BLOOD
RELATION QUESTIONS
1. A woman says, “My father’s only son is married to the
sister of your father.” How is the woman related to
the man?
2. A man said, “I have no brothers and sisters, but that
boy’s father is my father’s son.” Who is the boy?
3. Pointing to a girl, a man said, “She is the only
daughter of my mother’s father’s only son.” How is
the girl related to the man?
4. A man tells his friend, “That girl is the sister of my
uncle’s only niece.” How is the girl related to the
man?
5. A woman points to a boy and says, “He is the only
son of my mother’s daughter.” How is the boy related
to the woman?
6. A girl says, "The son of my paternal grandfather's
only son is my ______?"
7. Ravi says, "The person in the photograph is my
maternal grandfather’s only son’s son’s wife." How is
the woman in the photograph related to Ravi?
 7. Ravi says, "The person in the photograph is my
maternal grandfather’s only son’s son’s wife." How is
the woman in the photograph related to Ravi?
8. A man is looking at a picture and says, “I have
neither brothers nor sisters, but the father of this
person’s son is my father’s son.” How is the man
related to the person in the picture?
9. Pointing to a woman, Ramesh said, "She is the only
daughter of my mother-in-law's only son." How is the
woman related to Ramesh?
10. A man says, “The girl in the photo is the wife of the
only son of my mother’s father.” How is the girl
related to the man?

MIXED GENERATION-BASED BLOOD

RELATION QUESTIONS
1. Pointing to a woman, Ramesh says, “Her father’s only
son is my father’s brother.” How is the woman
related to Ramesh?
2. A man says, "The son of my father's only brother is
the brother of your mother." How is the man related
to the person he is speaking to?
3. A girl says, "My maternal uncle's only sister's
husband's only son's wife is my ______?"
4. Pointing to a man, Rita said, "He is the only son of my
father-in-law's only daughter." How is the man
related to Rita?
 4. Pointing to a man, Rita said, "He is the only son of my
father-in-law's only daughter." How is the man
related to Rita?
5. A woman says, "My husband's father is the father-in-
law of my mother-in-law's only son." How is she
related to the mentioned son?
6. A woman points to a boy and says, "He is the son of
my father’s daughter’s only brother." How is the boy
related to the woman?
7. Pointing to a photograph, Rakesh says, "This lady’s
husband is my wife’s only brother’s father." How is
the lady related to Rakesh?
8. A man says, "The only daughter of my father's
father-in-law is my mother's sister." How is the man
related to his mother’s sister?
9. A girl says, "My mother-in-law’s husband's son’s wife
is my ______?"
10. A woman introduces a man as, “He is the father of
my daughter’s only uncle.” How is the man related to
the woman?

PUZZLE-BASED BLOOD RELATION

QUESTIONS
1. A family has six members: A, B, C, D, E, and F. A is
the father of D. B is the mother of C. C is the sister of
D. E is the brother of F’s husband. How is B related to
F?
 the father of D. B is the mother of C. C is the sister of
D. E is the brother of F’s husband. How is B related to
F?
2. In a family, there are six members: A, B, C, D, E, and
F. C is the father of A, but A is not his son. E is the
daughter of A. B is the brother of C. D is the husband
of A. F is the brother of A. Who is the uncle of F?
3. A is B’s sister. C is B’s mother. D is C’s father. E is D’s
mother. How is A related to E?
4. In a family, P is the father of Q. Q is the sister of R. R
is the mother of S. T is the grandfather of S. How is P
related to T?
5. If A is the daughter of B, B is the sister of C, and C is
the only son of D, how is D related to A?
6. Pointing to a boy, a man says, "He is the son of my
daughter-in-law’s only brother." How is the boy
related to the man?
7. In a family tree: P is the father of Q and R. R is
married to S. S is the mother of T. How is Q related to
T?
8. If A is the sister of B, B is the daughter of C, and C is
the father of D, how is A related to D?
9. If M is the father of N, and P is the sister of Q, how is
N related to Q if Q is the daughter of M?
10. In a family of six: A, B, C, D, E, and F, A is married to
B. C is the mother of D. E is the father of F, and F is
the brother of A. How is B related to C?
CODED BLOOD RELATION QUESTIONS
1. If A + B means A is the father of B, A - B means A is
the mother of B, A * B means A is the brother of B,
and A / B means A is the sister of B, what does X + Y
- Z mean?
2. If P * Q means P is the brother of Q, P - Q means P is
the mother of Q, and P + Q means P is the father of
Q, what does M + N * O mean?
3. If A % B means A is the mother of B, A & B means A
is the father of B, A @ B means A is the sister of B,
and A # B means A is the brother of B, then what
does X % Y # Z mean?
4. If A & B means A is the father of B, A % B means A is
the mother of B, A @ B means A is the sister of B, and
A * B means A is the brother of B, what does P @ Q
% R mean?
5. If ‘A $ B’ means A is the father of B, ‘A # B’ means A
is the sister of B, ‘A @ B’ means A is the mother of B,
and ‘A * B’ means A is the brother of B, then what
does X * Y @ Z mean?
6. If P & Q means P is the brother of Q, P % Q means P
is the mother of Q, and P * Q means P is the father of
Q, what does A % B & C mean?
 6. If P & Q means P is the brother of Q, P % Q means P
is the mother of Q, and P * Q means P is the father of
Q, what does A % B & C mean?
7. If A + B means A is the father of B, A - B means A is
the mother of B, A * B means A is the sister of B, and
A / B means A is the brother of B, what does P - Q * R
mean?
8. If ‘P + Q’ means P is the father of Q, ‘P - Q’ means P
is the mother of Q, ‘P * Q’ means P is the brother of Q,
and ‘P / Q’ means P is the sister of Q, then what does
X * Y - Z mean?
9. If ‘A % B’ means A is the mother of B, ‘A & B’ means
A is the father of B, ‘A @ B’ means A is the sister of B,
and ‘A # B’ means A is the brother of B, then what
does P % Q & R mean?
10. If P + Q means P is the father of Q, P - Q means P is
the mother of Q, and P * Q means P is the sister of Q,
what does M * N - O mean?

COMPLEX BLOOD RELATION STATEMENTS

1. Pointing to a woman, a man says, “She is the
daughter of my grandfather’s only son.” How is the
woman related to the man?
2. A woman says, “The father of my father’s grandson is
my brother.” How is the woman related to the
grandson?
1. Pointing to a woman, a man says, “She is the
daughter of my grandfather’s only son.” How is the
woman related to the man?
2. A woman says, “The father of my father’s grandson is
my brother.” How is the woman related to the
grandson?
3. A girl says, “The only son of my grandmother’s only
son is standing in front of me.” How is the girl related
to the person standing?
4. A woman points to a photograph and says, “His
mother’s father is my mother’s father’s only son.”
How is the person in the photograph related to the
woman?
5. A man introduces a woman as, “The only daughter of
my father’s son.” How is the woman related to the
man?
6. A girl says, “My mother’s only brother’s father-in-law
is my grandfather.” How is the girl related to her
uncle?
7. A woman says, “The husband of my mother’s only
daughter is my son’s father.” Who is the woman
talking about?
8. A boy introduces a man as, “He is my mother’s
father’s wife’s only son.” How is the man related to
the boy?
9. A man points to a woman and says, “She is the sister
of my mother’s brother’s wife.” How is the woman
related to the man?
BLOOD RELATION WITH DIRECTIONAL
CLUES
1. A person walks 10 meters north, then turns left and
walks 5 meters. He then turns left again and walks
10 meters. His brother’s house is 10 meters west of
his starting position. What direction is it from his
final position?
2. A boy walks 8 meters south, 6 meters east, and 10
meters north. His uncle’s house is 4 meters west of
his starting position. What direction is it from his
final position?
3. A woman is facing east. She turns left, walks 15
meters, then turns right and walks 10 meters. Her
husband’s office is 5 meters west of her starting
position. What direction is it from her final position?
4. A girl walks 20 meters west, then 5 meters south,
then 10 meters east. Her father’s house is 10 meters
north of her starting point. What direction is it from
her final position?
5. A person walks 12 meters north, then 8 meters east,
and finally 6 meters south. His wife’s house is 10
meters west of his starting point. What direction is it
from his final position?
 and finally 6 meters south. His wife’s house is 10
meters west of his starting point. What direction is it
from his final position?
6. A boy starts from his home, moves 10 meters north,
turns left, and walks 5 meters. Then he turns left
again and walks 10 meters. His mother’s house is 10
meters west of his starting position. What direction is
it from his final position?
7. A person is facing north. He turns left, walks 15
meters, turns right, and walks 5 meters. His
grandfather’s house is 20 meters east of his starting
position. What direction is it from his final position?
8. A woman walks 10 meters east, then 5 meters north,
then 10 meters west. Her brother’s house is directly
south of her starting position. What direction is it
from her final position?
9. A boy walks 15 meters south, then 10 meters east,
and finally 10 meters north. His uncle’s house is 5
meters west of his starting point. What direction is it
from his final position?
10. A man walks 8 meters north, 6 meters west, and 10
meters south. His sister’s house is 4 meters east of
his starting position. What direction is it from his
final position?
RELATIONSHIP WITH SPOUSE AND IN-
LAWS
1. A woman points to a man and says, "He is the
husband of my mother-in-law’s only daughter." How
is the man related to the woman?
2. A man says, “The wife of my father’s only son is my
mother.” Who is the man talking about?
3. A woman points to a man and says, "His wife is the
daughter-in-law of my father." How is the man
related to the woman?
4. A girl points to a photo and says, "The man in the
picture is the husband of my mother’s only sister."
How is the man related to the girl?
5. A man says, "The father of my daughter’s husband is
the son-in-law of my father." Who is the man talking
about?
6. A woman says, "The son of my husband’s father’s
only daughter is my husband." How is the woman
related to the person she is talking about?
7. A boy says, "The wife of my father’s only son is the
daughter-in-law of my grandmother." How is the boy
related to the person he is talking about?
 7. A boy says, "The wife of my father’s only son is the
daughter-in-law of my grandmother." How is the boy
related to the person he is talking about?
8. A girl says, "The only son of my mother’s father-in-
law is my father." How is the girl related to the
person she is talking about?
9. A man says, "The father-in-law of my wife is my
father." Who is the man talking about?
10. A woman points to a photograph and says, "His
father’s father is my father’s father’s only son." How
is the woman related to the person in the
photograph?
11. A man says, "My father’s daughter’s husband is my
brother-in-law." How is the man related to the
person he is talking about?
12. A woman says, "The wife of my mother’s only brother
is my aunt." How is the woman related to the person
she is talking about?
13. A girl says, "The mother of my husband’s sister is my
mother-in-law." How is the girl related to the person
she is talking about?
14. A boy points to a man and says, "His wife’s mother is
my mother-in-law." How is the boy related to the
man?
15. A woman says, "The father of my husband’s brother
is my father-in-law." How is the woman related to
the person she is talking about?
BLOOD RELATION WITH MULTIPLE
GENERATIONS
1. A man introduces a woman and says, "She is the
daughter of my grandfather’s only son." How is the
woman related to the man?
2. A girl says, "The only son of my grandmother’s father
is my father." How is the girl related to the person
she is talking about?
3. A woman says, "The daughter of my father’s father’s
only son is my sister." How is the woman related to
the person she is talking about?
4. A man says, "The father of my mother’s brother’s
only daughter is my uncle." How is the man related to
the person he is talking about?
5. A girl points to a photograph and says, "The only son
of my grandfather is my father." How is the girl
related to the person in the photograph?
6. A woman says, "My father’s father’s father’s only son
is my father." How is the woman related to the
person she is talking about?
7. A man says, "The wife of my grandfather’s only son is
my mother." How is the man related to the person he
is talking about?
 7. A man says, "The wife of my grandfather’s only son is
my mother." How is the man related to the person he
is talking about?
8. A boy says, "My great-grandfather’s only son is my
grandfather." How is the boy related to the person he
is talking about?
9. A girl says, "My father’s father’s daughter’s son is my
cousin." How is the girl related to the person she is
talking about?
10. A woman says, "The father of my father’s father’s
only son is my grandfather." How is the woman
related to the person she is talking about?
 SECTION 4
SYLLOGISMS
TYPE 1 :
Basic Categorical Syllogisms

Question 1
Statements:
1. All pens are books.
2. Some books are papers.
Conclusions:
1. Some pens are papers.
2. All papers are pens.

Solution:
Converting the statements into Venn diagrams:
"All pens are books" → Pens are inside books.
"Some books are papers" → There is an overlap between
books and papers.
Checking the conclusions:
Conclusion 1: "Some pens are papers" → There is no direct
connection between pens and papers. Does not follow.
Conclusion 2: "All papers are pens" → Not logically derived.
Does not follow.
Answer: Neither follows.
Question 2
Statements:
1. All birds are animals.
2. Some animals are mammals.
Conclusions:
1. Some birds are mammals.
2. Some mammals are birds.
Solution:
Converting the statements into logical form:
"All birds are animals" → Every bird belongs to the animal
category.
"Some animals are mammals" → There is an overlap
between animals and mammals.
Checking conclusions:
Conclusion 1: "Some birds are mammals" → No direct link
between birds and mammals. Does not follow.
Conclusion 2: "Some mammals are birds" → Again, no
direct connection. Does not follow.
Answer: Neither follows.

Question 3
Statements:
1. Some engineers are scientists.
2. All scientists are researchers.
Conclusions:
1. Some engineers are researchers.
2. Some researchers are engineers.
Solution:
Statement 1 tells us that engineers and scientists have some
common members.
Statement 2 tells us that all scientists are inside the
researcher category.
Conclusion 1: Since some engineers are scientists and all
scientists are researchers, it follows that some engineers are
researchers. Follows.
Conclusion 2: Reverse interpretation also holds, as "Some
engineers are researchers" implies "Some researchers are
engineers". Follows.
Answer: Both follow.

TYPE 2 :
Possibility-Based Syllogisms

Question 1
Statements:
1. Some teachers are doctors.
2. All doctors are professionals.
Conclusions:
1. Some teachers may be professionals.
2. Some professionals must be teachers.
Solution:
Conclusion 1: Since some teachers are doctors and all doctors
are professionals, it is possible that some teachers are
professionals. Follows.
Conclusion 2: No direct evidence says "some professionals
must be teachers." Does not follow.
Answer: Only Conclusion 1 follows.
Question 2
Statements:
1. Some cars are electric.
2. All electric vehicles are eco-friendly.
Conclusions:
1. Some cars may be eco-friendly.
2. It is possible that no car is eco-friendly.
Solution:
Conclusion 1: Since "some cars are electric" and "all electric
vehicles are eco-friendly," it may be possible that some cars
are eco-friendly. Follows.
Conclusion 2: The second conclusion contradicts the first. Does
not follow.
Answer: Only Conclusion 1 follows.

Question 3
Statements:
1. No metal is plastic.
2. Some plastics are reusable.
Conclusions:
1. No metal is reusable.
2. It is possible that some reusable items are not plastic.
Solution:
Conclusion 1: There is no connection between metals and
reusable plastics, so this is incorrect. Does not follow.
Conclusion 2: Some reusable things could be non-plastic (like
glass). Follows.
Answer: Only Conclusion 2 follows.
TYPE 3 :
"Only" and "Only If" Syllogisms

Question 1
Statements:
1. Only engineers can design machines.
2. Some designers are engineers.
Conclusions:
1. Some designers can design machines.
2. Only engineers are designers.
Solution:
Conclusion 1: Since "Only engineers can design machines"
and "some designers are engineers," it follows that "some
designers can design machines." Follows.
Conclusion 2: This is not mentioned in the given statements.
Does not follow.
Answer: Only Conclusion 1 follows.

Question 2
Statements:
1. Only writers can publish books.
2. Some bloggers are writers.
Conclusions:
1. Some bloggers can publish books.
2. Only bloggers are writers.
Solution:
Conclusion 1: Bloggers who are also writers can publish
books. Follows.
Conclusion 2: No such restriction exists in the statements.
Does not follow.
Answer: Only Conclusion 1 follows.

Question 3
Statements:
1. Only mathematicians solve complex problems.
2. Some scientists are mathematicians.
Conclusions:
1. Some scientists can solve complex problems.
2. Only scientists are mathematicians.
Solution:
Conclusion 1: Since some scientists are mathematicians, they
can solve complex problems. Follows.
Conclusion 2: This is not mentioned in the statements. Does
not follow.
Answer: Only Conclusion 1 follows.
TYPE 4 :
Negative Statements Syllogisms

Question 1
Statements:
1. No politicians are scientists.
2. Some scientists are Nobel laureates.
Conclusions:
1. No politicians are Nobel laureates.
2. Some Nobel laureates are not politicians.
Solution:
Conclusion 1: No connection between politicians and Nobel
laureates. Does not follow.
Conclusion 2: Some Nobel laureates could be outside politics.
Follows.
Answer: Only Conclusion 2 follows.

Question 2
Statements:
1. No smartphones are laptops.
2. Some laptops are expensive.
Conclusions:
1. No smartphones are expensive.
2. Some expensive things are not smartphones.
Solution:
Conclusion 1: No direct connection. Does not follow.
Conclusion 2: Some expensive things could be laptops, not
smartphones. Follows.
Answer: Only Conclusion 2 follows.

Question 3
Statements:
1. No athletes are lazy.
2. Some lazy people are gamers.
Conclusions:
1. Some gamers are not athletes.
2. No gamers are athletes.
Solution:
Conclusion 1: Some gamers might not be athletes. Follows.
Conclusion 2: No direct proof that all gamers aren’t athletes.
Does not follow.
Answer: Only Conclusion 1 follows.
 PRACTISE QUESTIONS
BASIC CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISMS
1. All engineers are logical thinkers. Some logical
thinkers are problem solvers. Which of the following
must be true?
2. Some philosophers are not mathematicians. All
mathematicians are logical thinkers. What
conclusions can be drawn?
3. All artificial intelligence algorithms are mathematical
models. Some mathematical models are based on
probability. What follows?
4. Some musicians are artists. No artist is a scientist.
Can we conclude that some musicians are not
scientists?
5. All chemists are researchers. No researcher is a poet.
What can be concluded?
6. No animal that hibernates is cold-blooded. Some
cold-blooded creatures are reptiles. What conclusions
follow?
7. Some politicians are honest. All honest people are
respected. What is the correct conclusion?
 follow?
7. Some politicians are honest. All honest people are
respected. What is the correct conclusion?
8. Every prime number is an integer. Some integers are
even. Can we conclude that some prime numbers are
even?
9. No electric cars run on gasoline. Some gasoline cars
are expensive. What can we infer?
10. Some books are fiction. All fiction is imaginary. What
conclusion logically follows?

POSSIBILITY-BASED SYLLOGISMS
1. Some employees are managers. All managers are
leaders. Is it possible that some employees are not
leaders?
2. No doctors are careless. Some careful people are
artists. Is it possible that some doctors are artists?
3. Some programmers write Java. All Java developers
are software engineers. Is it possible that some
programmers are not software engineers?
4. Some birds migrate. All migratory creatures adapt to
climate change. Can it be true that some birds do not
adapt to climate change?
5. No mathematicians are poets. Some poets are
novelists. Is it possible that some novelists are
mathematicians?
 5. No mathematicians are poets. Some poets are
novelists. Is it possible that some novelists are
mathematicians?
6. Some scientists are inventors. All inventors need
creativity. Can we conclude that some scientists lack
creativity?
7. Some stocks are profitable. No profitable stock is
low-risk. Is it possible that some stocks are low-risk?
8. All smartphones have cameras. Some cameras have
night vision. Can it be true that all smartphones have
night vision?
9. Some sports cars are expensive. All expensive cars
are luxurious. Is it possible that some sports cars are
not luxurious?
10. No high-speed trains are slow. Some slow vehicles
are bicycles. Can we conclude that some bicycles are
high-speed trains?

"ONLY" AND "ONLY IF" SYLLOGISMS

1. Only engineers can solve this technical problem.
Some mathematicians are engineers. What
conclusion follows?
2. Only vegetarians eat plant-based food. Some plant-
based foods are organic. What can be concluded?
3. Only AI models that use deep learning are accurate.
Some deep learning models use convolutional
networks. What follows?
 3. Only AI models that use deep learning are accurate.
Some deep learning models use convolutional
networks. What follows?
4. Only authors write books. Some bloggers are authors.
Can we conclude that some bloggers write books?
5. Only trained athletes can compete in the Olympics.
Some trained athletes are not swimmers. What can
be inferred?
6. Only certified doctors can perform surgeries. Some
surgeons are specialists. Can we conclude that all
specialists are doctors?
7. Only licensed pilots can fly commercial planes. Some
pilots are drone operators. What follows?
8. Only ethical businesses gain customer trust. Some
startups are ethical. Can we conclude that some
startups gain customer trust?
9. Only musicians can compose symphonies. Some
composers are pianists. What can we infer?
10. Only computer scientists understand algorithms.
Some data scientists are computer scientists. What is
the conclusion?

NEGATIVE STATEMENTS SYLLOGISMS

1. No software engineer is unskilled. Some skilled
professionals are data scientists. What conclusions
follow?
 1. No software engineer is unskilled. Some skilled
professionals are data scientists. What conclusions
follow?
2. No philosophers are mathematicians. Some
mathematicians are scientists. What can be
concluded?
3. No electric cars produce emissions. Some high-speed
vehicles are electric. Can we conclude that no high-
speed vehicles produce emissions?
4. No athletes are lazy. Some lazy people are musicians.
Can we infer that some musicians are not athletes?
5. No machine can think like a human. Some AI models
simulate human intelligence. What can be inferred?
6. No mammals lay eggs. Some animals lay eggs. Can
we conclude that some animals are not mammals?
7. No fresh fruits are frozen. Some frozen items are
vegetables. What conclusion follows?
8. No professional athletes are amateurs. Some
amateurs are gymnasts. Can we conclude that no
gymnasts are professionals?
9. No high-speed cars are slow. Some slow vehicles are
bicycles. Can we conclude that bicycles are high-
speed cars?
10. No reptiles have fur. Some animals have fur. What
logical conclusion follows?
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