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C++ Object-Oriented Programming Guide

The document outlines a course on Object Oriented Programming (OOP) using C++, detailing its structure, assessment strategy, and key concepts such as classes, objects, inheritance, and encapsulation. It provides references for further reading and resources, along with a brief history of C++ and comparisons with C. The course emphasizes the advantages of OOP and when to use C++ over other programming languages.

Uploaded by

Imdadul Islam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Topics covered

  • Data Hiding,
  • Project Management,
  • Objects,
  • System Applications,
  • Programming Languages,
  • Data Structures,
  • Programming Concepts,
  • Programming Challenges,
  • Memory Management,
  • Class Test
53 views54 pages

C++ Object-Oriented Programming Guide

The document outlines a course on Object Oriented Programming (OOP) using C++, detailing its structure, assessment strategy, and key concepts such as classes, objects, inheritance, and encapsulation. It provides references for further reading and resources, along with a brief history of C++ and comparisons with C. The course emphasizes the advantages of OOP and when to use C++ over other programming languages.

Uploaded by

Imdadul Islam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Topics covered

  • Data Hiding,
  • Project Management,
  • Objects,
  • System Applications,
  • Programming Languages,
  • Data Structures,
  • Programming Concepts,
  • Programming Challenges,
  • Memory Management,
  • Class Test

CSE 205

Object Oriented Programming Language

Lec Tasfia Sara


tasfiasara1000@gmail.com1
Lec Tasfia Sara
Course Teacher Introduction

Lec Tasfia Sara Lec Khaled Hasan Irfan


MIST CSE-20 MIST CSE-20
VNSC NDC, ISC

Lec Tasfia Sara


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Content

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Reference
Books
1. Teach Yourself C++ - Herbert Schildt
2. Object Oriented Programming with C++ - E Balagurusamy
3. Programming with C++ - Schaum’s Outline Series
4. Complete Reference C++ - Herbert Schildt
Online
1. [Link]

2. [Link]

3. [Link]
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Google Classroom Code:

lrt4mjr5

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Assessment Strategy
Components Grading

Class Test 20%

Continuous Assessment Class Participation and Attendance 10%


(40%)
Mid Term 10%

Final Examination 60%

Total Marks 100%

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Introduction

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Introduce yourself
1. Name
2. School, College
3. Home district
4. One superpower you wish you had!
5. What did you do during your semester break?

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What is OOP?

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OOP
● Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming
paradigm, a way of organizing and writing code, where
everything revolves around “objects”.

● Object-oriented programming (OOP) languages use objects to


structure code, which are instances of classes that contain
data and methods.

● Popular OOP languages include C++, Java, Python, C#, Ruby,


JavaScript, and PHP.
- We are going to learn C++ in this course.

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Object Oriented Programming: Advantages
❏ It is possible to map objects in the problem domain to those objects in
the program.
🔁Real-world objects = Program objects
You can think of real things, like a student, a car, or a book- and turn them directly into code objects. This makes
programs easier to understand and design.

❏ Data hiding helps the programmer to build secure programs that cannot
be invaded by code in other parts of the program.
🔒 Data hiding = Security
You can hide the sensitive parts of your code (like passwords or internal calculations) so that no other part of the
program can mess with it accidentally.

❏ Through inheritance, we can eliminate the redundant code and extend


the use of existing code.
🧬 Inheritance = Less Rewriting
You can reuse code from existing classes instead of writing everything from scratch. 12

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Object Oriented Programming: Advantages
❏ It is possible to have multiple instances of an objects to co-exist without
any interference.
🔄 Multiple objects = No conflict
You can create many objects (like many students or many cars) and they all work independently.

❏ Easy to partition the work in a project based on objects.


🧱 Easy teamwork = Better project management
You can divide your whole program into objects, and assign different objects to different people in a team.

❏ New data and functions can be easily added whenever necessary.

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C++

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Reference: Difference between C and C++
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History
❏ The C++ programming language has a history going back to 1979,
when Bjarne Stroustrup was doing work for his Ph.D. thesis.
❏ He began to work on "C with Classes", which as the name implies
was meant to be a superset of the C language. C++ programming
language was evolved from “C with Classes” in 1983 at bell
laboratories of AT&T (American Telephone & Telegraph), located in
U.S.A.
❏ It was developed for adding a feature of OOP (Object Oriented
Programming) in C without significantly changing the C component.

Reference: History 17

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What is C++?
“C makes it easy to shoot yourself in the foot;
C++ makes it harder, but when you do it blows your whole leg off.”
― Bjarne Stroustrup

❏ C++ is a high-level Object Oriented Programming


language with sufficient lower level functionality (in-line
assembly code, access to memory locations, etc)
❏ C++ is (almost exactly) a superset of C
❏ At a high level: C++ ≈ (C + OOP)

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What was C?
❏ Procedural Language
❏ Good for general purpose programming
❏ Supports standard Data Types, Operators and Control
Flow
❏ Little problematic to handle large programs.

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Procedural Programming: C
Procedural Programs:
● Split a program into tasks and subtasks
● Write functions to carry out the tasks
● Instruct computer to execute the functions in a sequence

Problems
● Large amount of data and intricate flow of tasks: complex and
un-maintainable
● More importance to algorithms & functions than data being used by the
functions
● Multi-function programs- shared data items are placed as global
● Changes in data structure affects functions and involves re-writing code
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Object-Oriented Programming: C++
❏ It is C and some more.
❏ Concise
❏ Maintainable (Cause its Object Oriented)
❏ Portable (supports nearly any processor)
❏ OOP treats data as a critical element in the program
development.
❏ Does not allow data to flow freely around the system.
❏ Package data and code as objects
❏ Programs model the problem using abstract objects and
interactions between them. Eg : Complex numbers (x+ yi)
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Why learn C++ over C?
❏ C++ supports OOP features.
❏ There is Stronger Type Checking in C++
❏ All the OOP features in C++ like Abstraction, Encapsulation,
Inheritance etc makes it more worthy and useful for programmers.
❏ C++ supports and allows user-defined operators (i.e Operator
Overloading) and function overloading is also supported in it.
❏ Exception Handling
❏ The concept of Virtual functions and also Constructors and
Destructors for Objects.
❏ If a function return type is mentioned it must return a value in
C++. In C it is optional. 23

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When to use C++
● Large projects
● System applications
● Graphics
● Data Structures
● Speed is an issue
● Changes in functionality required
● Need exceptions and error handling
● Want to speed up your scripts

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When not to use C++
● Small system programs (use C)
● Fast prototyping (use Visual Basic/Cold Fusion)
● Web-based applications (use PHP/Perl/Python)

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Homework
● Differences of C and C++
● Advantages of OOP
● Difference between procedural language and object
oriented language
● Why C over C++?!?

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Features of OOP ***
● Data Abstraction

● Encapsulation

● Inheritance

● Polymorphism

● Messaging

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Before proceeding, let’s see an example!

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Structure in C

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Structure in C++

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Class in C++

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Concept: Class

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Concept: Class

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Concept: Class

● A class is nothing but a way to represent a group of


logically related data members and member functions.
● They may or may not be of similar data types.
● With the addition to data types, classes give you the
provision to keep your data secure and add functions
within the class, unlike what we saw in structures in C.

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Concept: Class

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Concept: Class

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Significance of Class in C++

● It helps you keep your data safe and secure from the outside world.
● If we wish to grant access to certain data, it can be achieved with
the help of access specifiers available in classes.
● Classes support the concept of inheritance that reduces code
redundancy and makes things easier for the programmer by
allowing a derived class to directly inherit all the properties of the
base class and enhances the readability of the code.
● It allows you to club both data elements and the various functions
associated with it under one unit.
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Concept: Object

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Concept: Object

● An object is basically a variable of a user-defined data type, that is, a class.


In simple words, a class acts as a data type, and an object acts as its
variable.
● Unless you create an object, you cannot access the members of a class.
Thus, it is of utmost importance to create objects.

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Concept: Object
● An object is basically a variable of a user-defined data type, that is, a class.
In simple words, a class acts as a data type, and an object acts as its
variable.
● Unless you create an object, you cannot access the members of a class.
Thus, it is of utmost importance to create objects.
● My name is Sara, and I am an instance/object of class Female.
● When we say, HumanBeing, Male or Female, we just mean a type/kind.
● You, your friend, me - we are the forms of these classes. We have a
physical existence while a class is just a logical definition. We are the
objects/instances.
● When a class is defined, no memory is allocated but when it is
instantiated (i.e. an object is created) memory is allocated.
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Class and Object

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So far, we learned class and object;
now we can understand about the
features!

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Abstraction

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Abstraction
● Abstraction refers to the act of representing essential features without
including the background details or explanations.
● Since the classes use the concept of data abstraction, they are known as
Abstract Data Types.
● Classes use the concept of abstraction and are defined as a list of abstract
attributes such as size, weight and cost. Functions operate on these
attributes.
● Continuing our example, Human Being's can talk, walk, hear, eat, but the
details are hidden from the outside world.
● We can take our skin as the Abstraction factor in our case, hiding the
inside mechanism.

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Data Abstraction

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Encapsulation

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Encapsulation
● It is the mechanism that binds together code and the data it manipulates,
and
keeps safe from outside interference and misuse. when code and data are
bind together in this fashion, an object is created.
● The wrapping up of data and functions into a single unit.
● The data is not accessible to the outside world and only those functions
which
are wrapped in the class can access it.
● This insulation of the data from direct access by the program is called data
hiding or information hiding.

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Inheritance

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Inheritance
● Consider the HumanBeing class, which has properties like hands, legs,
eyes
etc, and functions like walk, talk, eat, see etc.
● Male and Female are also classes, but most of the properties and
functions
are included in HumanBeing, hence they can inherit everything from class
HumanBeing using the concept of Inheritance.
● Concept of inheritance provides the idea of reusability.
● Objects of one class acquire the properties of objects of another class.
● Each derived class shares common characteristics with the parent class.
● Possible to add additional features to an existing class without modifying
it.
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Inheritance

CSE_Student EECE_Student

CSE23_Student CSE24_Student

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Types of Inheritance
● Single Level Inheritance
● Multilevel Inheritance
● Multiple Inheritance
● Hybrid Inheritance

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Types of Inheritance

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Thank you!

Special Thanks To:


Raiyan Sir
Muhaimin Sir
For some of their valuable resources & teaching materials! 54

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Common questions

Powered by AI

C++ offers high-level programming capabilities through its support for object-oriented principles like abstraction, encapsulation, and inheritance, while also allowing low-level programming through inline assembly code and direct memory access. This unique combination makes C++ versatile for both intricate system-level programming and high-level application development, providing developers with a powerful toolkit for diverse programming needs .

Inheritance enhances teamwork and project management by allowing developers to leverage existing codebases through class inheritance to create new features. This reduces development time and effort, as teams can focus on new requirements without rewriting existing logic. It also facilitates clear module boundaries, making it easier to assign tasks based on inherited functionalities .

Procedural programming in C focuses on splitting a program into functions for tasks and subtasks and gives more importance to algorithms than data. It often places shared data as global, which can lead to complexity as changes in the data structures require modifying functions. In contrast, C++'s object-oriented programming treats data as critical, encapsulates data within objects, and supports OOP features like inheritance and polymorphism, reducing redundancy and enhancing code maintainability and security .

C++ is preferred for large projects, system applications, scenarios where speed is critical, when complex data structures are involved, or where changes in functionality are expected. It provides powerful features like exceptions and error handling, which are essential in high-performance applications. It is also suitable when full control over computational resources is required .

Classes in C++ allow abstraction by representing essential features without including specific details. They act as abstract data types, listing attributes and functions that operate on them, thus focusing on what objects can do while hiding inner workings. Encapsulation is achieved by binding data and functions within classes, limiting access to data through class functions, thereby protecting it from misuse and interference .

C++ achieves stronger type checking by enforcing type rules more strictly than C, requiring all type conversions to be explicit and performing checks at compile-time. This reduces runtime errors and aids in debugging by catching type-related mistakes early in the development cycle, enhancing code reliability and safety .

Data hiding helps to build secure programs by restricting access to sensitive parts of the code, such as passwords or internal calculations, preventing other parts of the program from accessing or modifying them accidentally .

Virtual functions in C++ are important for achieving polymorphism, allowing the correct function to be called for an object regardless of the reference type. This enables dynamic method binding at runtime, allowing for flexible and reusable code, and supports inheritance hierarchies where subclass objects can override base class methods while still being referenced through base class pointers .

Inheritance in object-oriented programming promotes code reusability by allowing derived classes to inherit properties and behaviors from base classes. This reduces redundancy, enhances code maintainability, and allows for the extension of functionality without modifying existing classes, thus improving code organization and readability .

A programmer might choose C++ over C for its object-oriented features, which include stronger type checking, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. C++ also supports user-defined operators, function overloading, and exception handling, making it more suitable for large projects where these features can enhance the code's modularity and reliability .

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