INDIA–PAKISTAN RELATIONS
A Comprehensive Study on Bilateral Ties
Submitted by: Rabnoor Kaur
Class: XII – Political Science
Session: 2025–2026
School Name: [Your School Name]
Acknowledgement
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my Political Science teacher for guiding
me throughout this project. Their constant support, valuable suggestions, and
encouragement made this work possible. I also thank my parents and friends for their
help and motivation. This project would not have been completed without their inputs
and belief in my efforts.
Certificate
This is to certify that Rabnoor Kaur, a student of Class XII, has successfully completed
the Political Science project entitled “India–Pakistan Relations” under my supervision.
This project is the original work of the student and is submitted as part of the internal
assessment for the academic session 2025–2026.
Signature of Teacher
____________________
Name of the Teacher: ____________________
Date: _______________
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
2. Historical Background of Partition
3. Kashmir Dispute
4. 1947–48 War
5. 1965 War
6. 1971 War
7. Kargil Conflict
8. Terror Attacks
9. Surgical Strikes
10. Diplomacy
11. Nuclear Arms Race
12. Trade Relations
13. Cultural Ties
14. People-to-People Contact
15. Cricket Diplomacy
16. Bollywood Influence
17. Media Role
18. Indian Foreign Policy
19. Pakistan's Policy
20. UN & SAARC Role
21. Kartarpur Corridor
22. Article 370
23. 2021 Ceasefire
24. 2025 Attack
25. Peace Challenges
26. Cyber War
27. Public Opinion
28. Peace Opportunities
29. Roadmap to Peace
30. Conclusion
31. Bibliography
32. Annexure
Introduction
India and Pakistan, two neighboring nations born out of the historic Partition of 1947,
have shared one of the most complex and turbulent relationships in modern history...
Historical Background of Partition
The Partition of British India in 1947 led to the creation of India and Pakistan...
The Kashmir Dispute
The Kashmir issue remains central to the tensions between India and Pakistan...
The 1947–48 War
The first Indo-Pak war started in 1947 after Pakistan-supported tribal attacks in
Kashmir...
The 1965 War
The 1965 war was initiated by Pakistan under Operation Gibraltar...
The 1971 War and Creation of Bangladesh
The 1971 war marked a turning point, resulting in the creation of Bangladesh...
Kargil Conflict – 1999
The Kargil War in 1999 was a limited conflict fought in the high-altitude region of
Kargil...
Major Terror Attacks & Cross-Border Tensions
India has faced several terror attacks originating from Pakistan, including the 2001
Parliament attack and 2008 Mumbai attacks...
India's Surgical Strikes & Balakot Airstrike
In response to provocations, India conducted surgical strikes in 2016 and an airstrike in
Balakot in 2019...
Diplomatic Relations and Dialogues
Despite tensions, India and Pakistan have engaged in numerous dialogues including the
Shimla Agreement, Agra Summit, and Composite Dialogue...
Nuclear Arms Race and Strategic Calculations
Both nations conducted nuclear tests in 1998, creating a dangerous arms race in South
Asia...
India–Pakistan Trade & Economic Relations
Trade between India and Pakistan remains limited and politically sensitive, with many
missed opportunities...
Cultural and Religious Linkages
Despite political issues, people of both nations share strong cultural and religious ties...
People-to-People Contacts: Cross-Border Families
Several families were divided by the Partition and still hope for peaceful reunions...
Cricket and Sports Diplomacy
Cricket has been a tool of both rivalry and diplomacy between the two nations...
Bollywood and Soft Power
Bollywood enjoys immense popularity in Pakistan and promotes cultural exchange...
Role of Media and Misinformation
Media in both nations can both promote peace or intensify conflict depending on the
narrative...
India’s Policy Towards Pakistan
India's Pakistan policy has varied from Nehru’s peace efforts to Modi’s assertive
diplomacy...
Pakistan’s Policy Towards India
Pakistan’s policy has swung between aggressive posturing and dialogue initiatives...
India–Pakistan Relations in SAARC and Global Forums
SAARC remains largely ineffective due to Indo-Pak tensions, though both nations remain
active in the UN...
Kartarpur Corridor – A Case Study of Cooperation
The Kartarpur Corridor is a unique success where both nations cooperated to allow
religious pilgrimage...
Revocation of Article 370 & Aftermath (2019)
India's decision to revoke Article 370 in Jammu & Kashmir led to strong reactions from
Pakistan...
Ceasefire Agreement of 2021
In 2021, both countries agreed to a renewed ceasefire along the LoC...
2025 Pahalgam Attack (Hypothetical/Fictional)
In a recent development, a major attack in Pahalgam once again strained relations...
Challenges in Building Peace
Issues like terrorism, lack of trust, and political instability hinder peace efforts...
Cyber Warfare & Modern Threats
Both countries have developed cyber capabilities, adding a new layer to their rivalry...
Public Opinion and Civil Society Efforts
Peace groups and activists in both countries work hard to promote dialogue and
harmony...
Opportunities for Peace & Economic Integration
Improved trade, regional development, and connectivity offer avenues for cooperation...
The Way Forward: Roadmap to Peace
Sustained dialogue, trust-building, and people-level exchanges can transform the future...
Conclusion
India–Pakistan relations reflect the duality of conflict and cooperation. While history is
filled with wars and tensions, the path forward lies in diplomacy and mutual
understanding...
Bibliography
1. Ministry of External Affairs – India
2. Ministry of Foreign Affairs – Pakistan
3. BBC News Archives
4. United Nations Documents
5. NCERT Political Science Textbook
6. IDSA Reports
Annexure
• Map of India and Pakistan with LoC
• Timeline of Wars and Peace Talks
• UN Resolution on Kashmir
• Images: Partition, Wars, Treaties, Leaders
• Newspaper Clippings (Parliament Attack, Kargil, Pulwama)
