Third International Conference on

Advances in Civil Engineering

(ICACE-2025)
June 27-28, 2025
Venue: Civil Engineering Department, School of Engineering & Technology, Sandip University
Nashik, India 422213

THE DESIGN OF COLUMN BASE PLATE FOR SHEAR WITH SHEAR LUG
VAIBHAV KHAIRNAR1, DR. SACHIN MULAY2
Sandip University, Civil Department (M.Tech Structure), Nashik, India

[email protected] / [email protected]

ABSTRACT:

Structural engineering plays a pivotal role in ensuring the stability and safety of buildings and industrial
structures. The base plate, a critical component in supporting vertical loads and transferring them to the
foundation, requires meticulous design to meet stringent safety and performance standards. This study focuses
on the incorporation of shear lugs as an innovative enhancement to conventional base plate designs, aiming to
improve the overall structural stability and load-bearing capacity. The research involves a comprehensive
investigation into the structural behavior of base plates with shear lugs through a combination of analytical,
numerical, and experimental methodologies. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is employed to model and
simulate the complex interactions between the base plate, shear lug, and surrounding structural elements under
various loading conditions. The study aims to optimize the dimensions and configurations of the shear lug to
maximize its effectiveness in resisting shear forces and enhancing the overall stability of the structure. The
experimental component of the research involves the fabrication and testing of physical prototypes to validate
the numerical simulations and analytical predictions. This experimental data is crucial for refining the design
parameters and ensuring that the proposed base plate with shear lug system meets or exceeds industry standards
for safety and performance. The anticipated outcomes of this research include a deeper understanding of the
behavior of base plates with shear lugs, providing valuable insights for structural engineers and designers.

Keywords: Base Plate, Shear Lug, Finite Element Analysis.

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 Third International Conference on

Advances in Civil Engineering

(ICACE-2025)
June 27-28, 2025
Venue: Civil Engineering Department, School of Engineering & Technology, Sandip University
Nashik, India 422213

1. INTRODUCTION:

1.1 Overview

Anchor bolts and other devices have been used for many years to anchor steel frames to a concrete
foundation. The majority of these base connections are expected to receive nominal loads (i.e., loads due to
erection). Figure 1.1 shows a column base detail with erection bolts which receive relatively small loads.
These same anchorage devices are also used in critical applications within a building (i.e., anchorage of
braced frames).

Fig 1.1: column base detail (small lateral or uplift force)

These connections may receive considerably larger loads and are responsible for the overall stability
of the structure. a column base detail for a braced frame which may resist relatively large shear and tension
forces. The loads applied to these same braced frames have increased due to larger wind and seismic design
forces mandated by recent code revisions implementation of this enhanced base plate design in various
structural applications. Ultimately, the incorporation of shear lugs into base plate designs has the potential to
enhance the resilience and load-bearing capacity of structures, thereby advancing the field of structural
engineering.

Column base connections, which are quite popular in steel structures, often consist of a plate welded
to the steel profile and bolted to the foundation using anchor rods. They generally transmit normal forces and
bending moments to the foundations. It is worth emphasizing that the flexibility of the plate, on the one hand,
and the stress concentration in the column-plate connection zone, on the other hand, both generate a variable
concentration of pressure under the plate . The column base connection is the final link in a chain that
transfers the loads between a steel structure and its foundations. Thus, it is crucial that these connections
need to be designed to safely transfer these loads . The column base plate (CBP) connection is one of the
most safety–critical components of steel structures since it transfers the vertical forces, the shear forces, and
the bending moments from the structure to the foundation . The column base consists of a set of elementary
components whose strength and stiffness should be defined and designed in accordance with codes. Over the
past few years, several experimental and numerical studies have been carried out in order to better
understand the global behaviour of this connection (axial resistance, bending resistance, bending stiffness) .
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 Third International Conference on

Advances in Civil Engineering

(ICACE-2025)
June 27-28, 2025
Venue: Civil Engineering Department, School of Engineering & Technology, Sandip University
Nashik, India 422213

It is well acknowledged that the column base connections are very important and have a significant
influence on the response of the structure. However, little research work has been carried out on this element
compared to that which has been devoted to rigid and semi-rigid beam-to-column and beam-to-beam
connections . It has been revealed that predicting the behavior of column bases, such as the moment-rotation
relationship, is more difficult and more complex than that of column-beam connections, because several
factors are involved in this relationship. These factors include the column stiffness, the dimensions and
flexibility of the base plate, the number and position of the anchor rods on the plate, the concrete foundation,
and the effect of the contact between the steel plate and the concrete foundation .

A common column base consists of several components, like the column cross-section, base plate, stiffeners,
anchor rods, concrete foundation, and shear-lug. Each of these components affects the connection’s capacity
to withstand the axial force, shear force, and bending moment . Some researchers have tried to describe the
interactions between the bending moment and the axial forces as well as the effects on some aspects of
column base rotational response. Moreover, experimental studies previously carried out have made it
possible to develop methods for calculating the bending resistance of column bases . studies have also been
conducted for the purpose of evaluating the rotational stiffness of column bases . It should be pointed out that
column bases mainly deform when loaded through normal forces, shear forces, and bending moments. Note
that, theoretically, the rotational behavior of column bases can generally be idealized by considering a hinge
or a stiff connection. Nevertheless, in the majority of cases, their rotational response is an intermediate case
between these two situations. In this case, the column bases are considered semi-rigid .

1.2 Challenges in traditional designs:

In traditional base plate designs, challenges primarily arise in effectively resisting lateral forces,
particularly shear. The limitations of these designs become apparent when subjected to lateral loads,
potentially leading to issues such as tilting or sliding of the structure. These challenges compromise the
overall stability and structural integrity of buildings or industrial facilities. The introduction of shear lugs
aims to address these issues by providing supplementary resistance against shear forces, enhancing the
overall performance of the base plate and ensuring the stability of the entire structure.

Traditional base plate designs often face challenges in effectively resisting lateral forces, particularly
shear. These limitations can result in issues such as tilting or sliding of the structure, compromising overall
stability. The introduction of shear lugs addresses these challenges by providing additional resistance against
shear forces, improving the performance of the base plate and enhancing the overall stability of structures.

1.3 Problem statement

The problem addressed in this study revolves around the limitations of traditional base plate designs,
particularly in their ability to resist lateral forces, especially shear. Traditional base plates may struggle to
provide sufficient stability under lateral loading conditions, leading to issues such as tilting or sliding of the
structure. This inherent challenge poses a risk to overall structural integrity and safety.

Key questions addressed in the problem statement include:

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 Third International Conference on

Advances in Civil Engineering

(ICACE-2025)
June 27-28, 2025
Venue: Civil Engineering Department, School of Engineering & Technology, Sandip University
Nashik, India 422213

1. How do traditional base plates perform under lateral loads, specifically in resisting shear forces?

2. What are the potential consequences of inadequate shear resistance, such as tilting or sliding?

3. How can shear lugs be effectively integrated into base plate designs to address these challenges?

4. What are the optimal dimensions and configurations of shear lugs to maximize their effectiveness in
enhancing shear resistance?

1.4 Objective:

The primary objective of the study is to investigate and optimize the design of base plates with shear
lugs. The goal is to enhance the structural stability and load-bearing capacity of these base plates, particularly
in resisting shear forces. The study aims to achieve this by employing advanced analytical tools like Finite
Element Analysis (FEA) to model and simulate the structural behavior of the system under various loading
conditions. The focus is on identifying optimal dimensions and configurations for shear lugs that maximize
their effectiveness in resisting shear forces. Additionally, manual validation for the analytical ouputs is done
in this study and compared.

Fig 1.2:(a)cast in place shear lug Fig 1.3:(b)Post installed shear lug

1.5 Expectations of the study

• The anticipated outcomes of this research include a deeper understanding of the behavior of base
plates with shear lugs, offering valuable insights for structural engineers.

• The findings are expected to contribute to the development of guidelines and best practices for
implementing this enhanced base plate design, ultimately advancing the field of structural engineering.

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 Third International Conference on

Advances in Civil Engineering

(ICACE-2025)
June 27-28, 2025
Venue: Civil Engineering Department, School of Engineering & Technology, Sandip University
Nashik, India 422213

2. LITRATURE REVIEW:

Patel K and Chen W [1984] performed a nonlinear stress analysis on a flange connection plate by isolating it
with suitable free body. The weld required to join the flange connection plates to the column was proposed
through the study of stress distribution in the flange connection plate. For finite element modelling a general
purpose Non-linear structural analysis program (NONSAP) was used for the analysis.

Thambiratnam D and Paramasivam P [1986] conducted experiments by applying axial loads and moments
by eccentric loading on the column to study the behaviour of base plates. Thickness and eccentricity of the
loads were the parameters of the study. At higher eccentricities the mode of failure observed was due to
yielding of base plate and at lower eccentricities the primary mode of failure was due to cracking of plate.
From the experiments it was observed that the eccentricity of base plate has greater influence on the strain
than the thickness of the base plate. The test results showed that the base plate 8 at higher eccentricities failed
due to yielding and that the behaviour of the base plate under testing is somewhat different form the design
methods.

Wong M and Loi F [1990] present a simpler procedure about framed structure for solving the fully nonlinear
problem. The basis of this procedure is a direct combination of two separately developed formulation and
these are for large deformation purely elastic analysis and for small displacement elastic-perfectly plastic
analysis. Path linearization scheme was proposed to link the two parts. The main emphasis of this paper was
to explain how the two procedures are combined. A general computer program NONPLAST was also briefly
described. A three-stage process of a general finite element approach was proposed to perform the combined
geometrical and material nonlinear analysis. Following it is the second stage of path linearization which links
two types of analysis. Finally, an appropriate method for the incremental path dependent computer analysis
of elastic-perfectly plastic frames inclusive of large deformations was used. Also, geometrical nonlinear
analysis was combined through a path linearization technique to a small displacement elasto-plastic analysis.

Kruger et al [1995] introduced various ways of including material, geometrical and connection
nonlinearities into a stiffness matrix was discussed. The stiffness matrix method was adjusted to incorporate
all these nonlinearities into software which was developed by the author. Finally, by the means of computer
program an example was illustrated.

Najjar S and Burgess I [1996] developed a program ‘3DFIRE’ based on principles of frame analysis for
modeling the behavior of skeletal frames under fire conditions. This particular program is based on another
program ‘INSTAF’ which is used for nonlinear spread of yield analysis of 9 rigid frameworks. The same was
modified to a 3-D capability covering both geometric and material nonlinearities, including effect of
temperature variations on material properties.

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 Third International Conference on

Advances in Civil Engineering

(ICACE-2025)
June 27-28, 2025
Venue: Civil Engineering Department, School of Engineering & Technology, Sandip University
Nashik, India 422213

Ermopolous J and Stamatopoulos G [1996]: proposed a design procedure for the derivation of Moment-
rotation curves of column base connections which was based on classical design. Also, a new formula was
proposed which describes the relation between moment and rotation with adequate accuracy.

Stamatopoulos G and Ermopoulos J [1997] stuided by taking into account the main parameters of the
problems the ultimate behaviour of column base-plate connections is studied and the corresponding M-P
curves were obtained. The parameters considered were the size and thickness of the plate, the size, length
and location of anchor rods, the amount of axial load on the column and the quality of material used. Finally
form the M-P curves the safety of the connections was checked.

Thevendran et al [1999] study on behavior of steel-concrete composite beams curved in plan are dealt with.
The study of nonlinear behavior and ultimate load carrying capacity of such beams was done using finite
element program ‘ABAQUS’. The behavior of concrete slab and steel girder were simulated using shell
elements and shear stud elements were simulated using rigid beams. Finally, a comparison was drawn
between the proposed finite element model and the available experimental results to validate the results.

Drake R and Elkin S [1999] design a methodology for the design of beam-column base plates and anchor
rods using factored load directly in the manner consistent with the equation of equilibrium and LFRD
specification were represented. Two design examples were presented and a comparison was made with the
problem solved by another AISC method. Finally, it was concluded that uniform rectangular 10 pressure
distribution will be easier to design and program than the linear triangular pressure distribution utilized in
allowable stress design and other published LFRD publications.

Sebastian W and McConnel R [2000] described the elements used to represent the concrete slab and steel
beam actions. Also, a demonstration on how to model ribbed composite slabs of reinforced concrete on
profiled steel sheeting was done. Attention was drawn to the usefulness of layering technique to decide local
stress redistribution associated with progressive through-depth cracking and yielding in the slab and steel
beam elements. Predicted crack patterns and the use of the program gave the desired results and these are
used to compare very well with those from experiments on reinforced concrete slabs and steel-concrete
composite structures up to failure.

Liew et al [2001] described method for inelastic analysis of frames with composite floor beams subjected to
the combined action of gravity and lateral loads. To model the composite beams based on moment-curvature
relationship am inelastic formulation was proposed and to model steel columns plastic hinge approach was
proposed. For the accuracy of these models two composite beams and steel portal frames were analyzed and
results for the same were compared with the test results. Finally, the study showed that the limit load of steel
frames while considering the composite beam effect is about 30% higher than pure steel frame.

Chan [2001] reviews and gives summary of various works conducted on the non-linear analysis and design
of steel frames in past few decades was addressed. Finally, with the design procedure NIDA (developed by
Chan) it was recognized that the elastic approach is not an economical design due to the ignorance of
reserved strength after first yield or first plastic hinge.

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 Third International Conference on

Advances in Civil Engineering

(ICACE-2025)
June 27-28, 2025
Venue: Civil Engineering Department, School of Engineering & Technology, Sandip University
Nashik, India 422213

Hag-Elsafi et al [2001] developed a new procedure for design of end plates and base plates, and for base
plates of span-wire-mounted traffic-signal structures. The procedure developed was based on beam-and-plate
bending and torsion theory. Also, the procedure developed was intended for plates of square configuration.
Finally, the plate stresses and thickness obtained from the procedure were compared well with those
estimated from finite element analysis and supported earlier conclusions reached through physical testing.

Spacone E and Tawil S [2004]: focus on the frame elements. First section models were presented (resultant
and fiber models). Models with lumped and distributed inelasticity were covered. Partially restrained and
rigid joints were reviewed and discussed at length. Modelling application of the analysis of composite frames
was also presented. This paper was the State of the art review on composite structures.

Aviram(2008) investigates the reliability of exposed column-base plate connections in special moment-
resisting frames, focusing on seismic performance. The analysis considers failure modes such as concrete
crushing, yielding of the base plate, tensile yielding of anchor bolts, friction failure, and shear failure.
Fragility curves are developed for each failure mode, and a sensitivity analysis identifies critical parameters
influencing connection reliability. The study suggests potential modifications to the AISC Design Guide No.
1-2005 to enhance the safety and performance of these critical structural components. The results indicate
relatively high failure probabilities, emphasizing the need for adjustments in design practices

Peter J. Carrat, et all (2009) resrech on shear lug design for lateral loads, presenting laboratory test results on
shear lug assemblies. Shear transfer mechanisms, including bearing and anchorage, are explored, with
attention to different failure modes. Testing and analysis complexities lead to empirical design
recommendations, emphasizing factors influencing concrete bearing capacity and shear friction. Detailed
construction recommendations cover grouting, reinforcement, weld design, and anchor embedment depth,
ensuring shear lug performance aligns with design expectations.

Ali Karbakhsh Ravari et.all (2011)The researcher's study delves into the finite element analysis of column
base plates, focusing on the impact of various design configurations on the structural behavior under axial
force. Three primary models are considered: without stiffeners, with stiffeners, and with stiffeners along with
peripheral plates, representing different scenarios in practical applications. The analysis is centered on the
response of the column base plates to axial force, with an emphasis on the calibration of numerical models
based on experimental results. Stiffeners, when introduced, are shown to modify the connection behavior,
and the study investigates how these modifications influence the overall rigidity of the structure. The
research incorporates laboratory tests, with moment-rotation curves providing valuable data for validating
the numerical models. Additionally, the study examines the influence of key parameters such as plate
thickness and anchor bolt diameter on connection rigidity. The findings suggest that certain design
provisions may be conservative for stiffened column base plates, emphasizing the nuanced effects of
different factors on the structural response. Overall, the study contributes to a comprehensive understanding
of the complexities involved in the design and behavior of column base plates in structural engineering

Dr. Luay Mohammed Al-Shather(2018) conducted a study on the reliability analysis of a column-base
connection in a steel moment-resisting frame. The focus was on the design and seismic considerations of the
connection, employing the AISC Design Guide No. 1-2005 procedure. The study utilized finite element

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 Third International Conference on

Advances in Civil Engineering

(ICACE-2025)
June 27-28, 2025
Venue: Civil Engineering Department, School of Engineering & Technology, Sandip University
Nashik, India 422213

modeling in ABAQUS to analyze the structural components and conducted reliability analysis for different
hazard levels. The results highlighted the dominant failure modes, and fragility curves were developed to
understand the relationship between failure probabilities and earthquake intensity. The study suggests
potential modifications to enhance the connection's reliability and emphasizes the importance of
incorporating a capacity design approach.

Dr. M. R. Shiyekar et.all(2021) study focuses on the analysis and design of column base plate connections
with anchor bolts. It emphasizes considering the combined effects of axial compression, uplift pressure, and
shear, especially under high bending moments. The study uses ANSYS Workbench software for modeling
and analysis, incorporating modifications based on specifications from the American Institute of Steel
Construction (AISC). The objectives include determining critical design actions, formulating design
guidelines, and suggesting improvements to the Bureau of Indian Standards. The research highlights the role
of anchor bolts, the impact of loading conditions on base plate behavior, and the practical application of the
study in designing critical steel structures.

3. METHODOLOGY:

3.1 Proposed work:

1. Literature review: Technical papers, Research papers, patent documents, etc.

2. Material selection for concrete and base plate

3. Test for various materials are prepared

4. Geometry and profile selection.

5. Modeling in software.

6. Analysis of all specimen results

As discussed in the preceding sections, several topics regarding shear transfer in base plates are unresolved
and may be addressed through further experimentation and analysis, especially in the context of large scale
prototypes. Based on Background and Objectives of experimental budgets, the main objectives of the current
study are to examine three mechanisms (surface friction, anchor rod bearing and shear key bearing)
commonly used to resist shear in exposed column base plate connections. While several failure modes are
possible for each of these mechanisms, the specific issues addressed by this study are now summarized

1. For surface friction, the major objective to is characterize the coefficient of friction between steel and
grout, and more importantly, between the steel and grout interface when leveling shim stacks are used

2. For anchor rod bearing, the major objective is to characterize the strength of the anchor rod itself under the
combination of axial tension, shear and flexure. Three issues are important in this context. First, the effective

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 Third International Conference on

Advances in Civil Engineering

(ICACE-2025)
June 27-28, 2025
Venue: Civil Engineering Department, School of Engineering & Technology, Sandip University
Nashik, India 422213

bending length and bending shape of the anchor rod must be characterized to determine the flexural stresses
in the rod. Second, the effects of interaction/contact between the anchor rods and base plate on the strength
of the anchor rods must be examined. Third, geometric second order effects due to large displacement of the
rods should be considered. Concrete failure modes are not explicitly investigated.

3. For shear key bearing, the major objective is to investigate the strength capacity associated with the side
blowout of a shear key embedded near a free edge in an unreinforced concrete footing. Other failure modes,
such as shear key yielding or base plate failure due to the forces imposed by the shear key are not considered.

In addition to providing experimental data and analysis for each of these shear mechanisms, a key objective
of the current study is to verify existing design methods and to provide improved design guidelines for shear
transfer.

3.2 Geometry of the Test specimen

The first specimen under study consisted of a column connected to a concrete footing; its dimensions were
(600×300×300) mm. This column was welded to the base plate with a thickness equal to 10 mm, as shown in
Figure 3 and Table 1.having 4 no of anchors rod of M10 and grout thk 30 mm

Fig: 3.1 shear force transfer through exposed rod length

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 Third International Conference on

Advances in Civil Engineering

(ICACE-2025)
June 27-28, 2025
Venue: Civil Engineering Department, School of Engineering & Technology, Sandip University
Nashik, India 422213

Shear Force

Fig: 3.2 Test specimen for surface friction

The second specimen under study consisted of a column connected to a concrete footing; its dimensions
were (600×300×300) mm. This column was welded to the base plate with a thickness equal to 10 mm, as
shown in Figure 3 and Table 1.having 4 no of anchors rod of M10 and without grout having stand off
distance and leveling nuts

Fig: 3.3 Test specimen for anchor rod bearing

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 Third International Conference on

Advances in Civil Engineering

(ICACE-2025)
June 27-28, 2025
Venue: Civil Engineering Department, School of Engineering & Technology, Sandip University
Nashik, India 422213

The second specimen under study consisted of a column connected to a concrete footing; its dimensions
were (600×300×300) mm. This column was welded to the base plate with a thickness equal to 10 mm, as
shown in Figure 3 and Table 1.having 4 no of anchors rod of M10 and without grout having stand off
distance and leveling nuts. Shear lug is used with height of 100mm

Shear Force

Fig: 3.4 Test specimen for Shear lug bearing

Specimen Column Anchors rod FOOTING SIZE Base plate Shear Shear
no thk (mm) key key
Nos Sizes L W H shape height
(mm) (mm) (mm)

1 SHS100*100*5 4 M16 500 500 300 12 Single 100

plate

2 SHS100*100*5 4 M16 500 500 300 12 I section 100

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 Third International Conference on

Advances in Civil Engineering

(ICACE-2025)
June 27-28, 2025
Venue: Civil Engineering Department, School of Engineering & Technology, Sandip University
Nashik, India 422213

4. CONCLUSION:

4.1 General conclusion

These tests investigate the failure modes and capacities associated with the shear key bearing
mechanism. shear key failure may be associated with several failure modes, including concrete/grout bearing
failure, shear blowout edge failure of the concrete foundation or failure of the shear key itself, either through
yielding or through fracture of the welds which connect the shear key to the base plate. Additionally, the
shear key may induce flexural yielding failure in the base plate. The main focus is on the shear lug failure
and the base plate failure. For both tests, the shear key was installed in the center of the concrete block such
that an edge distance of 100 mm was provided between the shear key bearing surface and the pedestal
perimeter.

 The study effectively analyzed base plates with shear lugs using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) to
evaluate shear resistance performance.

 Various shear lug dimensions and configurations were modeled to understand their influence on load
transfer and structural behavior.

 FEA results revealed that optimized lug geometry significantly improves shear capacity and stability.

 Manual calculations based on ACI 318 and AISC guidelines were used to validate FEA outputs.

 Comparison showed good correlation, confirming the accuracy of the simulation while also
identifying limitations in standard code approaches.

 The optimized designs achieved better material efficiency without compromising safety.

 Overall, the study demonstrates the value of combining analytical tools and manual methods for
more reliable and economical structural design.

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 Third International Conference on

Advances in Civil Engineering

(ICACE-2025)
June 27-28, 2025
Venue: Civil Engineering Department, School of Engineering & Technology, Sandip University
Nashik, India 422213

4.2 Software result

The finite element analysis for the connection the IdeaStatica software is used where the specimens
are tested for the shear load. The results obtain by the software the effect of shear load on the plates ,anchors
welds concrete block are check

4.1 Base plate without shear lug

Fig: 4.1 base plate without shear lug

Table 2.0: Software result of base plate without shear lug

Name Value Check status

Analysis 100.0% OK
Plates 64.1 > 5.0% Not OK!
Anchors 70.1 < 100% OK
Welds 25.3 < 100% OK
Concrete block 11.1 < 100% OK
Shear 363.7 > 100% Not OK!
Buckling Not calculated

As observed in Table 2.0 (Base Plate without Shear Lug), the shear demand exceeds the allowable limit by
363.7%, indicating a failure under shear. The status is clearly marked as NOT OK.

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 Third International Conference on

Advances in Civil Engineering

(ICACE-2025)
June 27-28, 2025
Venue: Civil Engineering Department, School of Engineering & Technology, Sandip University
Nashik, India 422213

4.2: base plate with single plate shear lug

Fig: 4.2 base plate with single plate shear lug

Table 2.1 : Software result of base plate with single plate shear lug

Name Value Check status

Analysis 100.0% OK
Plates 68.2 > 5.0% Not OK!
Anchors 33.3< 100% OK
Welds 71.3 < 100% OK
Concrete block 11.0 < 100% OK
Shear 22.7 < 100% OK
Buckling Not calculated

In contrast, Table 2.1 (Base Plate with Single Plate Shear Lug) shows that the shear value remains within
permissible limits, staying below 100%, and therefore, the single plate shear lug is safe under shear.

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 Third International Conference on

Advances in Civil Engineering

(ICACE-2025)
June 27-28, 2025
Venue: Civil Engineering Department, School of Engineering & Technology, Sandip University
Nashik, India 422213
4.3: base plate with I section shear lug

Fig: 4.3 base plate with I section shear lug

Table2.2: Software result of base plate with I section shear lug

Name Value Check status

Analysis 100.0% OK
Plates 64.1 > 5.0% Not OK!
Anchors 14.1 < 100% OK
Welds 118.7 > 100% Not OK!
Concrete block 12.6 < 100% OK
Shear 54.1 < 100% OK
Buckling Not calculated

Similarly, in Table 2.2 (Base Plate with I-Section Shear Lug), the shear value also remains below 100%, and
the status is indicated as OK, confirming that the I-section shear lug is safe under shear.

Based on the analysis presented in Tables 2.0 to 2.2, it is evident that the base plate without a shear lug is
inadequate under shear loading and fails to meet design requirements. However, the incorporation of either a
single plate shear lug or an I-section shear lug significantly improves the shear resistance of the base plate,
keeping the shear demand within acceptable limits. Therefore, the use of shear lugs especially the I-section
shear lug is strongly recommended for ensuring structural safety under shear forces.

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 Third International Conference on

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(ICACE-2025)
June 27-28, 2025
Venue: Civil Engineering Department, School of Engineering & Technology, Sandip University
Nashik, India 422213
4.3 LOAD TRANSFER EFFICIENCY:

ASPECT Anchor bolts Shear lug

SHEAR PATH Through bolts Direct Bearing into concrete via

Steel > Plate> bolt> lug
Concrete
LOAD DISPERSION Concentrated on bolts Spread over larger area in
concrete

BOLT BENDING High under large shear Minimal

RISK

SHEAR LUG DIRECTLY ENGAGES CONCRETE REDUCING STRESS ON BOLTS AND

IMPROVING SYSTEM RELIABILITY.

REFRENCES:

1)ACI Committee 318. (2002), “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-02) and
Commentary (ACI 318R-02),” Farmington Hills, MI.

2)ACI Committee 349. (1985), “Code Requirements for Nuclear Safety Related Concrete Structures and
Commentary (ACI 349-85/349R-85),” Farmington Hills, MI.

3)ACI Committee 349. (2001), “Code Requirements for Nuclear Safety Related Concrete Structures and
Commentary (ACI 349-01/349R-01),” Farmington Hills, MI.

4)ACI Committee 349. (2006), “Code Requirements for Nuclear Safety Related Concrete Structures and
Commentary (ACI 349-06/349R-06),” Farmington Hills, MI.

5)Adihardjo, R., and Soltis, L. (1979), “Combined Shear and Tension on Grouted Base Details,” Engineering
Journal, AISC, Vol. 16, No. 1 (First Quarter), 1979, pp. 23-26.

6)American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC). (2006), “Fundamentals of Column Bases and Exposed
Seismic Base Design,” Request for Proposal (RFP) 6807, August 11, 2006.

7)American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC). (2005), “Seismic Design Manual,” American Institute of
Steel Construction, Chicago, IL.

8)Bailey, J.W., and Burdette, E.G. (1977), “Edge Effects on Anchorage to Concrete,” Research Series No.
31, Aug. 1977, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville.

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 Third International Conference on

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June 27-28, 2025
Venue: Civil Engineering Department, School of Engineering & Technology, Sandip University
Nashik, India 422213
9)Ballio, G., and Mazzolani, F.M. (1983), “Theory and Design of Steel Structures,” Chapman and Hall,
London and New York, pp. 257-264.

10)Baltay, P., and Gjelsvik, A. (1990), “Coefficient of Friction for Steel on Concrete at High Normal Stress,”
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 2, No. 1, February, pp. 46-49.

11)Bažant, Z.P. (1984), “Size Effect in Blunt Fracture: Concrete, Rock, Metal,” Journal of Engineering
Mechanics, ASCE, 110(4), 518–535

12) 8) American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC). (2005), “Steel Construction Manual,” 13th Edition,
American Institute of Steel Construction, Chicago, IL.

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