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The European Revolutions 1848 1851 New Approaches to
European History 2nd Edition Jonathan Sperber Digital
Instant Download
Author(s): Jonathan Sperber
ISBN(s): 9780521839075, 0521839076
Edition: 2
File Details: PDF, 2.68 MB
Year: 2005
Language: english
This page intentionally left blank
The European Revolutions, 1848–1851

Reaching from the Atlantic to Ukraine, from the Baltic to the Mediterranean, the
revolutions of 1848 brought millions of people across the European continent into
political life. Nationalist aspirations, social issues, and feminist demands coming
to the fore in the mid-century revolutions would reverberate in continental
Europe until 1914 and beyond. Yet the new regimes established then proved
ephemeral, succumbing to counter-revolution.
In this second edition, Jonathan Sperber has updated and expanded his study of
the European Revolutions between 1848 and 1851. Emphasizing the socioeco-
nomic background to the revolutions, and the diversity of political opinions and
experiences of participants, the book offers an inclusive narrative of the revolu-
tionary events and a structural analysis of the reasons for the revolutions’ ultimate
failure. A wide-reaching conclusion and a detailed bibliography make the book
ideal both for classroom use and for a general reader wishing to acquire a better
knowledge of this major historical event.

J O N A T H A N S P E R B E R is Professor of History at the University of Missouri-

Columbia. His previous publications include award-winning books such as
Rhineland Radicals: The Democratic Movement and the Revolutions of 1848–1849
(1991) and The Kaiser’s Voters: Electors and Elections in Imperial Germany (1997).
NEW APPROACHES TO EUROPEAN HISTORY

Series editors
WILLIAM BEIK, Emory University
T. C. W. BLANNING, Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge

New Approaches to European History is an important textbook

series, which provides concise but authoritative surveys of
major themes and problems in European history since the
Renaissance. Written at a level and length accessible to advanced
school students and undergraduates, each book in the series
addresses topics or themes that students of European history
encounter daily: the series embraces both some of the more
traditional subjects of study, and those cultural and social issues
to which increasing numbers of school and college courses are
devoted. A particular effort is made to consider the wider inter-
national implications of the subject under scrutiny.
To aid the student reader, scholarly apparatus and annotation
is light, but each work has full supplementary bibliographies and
notes for further reading: where appropriate, chronologies,
maps, diagrams, and other illustrative material are also provided.

For a list of titles published in the series, please see end of book.
The European Revolutions,
1848–1851
Second Edition

J ONATHAN S PERBER
University of Missouri-Columbia
  
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo

Cambridge University Press

The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge  , UK
Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York
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Information on this title: [Link]/9780521839075

© Cambridge University Press 1994, 2005

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of

relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place
without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published in print format 2005

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 Contents

List of illustrations page vi

Preface to the second edition vii
Chronology of events viii

Introduction 1
1 Society and social conflict in Europe during the 1840s 5
2 The pre-revolutionary political universe 56
3 The outbreak of revolution 109
4 Varieties of revolutionary experience 157
5 Polarization and confrontation 208
6 The mid-century revolutions in European history 258

Bibliography 284
Short biographies 299
Index 305

v
 Illustrations

MAPS

1.1 Europe in 1848 page 6–7

1.2 Dominant agricultural property and production regimes
in Europe during the 1840s 14–15
1.3 Predominant religious confessions in Europe during the
1840s 36–37
3.1 Scenes of barricade fighting in January to March 1848 118–119
5.1 Revolutionary regimes in the spring of 1849 248–249

FIGURE
1.1 Real wages in France and Germany, 1820–47 24

vi
 Preface to the second edition

The one hundred fiftieth anniversary of the revolution of 1848, that

produced a small flood of exhibitions, conferences, lecture series, com-
memorations, and scholarly publications in the years around 1998, also
provided the impetus for a second edition of this work. As part of the
relevant revisions, the bibliography has been completely rewritten and
brought up to date with the latest literature, much of it appearing in
conjunction with the revolutionary sesquicentennial. The account of
the 1848 revolutions has been modified as well, to take into consideration
the latest scholarly findings. As a result of them, the discussion of the
1848 revolution has been expanded, both topically and geographically,
including new material on events in the Low Countries, Scandinavia, and
the very interesting developments in the Danubian Principalities of
Moldavia and Wallachia. I have added new examples for some of the
assertions in the book, introduced new themes, particularly a section on
the memory and commemoration of the 1848 revolutions. A number of
smaller mistakes present in the first edition have been corrected.
More generally, though, most of these newer scholarly investigations
have offered further evidence to support the general approach to and
interpretation of the mid-nineteenth-century revolutions put forth in this
book. Indeed, the first edition of The European Revolutions, 1848–1851
found frequent and favorable mention in bibliographies and comme-
morative essays, to say nothing of Internet web sites, appearing in conjunc-
tion with the revolutionary anniversary. It is to be hoped that a revised
and updated second edition will continue to improve upon this favorable
track record.

vii
 Chronology of events

1845
Failure of the potato crop produces famine or near-famine conditions in
much of Europe.

1846
The potato harvest improved over the previous year, but the wretched
grain harvest worsens the food supply situation.
The Bishop of Imola elected Pope Pius IX; widespread expectations that
he will introduce liberal reforms in the church and the Papal States and
take the lead towards Italian national unity.
Defeat of the opposition in the elections to the legislature in France.
Polish uprising in the Austrian province of Galicia defeated when serfs
turn on the noble insurgents and massacre them.

1847
A good harvest ends the danger of famine (except in Ireland) but business
conditions worsen and the industrial and commercial economy in
Europe enters into recession.
Civil war in Switzerland; the predominantly Protestant and left-wing
cantons defeat the predominantly Catholic and right-wing ones.
Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia calls a United Diet to approve new loans.
A majority of deputies demand a constitution and liberal reforms,
which the king refuses to grant.
Constitutional-monarchist and radical parliamentary deputies from the
smaller states of central and southwestern Germany hold separate
meetings to discuss plans for national unification, and social and politi-
cal reform.

viii
 Chronology of events ix

The French opposition mounts a banquet campaign to demand a more

democratic franchise.
Victory of the opposition in elections to the Hungarian Diet.
Pius IX calls a Consultative Assembly to discuss reforms in the Papal
States; liberal deputies to it demand greater concessions than he is
willing to make.

1848

January
Italy: Insurrection in Palermo, Sicily, spreads to the mainland and the
King of the Two Sicilies is forced to grant a constitution.
France: Intensification of the banquet campaign in Paris.

February
Italy: King of Piedmont-Savoy and the Grand Duke of Tuscany grant
constitutions.
France: Parisian banquets end in street demonstrations; crowds clash
with soldiers and police; barricades are built. The army refuses to
fight, the National Guard goes over to the insurgents, King Louis-
Philippe flees and the republic is proclaimed. Provisional
Government is an uneasy coalition of radicals, socialists, and moderate
‘‘pure republicans.’’

March
The revolutionary events of this month lead to riots and demonstrations
of the urban and rural lower classes throughout the continent, includ-
ing strikes, land occupations, boycotts of feudal and seigneurial obliga-
tions, and assaults on employers, creditors, nobles, and government
officials. These continue into the summer.
Italy: Risings in the Habsburg provinces of Lombardy and Venetia,
particularly in their respective capitals, Venice and Milan; revolu-
tionary provisional governments created. Austrian General Radetzky
retreats with his defeated forces to the fortresses of the Quadrilateral.
Carlo Alberto of Piedmont-Savoy declares war on Austria and sends
his army to occupy Lombardy and Venetia. Pius IX grants a constitu-
tion for the Papal States.
France: Creation of Luxembourg Commission in Paris to investigate and
reform conditions of the working class. National Workshops set up to
x Chronology of events

offer jobs to the unemployed. Formation of numerous political clubs

and workers’ trade associations in the capital.
Germany: Street fighting in Berlin. Insurgents are victorious: the army
withdraws from the city; the king of Prussia promises a constitution,
appoints liberal ministers, and announces his support for German
national unification. Liberal government ministers appointed in most
of the smaller German states, sometimes after menacing street demon-
strations. German nationalist uprising in Schleswig-Holstein against
Danish rule. ‘‘Pre-Parliament’’ meets in Frankfurt and issues call for
elections to a German National Assembly.
Austrian Empire: Street fighting in Vienna; Metternich flees the country.
A new government ministry is appointed, containing both conserva-
tives and liberals. It names Colonel Jelac̆ić Ban of Croatia and com-
mander of the border troops. National mass meeting of Croatians in
Zagreb. Demonstrations in Prague and formation of a National
Committee. Riots in Cracow and formation of Polish National
Committee. Mass demonstrations in Budapest; the Hungarian Diet
moves there from Pressburg and names members of a Hungarian
government ministry.
Low Countries: Mass meetings in the Netherlands, particularly in
Amsterdam and The Hague; large street demonstrations in
Amsterdam on 27 March. The king appoints a commission, chaired
by liberal opposition leader Johan Thorbecke, to draft a new constitu-
tion. Formation of a ‘‘Belgian Legion’’ in Paris, primarily from unem-
ployed Belgian workers there. Moving to the north of France, it sets up
an armed camp and crosses the Belgian border on 25 and 29 March,
hoping for promised support from Belgian radicals. These invasions
are defeated by Belgian troops. Belgian government introduces a
reform packet, including a considerable expansion of the franchise.
Scandinavia: Mass meetings and street demonstrations in Copenhagen
lead King Friedrich VII to appoint liberal government ministers who
announce elections for a constituent assembly, but also plans for the
incorporation of the Duchy of Schleswig with the Danish kingdom,
leading to war with the German states. Mass meetings in Stockholm;
street demonstrations on 15 March are suppressed by the army, leaving
thirty demonstrators dead.

April
England: Great Chartist reform demonstration in London overawed by
the police.
 Chronology of events xi

France: Radical demonstrations in Paris demanding a postponement of

elections to a Constituent Assembly suppressed by the National
Guard. The elections, held under universal manhood suffrage, pro-
duce a monarchist majority.
Italy: Elections in the Papal States. Pius IX refuses to join the war against
Austria. Elections for a parliament held on the mainland of the
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Sicilian provisional government declares
secession from the Neapolitan kingdom; Neapolitan army withdraws
from almost the entire island.
Germany: Republican uprising in the Grand Duchy of Baden, which is
easily suppressed. Clashes between Polish and German nationalists in
the Prussian province of Posen (Polish: Poznań). Prussian soldiers sent
to support insurgents in Schleswig-Holstein; war between Prussia and
Denmark.
Austrian Empire: The Emperor recognizes the Hungarian government,
but also sanctions the call for elections to a Croatian National
Assembly. Hungarian Diet introduces reforms, including the abolition
of serfdom. Count Stadion, Provincial Governor of Galicia, declares
serfdom abolished; Austrian troops bombard the city of Cracow.
Czech nationalists announce that they will boycott elections called in
the province of Bohemia to the German National Assembly; instead
they call for a Slavic Congress to meet in Prague. Growing nationalist
hostilities between Germans and Czechs in Bohemia, especially in the
capital city, Prague.
Low Countries: Draft of a new, more liberal constitution for the
Netherlands completed. Belgian government abolishes the stamp tax.
Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia: Romanian students and other
intellectuals arrive in their homelands, after having taken part in the
Parisian February revolution of 1848. They immediately launch political
agitation, in conjunction with both liberals and radicals in their home
countries. The Prince of Moldavia has a private army of Albanians
arrest the revolutionary leaders in the capital city of Iaşi. A few escape and
create a ‘‘Moldavian Revolutionary Committee’’ in Austrian Czernowitz,
that attempts to coordinate the Romanian nationalist movement
throughout eastern Europe.

May
France: Radical demonstrators attempt to storm and overthrow the
Constituent National Assembly but are turned back by the National
Guard. Leftist and labor leaders arrested; Luxembourg Commission is
xii Chronology of events

dissolved. Government is reshuffled in a more conservative direction;

General Cavaignac becomes Minister of War.
Italy: Clash between King of the Two Sicilies and parliament in Naples;
barricades built, but royal forces are quickly victorious. Disturbances
and demonstrations in the provinces; insurrection and revolutionary
government in Calabria. The kingdom withdraws from the war with
Austria. Plebiscite in Lombardy and Venetia produces large majority
for the constitutional monarchist program of union with Piedmont-
Savoy.
Germany: Elections to the Frankfurt National Assembly won by conser-
vatives and constitutional monarchists; elections held at the same time
for a Prussian Constituent Assembly fall out similarly, if a bit more to
the left. Both assemblies begin their work. Polish nationalist forces in
the Prussian province of Posen defeated.
Austrian Empire: Elections called for an Austrian Constituent Assembly
under a restricted property franchise. Mass demonstrations against this
decision organized by Viennese democrats. Conservative ministers
resign and are replaced with more liberal ones; the court flees to
Innsbruck; a Committee of Public Safety rules the capital. Formation
of a ‘‘Supreme Ukrainian Council’’ in Lemberg (Ukrainian: Lviv), with
support of Habsburg authorities in the province of Galicia. National
mass meetings of the Slovaks, the Serbs, and the Romanians; conser-
vative Habsburg officials and soldiers, seeking to counter the
Hungarian government, support them.
Low Countries: Belgian government completes its reform measures by
passing a law prohibiting government officials from serving as parlia-
mentary representatives.
Moldavia and Wallachia: Growing political agitation by radicals, espe-
cially in the countryside, in Wallachia. Russian consul general in
Bucharest presses prince for political repression; his British counter-
part, supported by a special French emissary, calls on him to create a
liberal regime.

June
England: In this month and throughout the summer, demonstrations and
conspiratorial meetings of Chartists and Irish nationalists in industrial
cities of northern England, none of which pose any major threat to
public order.
France: Government abolishes the National Workshops. Hostile demon-
strations follow; barricades are built and three days of fierce street
fighting ensue. Forces of order are victorious; their commander,
 Chronology of events xiii

General Cavaignac, is named prime minister. The last radical govern-

ment ministers are forced to resign. Many political clubs and trade
associations closed.
Italy: Insurrection in Calabria suppressed. Negotiations between
Austrian and Piedmontese government over future of Lombardy and
Venetia produce no results. Austrian forces recapture much of Venetia.
Elections in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany.
Germany: The Frankfurt National Assembly creates a provisional central
German government and elects Archduke Johann of Austria imperial
regent. First congress of German democratic clubs.
Austrian Empire: Elections held for an Austrian Constituent Assembly, a
Croatian National Assembly and a Hungarian National Assembly.
Croatian National Assembly meets briefly and hands over all power
to Ban Jelac̆ić. The emperor deposes Jelac̆ić from his position as Ban,
but he refuses to go and members of the imperial court and the
Viennese government secretly support him. Prague Slav Congress
meets and debates reorganization of the Austrian Empire. Clashes
between the people and General Windischgrätz’s soldiers in Prague
lead to barricade building and street fighting. The army is victorious
and Windischgrätz, to the applause of German nationalists, dissolves
the Slav Congress and arrests radical Czech nationalists.
Low Countries: Liberals victorious in parliamentary elections held in
Belgium under the new franchise.
Moldavia and Wallachia: Mass meeting in the Danube River town of Islaz
proclaims a provisional revolutionary government for Wallachia. The
prince flees and a revolutionary regime is created in Bucharest, that
institutes political and socioeconomic reforms, calling for an end to
serfdom and for elections to a constituent national assembly.

July
Italy: Piedmontese and other Italian troops routed by the Austrians at
Custozza. French government considers and rejects military
intervention.
Germany: First congress of constitutional monarchist political clubs.
Artisans’ congress meets in Frankfurt. Masters refuse to let journey-
men participate so they call their own workers’ congress.
Austrian Empire: Hungarian National Assembly and Austrian National
Assembly both convene. Clashes between Hungarian and Serbian
forces (each including regular Austrian army units) in the Banat.
Moldavia and Wallachia: Attempted counter-revolution in Bucharest
foiled by the people of the capital city. Russian troops enter Moldavia
xiv Chronology of events

and are stationed, menacingly, on the Wallachian border. Following

heavy Russian diplomatic pressure, a Turkish army of intervention
enters Wallachia at the very end of the month.

August
Italy: Armistice between Piedmont-Savoy and Austria. General
Radetzky’s troops reoccupy the rest of Lombardy and Venetia, with
the exception of the island city of Venice. Pro-war demonstrations in
the Grand Duchy of Tuscany; insurgents briefly seize control of the
port city of Livorno.
Germany: Under pressure from England and Russia, Prussia signs the
Malmö armistice with Denmark, dropping its support for the German
nationalist insurgents in Schleswig-Holstein and not consulting the
provisional German central government.
Austrian Empire: Imperial family returns in triumph to Vienna.
Negotiations between Hungarian government and Ban Jelac̆ić produce
no result. Hungarian government orders the arrest of Romanian
nationalist leaders in Transylvania.
Moldavia and Wallachia: As a result of Turkish intervention, the
Wallachian government is reorganized, taking on more liberal mem-
bers; a second attempt at counter-revolution is defeated by the people
of Bucharest.

September
France: Government prepares military intervention in northern Italy, and
then calls off the expedition at the last minute. Reorganization of the
left. Radicals and socialists unite around former Interior Minister
Ledru-Rollin; parliamentary caucus calls itself the ‘‘Mountain’’ after
radical parliamentarians of 1793.
Italy: Army of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies invades the island of
Sicily.
Germany: National Assembly votes to condemn the Malmö armistice
and then reverses itself. Mass meetings in Frankfurt and vicinity;
insurgents try to overthrow the assembly but are defeated by Prussian
soldiers after barricade fighting. Second republican uprising in the
Grand Duchy of Baden is quickly defeated. Founding congress of
Workers’ Fraternization in Berlin. Second rival congress of constitu-
tional monarchist political clubs.
Austrian Empire: Austrian National Assembly votes to abolish serfdom
but offer compensation to noble landlords. Jelac̆ić officially
 Chronology of events xv

reinstated by emperor as Ban of Croatia; he leads his troops across the

river Drava into interior Hungary. Mass meetings and demonstra-
tions in Budapest; the Hungarian National Assembly votes to offer
armed resistance. Field Marshal Lamberg, sent from Vienna to
command all armed forces in Hungary is lynched by an angry mob.
War between the imperial and Hungarian governments. Lajos
Kossuth, head of the Hungarian National Defense Committee begins
his great agitation tour to gain support among the peasantry. Meeting
of Romanian nationalists in Transylvania with the support of Austrian
general Puchner prepares for armed resistance to Hungarian
authority.
Moldavia and Wallachia: Largely non-violent confrontations between
Turkish army of intervention and the people of Wallachia, mobilized
by the revolutionary government. At the end of the month, the Russian
army of intervention, previously stationed in Moldavia, crosses into
Wallachia and overthrows the revolutionary regime.

October
Italy: Mass demonstrations in Florence; the Grand Duke names a mode-
rate democrat as prime minister. National congress of the constitu-
tional monarchists, the ‘‘Society for an Italian Confederation.’’ Truce
between Sicilian separatists and regular army of the southern Italian
kingdom.
Germany: Second national congress of democratic clubs. First national
congress of Roman Catholic political and religious associations.
Austrian Empire: Civil war between Hungarian and Romanian national-
ists in Transylvania. Hungarians defeat Jelac̆ić’s troops and drive
them back towards Vienna. Troops ordered from the Viennese garrison
to reinforce Jelac̆ić mutiny. Street fighting breaks out; the minister of
war is lynched; imperial court, most government ministers, and mem-
bers of the constituent assembly flee to Olmouc in Moravia. The
imperial capital is in the hands of the radicals, who try, mostly unsuc-
cessfully, to gain support in the provinces and countryside. Attempts at
mediation by the German National Assembly are rebuffed by the
imperial court.
Low Countries: Dutch parliament approves the new, liberal constitution.

November
France: Constituent national assembly finishes writing a constitution for
the French Republic; it calls presidential elections for the following
xvi Chronology of events

month. Formation of Republican Solidarity, national federation of left-

wing political clubs.
Italy: The constitutional-monarchist prime minister of the Papal States is
assassinated and the Papal government overthrown, in an insurrection
led by the city’s democratic clubs. The Pope flees to the Kingdom of
the Two Sicilies. Vincenzo Gioberti named prime minister of the
Kingdom of Piedmont-Savoy; government policy moves towards
reopening the war with Austria and vigorous pursuit of national
unity. Democrats meet in Florence and call for a national constituent
assembly.
Germany: The King of Prussia appoints the conservative Count
Brandenburg as prime minister, who brings the army back to Berlin
and declares it in a state of seige. The Prussian Constituent Assembly
calls for a tax boycott in response. While the capital is quiet, there are
riots, demonstrations and uprisings in the provinces, all ultimately
suppressed by the army. Elections in Bavaria produce a majority for
the left.
Austrian Empire: Soldiers of Generals Jelac̆ić and Windischgrätz assault
Vienna (beginning on 31 October) and defeat the insurgents in several
days of barricade fighting. Commissioner of the German National
Assembly, Robert Blum, is captured, brought before a court-martial,
and shot. Imperial soldiers and Romanian nationalists drive most
Hungarian troops from Transylvania. Habsburg troops bombard
Lemberg and march into the city, dissolving the national guard and
Polish nationalist organizations, and placing Lemberg in a state of
siege. The Austrian Constituent Assembly reconvenes in Kremsier;
Prince Schwarzenberg named Austrian prime minister with the pro-
gram of the vigorous reassertion of central imperial authority.

December
France: Presidential elections lead to the unexpected victory of Louis-
Napoleon Bonaparte.
Italy: Congresses of democratic clubs in Tuscany and the Papal States;
formation of a central committee of Italian democratic clubs in Rome.
The revolutionary government in Rome repudiates Papal authority and
calls for a constituent national assembly.
Germany: Prussian government dissolves the Constituent Assembly and
decrees a constitution that guarantees supremacy of the monarch and
the executive.
Austrian Empire: Mentally retarded emperor Ferdinand is forced to
abdicate by the court and his ministers in favor of his nephew Franz
 Chronology of events xvii

Joseph. Imperial troops under General Windischgrätz begin a new

offensive against Hungary, reaching Budapest at the end of the
month and forcing the Hungarian government to flee to Debrecen. A
new Hungarian army, under the command of Polish revolutionary
Józef Bem, marches into Transylvania.

1849

January
France: Louis-Napoleon appoints conservative government ministers
who prohibit Republican Solidarity.
Italy: Elections in Piedmont-Savoy produce a victory for the democrats.
Elections held in the Papal States for a constituent assembly are boy-
cotted by conservatives and most constitutional monarchists, thus
producing mainly left-wing deputies. Mass demonstrations organized
by Tuscan radicals in favor of a more left-wing government.
Germany: The Frankfurt National Assembly proclaims a Declaration of
Basic Rights. New elections in Prussia show strong polarization
between conservatives and democrats. Left and extreme left victorious
in elections in the Kingdom of Saxony.
Austrian Empire: Beginning of winter campaign in northeastern Hungary
by Magyar general Arthur Görgey. Czech and German radicals plot a
revolutionary conspiracy.

February
Italy: Roman Constituent Assembly meets and proclaims a republic.
Grand Duke and his ministers flee Florence; a revolutionary provi-
sional government takes power in Tuscany.

March
Italy: Piedmont-Savoy resumes the war against Austria and is defeated at
Novara. King Carlo Alberto abdicates. On news of these defeats, riots
and demonstrations in Tuscany against the revolutionary government.
Mazzini becomes member of a three-man executive committee of the
Roman Republic with emergency powers. Parliament of Kingdom of
the Two Sicilies dissolved by the king.
Germany: The Frankfurt National Assembly finishes writing a constitution
for a united German state, without the Germans of Austria. It votes to
offer the imperial crown to King Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia.
xviii Chronology of events

Austria: The Austrian Constituent Assembly is dissolved; the govern-

ment decrees a constitution that is immediately suspended. It demands
the dissolution of the German National Assembly and the restoration
of the pre-1848 German Confederation. Conscription riots in various
provinces of the empire. General Bem’s forces conquer almost all of
Transylvania.

April
France: Louis-Napoleon sends an expeditionary force to Rome; it
marches on the city and is driven back by the Roman Republic’s forces,
commanded by Giuseppe Garibaldi. Inconclusive negotiations follow.
Italy: Revolutionary government in Tuscany collapses and authority of
the Grand Duke is restored. Revolutionaries remain in control of port
city of Livorno. At end of the month, Austrian troops enter the Grand
Duchy. Beginning of Austrian siege and blockade of Venice. Fighting
resumes on the island of Sicily.
Germany: Twenty-eight of the smaller states accept the constitution writ-
ten by the Frankfurt National Assembly but Friedrich Wilhelm IV of
Prussia rejects it and threatens to use armed force against its supporters.
Austria: General Görgey’s soldiers rendezvous with other Hungarian
forces, and defeat the Habsburg armies, recapturing Budapest and
marching along the Danube towards Vienna. Hungarian National
Assembly declares independence from Austria, names Kossuth interim
president. Negotiations between Hungarian government and remain-
ing Romanian insurgents in Transylvania reach no result. Austrian
government asks tsar to intervene in Hungary.

May
France: Elections to the legislative assembly. The ‘‘Mountain’’ is the
caucus with the most deputies, but the three monarchist factions
together have a majority. Louis-Napoleon orders expeditionary force
in Italy to break off negotiations, attack Rome, and restore Papal
authority.
Italy: Austrian soldiers conquer Livorno and bombard Venice. Troops of
the Neapolitan kingdom defeat secessionists and reconquer Sicily.
Germany: Mass meetings, and demonstrations in support of the
Frankfurt National Assembly, typically organized by democrats. In a
number of cases these go over to armed insurrection and barricade
fighting. A revolutionary government proclaimed in Dresden; the King
of Saxony flees, but is quickly restored by Prussian troops. Insurgent
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
 new organization and Palmer Nicholl, formerly with Pacific
Airmotive, vice-president. The entire personnel of the acquired
company will be retained and present activities will be continued on
a wider scope. One-Bladed Propeller Test Successfully completing a
transcontinental test flight of the Everel one-bladed propeller, Arthur
S. Peirce of the Taylor Aircraft Co., arrived at the Pacific Aircraft and
Boat Show in Los Angeles. This test flight of- a Cub equipped with
the new propeller was sponsored jointly by the Taylor company,
Sensenich Bros., who manufactured the blade and the Everel
Propeller Corp. As in New York, interest was manifest at the Pacific
show in the new propeller and the test flights across the country.
Officials of the Taylor company became interested in the promise of
additional performance and economy when Jesse Jones of Lancaster,
Pa., flew the first new propeller to the Aviation Show in New York
City. In tests at that time Jones secured a top speed of 95 mph.
After arriving in Los Angeles, Peirce stated that the propeller Arthur
Pierce in the Taylor Cub equipped ■with a single-bladed Everel
propeller performed as expected on the flight. It had shown
excellent climb and take-off performance at altitudes ranging up to
4100 ft. such as those at Columbus and Douglas, N. Mex.
Throughout the trip the propeller had held a low pitch on climb and
take-off and automatically assumed higher pitches at cruising speeds
and top speed and had opened out to the extreme high pitch angle
at altitudes ranging up to 9000 ft. This report also was borne out by
the performance reports on a Cessna which was flown to the Pacific
show propelled by another one-bladed propeller. Passengers on the
Cessna on this flight were Frank Ellington, president of the Everel
company, Walter W. Everts, inventor of the singleblade device and
Jesse Jones, Everel test pilot. Speed of the Cessna was maintained
at 140 mph throughout the trip and the records showed a saving of
1.5 gals, of fuel per hour. Figures on the Cub, on the other hand
showed a mileage of approximately 10 mph greater speed than with
a two-bladed propeller. New Dealers Erickson & Remmert, Floyd
Bennett Field, Brooklyn, N. Y., for Porterfield in the Metropolitan
area. * * * R. P. Bowman, Oakland, Calif, and Jim Webster, Los
Angeles, Calif., for Stearman-Hammond. * * * Inter City Airlines,
Inc., E. Boston, Mass., for Stinson in most of New England and
Aeronca in all of New England. Rochester Aeronautical Corp.,
Rochester, N. Y., for Taylorcraft in upper New York. * * * Washington
Aircraft & Transport Corp., Boeing Field for Fleetwings in the state of
Washington. * * * H. C. Robbins Co., Cleveland Municipal Airport, for
Fleetwings, in Ohio except southern and northwestern counties. * *
* Franklin Rose Aircraft, Inc., (Continued on folloiving page)
AUTOMATIC OXYGEN REGULATOR The guardian of strength and
alertness at high altitudes This Regulator is the result of 14 years of
development and experience in furnishing regulators to
Governments throughout the world, being standard equipment with
many. It is of the gaseous (cylinder) oxygen type for use with either
mouthpiece or mask. The volume of flow is automatically controlled
by the altitude. Particulars sent on request. THE GAERTNER
SCIENTIFIC CORP. 1218 Wright wood Avenue Chicago Illinois, U.S.A.
Years with AERONCA For seven years Aeronca has entrusted to us
the precision work of machining the major parts of Aeronca engines.
The same high degree of accuracy which has made Aeronca engines
noted for their superior performance is assured to all who avail
themselves of Govro-Nelson service. • Write Us Concerning four
Requirements THE GOVRO-NELSON COMPANY 1931 Antoinette
Detroit, Mich. APRIL 1937
 £A/&>ity Hew devdUfymewt oh EVANS AIRCRAFT FUEL
PUMPS Precision Tested Over 2000 Hours! THE EVANS APPLIANCE
COMPANY Union Guardian 8ldg., Detroit, Mich. Cable Address:
EVCO-Detroit New York Office: 90 West St., New Yorlc( N. Y. • West
Coast Representatives: Pacific Airmotive Corp. Ltd., Union Air
Terminal, Burbanlc, Cal. MICHICAN f^^li TUB1NG PROMPT
BECAUSE WE APPRECIATE YOUR REQUIREMENTS VOU'LL like doing
business with Michigan Seam-1- Ie»i Tube Company — for the
friendly, prompt service your orders will receive. A compact, flexible
organization — with an appreciation of aircraft manufacturing
problems and requirements — we invite the opportunity to serve
you. Michigan Seamless Tube Company products comply with
individual customers' requirements, as well as standard requirements
of the S.A.E., A.S.M.E., A.S.T.M., and the U.S. Army and Navy Air
Corps. Spedaliete In cold drawn eeamleee tubing—both carton and
alloy Heels MICHIGAN SEAMLESS TUBE CO. Mills and General
Offices: South Lyon, Michigan Sales Offices: Boston • Chicago •
Cincinnati • CJeTeland • Detroit • Memphla Indianapolis • New York •
St. Lonia • Weahinrto Loa Angelea • Philadelphia • Buffalo •
Plttabnrgh • San Franciaeo . D. C. Denver (Continued from preceding
page) Mills Field, San Francisco, for Ryan in northern California. * *
# Demorr Aeronautical Corp., Main Line Airport, Paoli, Pa., for Ryan
in eastern Pennsylvania and northern New Jersey. Personnel Notes
Art Chester has joined Menasco Manufacturing Co., as head of the
company's service department. Chester will be assisted by Russell
Chambers and A. C. Hewitt. Coming Events Meeting. International
Association for Testing Materials. International Congress ; London,
Eng. Apr. 19-24 • Michigan Airport Conference. Rowe Hotel, Grand
Rapids. Apr. 29-30 • Annual Air Show. Purdue University Airport,
Lafayette, Ind. May 23 • Air Races. Lambert-St. Louis Airport. St.
Louis Air Race Association. James R. Ewing, manager. May 29-31 •
First Salon International de Aeronautique. Palais du Centaire,
Belgium. Sponsored by Ministry of Transport and Belgium Aero Club.
May 26-June 6 • International Air Show. Special feature Chicago
Centennial Jubilee. International Amphitheatre, Chicago. June 12-20
• Air Meet. Findlay, Ohio Municipal Airport. In conjunction Golden
Celebration of Gas and Oil. June 23 • Fifth Annual Air Show. Junior
Chamber of Commerce. Marshall, Mich. Municipal Airport. June 26 •
Fourth International Aviation Meeting. Zurich, Switzerland. Aero Club
of Switzerland. July 23-Aug. 1 • National Air Races. Municipal
Airport, Cleveland, Ohio. Cliff Henderson, managing director. Sept. 3-
6 • SAE National Aircraft Production Meeting. Los Angeles, Calif. Oct.
7-9 AERONAUTICAL UNIVERSITY Founded by Cvriiss-Wright
Government Approved - State Accredited The School the AVIATION
Industry Calls on for TRAINED MEN Right in the center of Air
Transportation Industry where hiring is going on constantly.
Outstanding Faculty Up-to-date Equipment Reasonable Tuition —
Easy Terms Write for "Aviation as a Career" Address Dept. A. D. —
Curtiss- Wright Building 1338 S. Michigan Blvd., Chicago, Illinois
RETREAD YOUR AIRPLANE TIRES Delivering Three Times the
Service of New Ones We will pay return freight on any tire sent in for
rebuilding if sent freight prepaid. BALLOON 19 x 9 x 3.... $10-00
20x9x4..., 10.50 22:10 i 4.... 11.00 25:11 I 4.... 13.00 700 I 4 10.50
900 x 4 15.00 SEMI-BALLOON 4:50 I 10... $10. 50 7:50 > 10...
11.00 8:50 I 10... 11.45 9:50 x 12... 10.00 11:00 x 12... 30.00 ROSE
REBUILT TIRE COMPANY 4272 Broadway LOS ANCELES,
CALIFORNIA 88 AERO DIGEST
 Main buildings at the training base for ground personnel.
This base is at Trenton, Ontario TRANS-CANADIAN AIRWAY JAMES
MONTAGNES • After building a chain of emergency landing fields in
the uninhabited bush regions of northern Ontario, Canada opens its
muchheralded northern trans-continental airway on July 1. Linking
Halifax with Vancouver in 16 to 18 hours, Europe- and Asia-bound
mails will travel in new Douglas transports, six of which it is
understood, have been ordered by the Canadian government for the
new service. The new airway was designed not only to speed
domestic mails but also as a vital link in the British Empire air
service. The Canadian government has gone to great detail in
establishing a ground system of safety aids, which include a series of
more than 25 four-way radio directional compasses, built and
designed in the Dominion. These stations will give four bearings
simultaneously, one in each sector, and neither pair of which need
be direct opposites, thus giving four distinctly different bearings. In
the Rocky Mountain sector of the route, special radio beacons have
been installed to overcome difficulties found to result from the
surrounding high peaks. The mountain route is through Crow's Nest
Pass, the lowest pass on the route to Vancouver among mountains
more than 9000 ft. above sea level. Ground operations of the airway
will be carried out by the Air Service Branch of the Dominion
Department of Transport, and includes (besides the radio beam
stations) marker radio beacons, the latest in floodlighting, boundary
lights, and searchlights on all main and emergency landing fields. A
teletype weather service with hundreds of weather observation
stations sending in data is ready to start operations. Close to
$10,000,000 will have been invested by the government on the
ground and safety system when the airway opens for mail traffic this
summer. The route will be from Halifax to St. John across the state
of Maine, to Montreal, where the trans-Atlantic and United States
routes connect. From Montreal via Ottawa, Elmsdale, Cobalt across
northern Ontario to Winnipeg, Regina, Lethbridge, Cranbrook,
Princeton to Vancouver. United States lines connect at Winnipeg and
Vancouver. Arctic routes connect at Winnipeg and Lethbridge. A
difficulty on the route was {Continued on following page) "Darn nice
stuff, this Glidair Dope Finish!" The Glidden Company offers to the
aircraft industry a new line of PIGMENTED NITRATE DOPES. HIGHER
LUSTRE— CLEANER COLORSINCREASED FLEXIBILITY — EASIER
POLISHING — EXCELLENT WEATHERING QUALITIES. Write for free
color card. Before re-covering your ship, investigate GLIDDEN
FABRICOTE. Write for free booklet. Address The Glidden Company,
Dept. D-4, Cleveland, Ohio. National Headquarters, Cleveland, Ohio
GLIDDEN GLIDDEN PRODUCTS NOW CARRY THE FAMOUS "TIME-
TESTED" MARK OF QUALITY Factories or Branches in Principal Cities
A radio station in the western section of trans-Canadian Airway
APRIL 1937 HIGH PERFORMANCE— LOW COST RYAN S-T This
beautiful ship is available for student instruction and demonstrations.
We invite you to write, wire, or phone at your convenience. We
should like to discuss with prospective dealers RYAN'S successful
sales plan — And open territories in the region mentioned. DEMORR
AERONAUTICAL CORP. MAIN LINE AIRPORT PAOL1, PA. Distributors
for Eastern Pennsylvania, Southern New Jersey and Delaware
PHONE PAOU 1987 89
 ►ILOTS CHOOS? 7 power, 35 mm Binocular. $86 THE
BAUSCH & LOMB PILOTS the world over have found the Bausch &
Lomb Binocular a worthwhile investment in flying safety. Its
exceptionally wide field, great light gathering power, light weight and
ease of handling make it particularly well adapted to flying, and
enableyou to recognize buildings, landmarks, beacon numbers and
fields without losing altitude. Write for 40-page catalog and special
folder for flyers. Bausch & Lomb Optical Co., 431 Lomb Park,
Rochester, N.Y. BAUS04/& LOMB THE WORLD'S BEST-BY ANY TEST
B*A*30 AIRPLANE WING CLOTH IS LIGHTER, STRONGER AND
MORE CLOSELY WOVEN THAN OTHER AIRFOIL FABRICS. WRITE TO
WELLINGTON SEARS COMPANY, 65 WORTH STREET, NEW YORK
CITY, FOR SAMPLES AND PRICE LISTS. AVIATION is Ca//m9
LINCOLN Graduates to Thrilling Careers at GOOD PAY! You can be
ready for YOUR big job In Aviation with just a few short months of
Lincoln Training. You can make your dream or a fascinating aviation
career a reality, with the " unexcelled training you receive at this
Lincoln Government Approv School I Newly Trained Men Needed —
Aviation's tremendous expansion program is opening up thousands
of new jobs. Ten leading aviation companies have written indicating
they will want more Lincoln trained men In coming months. We
recommend graduates for jobs as fast as they are Qualified. I can
train at Lincoln for G' eminent License — as Transport. Limited
Commercial, Private or Amateur Pilot. When you finish — you'll be
completely ready for a Pilot's position. You can train at Lincoln for
your Government Mechanic's License — learn aircraft motor overhaul
and repair, airplane design, construction, aerial radio, welding, sheet
metal. Now is the time to start — and this Government Approved
School is the place. School now in 27th year; 17th year teaching
aviation. Write for complete information. LINCOLN AIRPLANE &
FLYING SCHOOL Division of Lincoln Aeronautical Institute, (Inc.)
304G AIRCRAFT BLOC. LWCOLN, NEBR. (Continued jroni preceding
page) the bridging of northern Ontario, where virgin forests, lakes
and a trans-continental railway right of way are the only landmarks.
This northern route (instead of the Lake Superior crossing) was
chosen because it is comparatively free of fog. It required the
clearing of 30 fields from virgin forest, dynamiting stumps, taking
out rocks and boulders and filling in muskeg. Telephones now link
these northern fields. The airway will operate for the first year with
mail and express. Passengers are not expected to be carried for
some time, but may be flown on limited sections. The airline will be
a private company with railway and Canadian government financial
interest. When the service gets under way, the transports will leave
Montreal with mail about 6 p.m. and be in Vancouver in time for
delivery of mail the next afternoon, Hon. J. C. Elliott, Postmaster
General told the House of Commons during consideration of post-
office estimates. The schedule will be so arranged that the 3000-mile
route will be flown in the night, with the exception of the hop
through the Rockies. FOREIGN NEWS IN BRIEF SCHOOL. Australasia
The government has contracted with Commonwealth Aircraft Corp.,
Ltd., for the supply of 40 military planes. The first contract calls for
the manufacture under permit, of North American NA16 all purpose
aircraft for the Royal Australian Air Force. When completed, these
machines will be the fastest military aircraft in Australia. Union
Airways Ltd., will purchase three Lockheed Electra transports for
service in New Zealand. Annual report of the Civil Aviation Board for
1935-6 states that overseas mail loadings were such that the
revenue from special air charges on these mails was greater than
the subsidy cost of the Brisbane-Singapore service. Mail traffic for
the first six months of 1936 was 70% greater than for the same six
months in 1935, while the weight of local mails increased by more
than 50%. A new Government-subsidized air route from Brisbane to
Adelaide will be opened this year to provide cross country
connection between Brisbane and Adelaide for the new flying boat
service. It will be operated by C. A. Butler until the termination of his
Charleville-Cootamundra contract in 1939. This route will be
discontinued. Australian National Airways Ltd., has been bidding for
control of Airlines of Australia Ltd., which would give it control of all
major air services around the coast from Perth to Townsville, and to
Tasmania. Negotiations, however, have been discontinued, as a
clause in the articles of Airlines of Australia does not allow voting
power over 25% of the total number of shares issued. Intercity
Airways has re-opened the Sydney-Broken Hill air route — 625 miles
across New South Wales — with a twice weekly service in each
direction. Australian built Gannet with twin Gypsy VI engines are
used. Airlines of Australia's fourth Stinson is now in service between
Sydney and Townsville. This equipment has not only enhanced the
company's earning power but also found considerable favor with the
travelling public. Canada Canadian government's estimates for the
year 1937-38 include $11,752,650 for aviation, a sizeable increase
over 1936. Part of the increase is due to new defense expenditures,
which include the purchase of 12 fighters, 3 army-cooperation, 7
flying boats, 24 bombers, 11 torpedo bombers, 18 coastal
reconnaissance planes and 27 trainers. The [Link].F. is to be
increased by 48 officers and 565 men, bringing the permanent force
to about 1700. The nonpermanent force is also to be increased to
make a total of 1075. Expenditures for civil aviation now come under
the Department of Transport. The Toronto Flying Club's new officers
elected at the annual meeting early last month are: Sidney B.
Cleverley, pres. ; W. M. Alexander, vice-pres. ; J. O. Shaughnessey,
sec, and J. M. Burgess, R. E. H. Bowman, T. R. Loudon and H. R.
Bertram, directors. General Airways, Ltd., Wings Ltd., and Mackenzie
Air Service, Ltd., are being amalgamated and will be known as
United Air Services. These companies have all been active in flying
passengers, freight and express to mining districts from eastern
Quebec 90 AERO DIGEST
 to the Pacific coast Combined they have 26 planes as well
as radio stations, and they will continue under their present
individual managements. The purpose of the amalgamation is to
effect a saving by the joint purchase of planes, equipment and
supplies. deHavilland Aircraft Company of Canada, Ltd., in its
statement for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1936, reports
sales reduced from $160,275 a year ago to $155,942, a small
reduction in gross profits from $21,954 to $21,247 and a decrease in
the deficit carried forward from $30,683 to $28,000. Relics of the
earliest developments in Canadian aviation are now being preserved,
and the story of Canada's part in the progress of aviation will be told
in a collection now being assembled for the newly established
aeronautical museum housed in the building of the National
Research Council in Ottawa. Fleet Aircraft Corp., Fort Erie, Out.,
received an order for 20 training planes from Argentina. According to
J. W. Sanderson, general manager, the planes will cost about
$100,000. This is the first order for training planes which the new
Ontario Fleet plant received from a country in South America. France
Air France is expected to carry passengers between Buenos Aires
and Santiago, Chile, using twinengined Potez 62, 10-passenger
planes having a cruising speed of 155 mph. Heretofore only mail has
been carried on this transcontinental section. Authorization to carry
passengers has been obtained from the Argentine Government;
similar authorization is expected to be granted by the Chilean
Government, and equipment is being assembled in Argentina for the
service. Great Britain Twelve four-engined landplane airliners will go
into service on Imperial Airways routes this year, supplementing on
important stages the operations of the flying boat fleet. The new
Armstrong Whitworth landplanes are high-wing monoplanes
equipped to carry up to 42 persons in four passenger compartments.
Maximum speed will be approximately 200 mph, and gross weight
about 20 tons, of which from 3.5 to 5 tons will be payload. With a
wing-span of 123 ft. and overall length of 110 ft., the plane will be
powered by supercharged Siddeley Tiger IX 14-cylinder air-cooled
radial engines, mounted in nacelles built into the front of the main
plane spar and driving de Havilland controllable-pitch propellers.
Each engine delivers 880 hp for take-off, and 805 hp at 7200 ft.
Another of the new high performance medium bombing planes
designed to meet the needs of the expanded Air Force is now
undergoing test flights. A lowwing all-metal monoplane with flaps
and retractable landing gear, it has been built by Armstrong
Whitworth. It derives power from a 805/880 hp Siddeley Tiger radial
air-cooled engine equipped with a three-bladed controllablepitch
propeller, and it is designed to carry a crew of two in enclosed
cockpits. The new bomber is notable for high speed and load
capacity. Wing span is 49 ft., overall length, 44 ft., and height
overall, 13 ft. Forward surfaces of the wings are metal-covered, the
aft sections fabric-covered. Two types of construction are used in the
fuselage; monocoque aft and the portion forward of the wing spar,
of steel tubes. The Mayo "composite aircraft" is now in final stages
of construction at the Short factory, and trial flights are expected to
begin within the next three months. The lower component is a four-
engined boat similar to the Empire craft but with structural
alterations to fit it for launching in mid-air the upper component, a
four-engined float seaplane equipped to carry a heavy load of mails
more than 3500 miles non-stop. Except for wing coverings and some
items of installation the lower component is ready for flight. Cirrus-
Hermes Engineering Co., Ltd., has been acquired by Blackburn
Aircraft Ltd., and C. S. Napier, formerly technical director of the
Cirrus company, will be chief engineer in charge of design in the
engine section of the Blackburn company. GermanyConstruction of
the new airship LZ-130 is progressing rapidly and it is expected that
it will be completed this fall. The bow point is about ready and the
aft end will be completed this month. Passenger cabins also are well
advanced and the foundation for the control gondola has been laid.
The two forward engine gondolas have already been attached to the
framework. {Continued on following page) STURDY CONSTRUCTION
Powered with LeBlond 70 h.p. and 90 h.p. and Warner 90 h.p.
motors The REAR WIN can "take it." It is built to stand hard knocks.
From start to finish, the REAR WIN is constructed of materials that
stand up under all sorts of trying conditions. But lasting construction
is just one of the outstanding features which are incorporated in the
REARWIN . . . unexcelled visibility ... 24 gallon fuel capacity in WING
TANKS . . . cruising speed of 110 m.p.h. with 500 mile range . . .
hydraulic landing gear ... SO lb. luggage capacity with 50 lbs.
additional allowance for extra equipment . . . and without question,
the REARWIN has the fastest takeoff, quickest climb, highest ceiling,
and slowest landing of ANY plane selling between $2000-53500.
These features — the features YOU want in YOUR airplane — have
made the REARWIN the fastest selling plane in its price class. Send
for our new folder giving complete details on the REARWIN, the
ideal airplane for private flying and student instruction. You need pay
only ONE-THIRD down. Don't wait! Place your REARWIN order now!
Read the Evidence — "Soon the wind was blowing a gale and we
saw trees being uprooted below us. The air was very rough and the
Jolts were so forceful that we sustained severe physical shock.
Between terrific blasts the gusts shook us with great force. (We
could see this cyclone raze buildings and trees in its path. ) We rode
this storm out for an hour. Upon landing, we made a careful
examination which revealed no damage from the stress and strain of
the encounter." E. M. HOAGLIN M inneapolis Approved for Edo Floats
REARWIN AIRPLANES Ninth Continuous Successful Year Fairfax
Airport, Kansas City, Kansas, U.S.A. "REARWIN popularity is proof of
REARWIN superiority" Spring Rates on Complete Flying Courses
Including Instrument Flying . . . AMATEUR $275 PRIVATE $450
TRANSPORT -$1,500 5 hours instrument flight instruction with each
course. Includes non-scheduled air transport instrument rating.
Training in all but Amateur course gives student ratings in 3 classes
of aircraft. We operate our own radio station WAJX. LICON AIR
SERVICE, Islip, L. I., Phone 2600 Sin the ait it 4 HASKELITE THE
QUALITY PLYWOOD AND PLYMETL Fast, safe, air transportation is
dependent on quality . . . and there can be no compromising . . .
that's why Haskelite Plywood and Plymetl have played such an
important part in aircraft construction for the past twenty years.
Haskelite Manufacturing Corporation 208 WEST WASHINGTON
STREET, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS APRIL 1937 91
 (Continued from preceding page) Mexico An airplane
assembly plant is to be established in Mexico City by the Ministry of
War and Marine, thus limiting imports of war aircraft to engines and
wings. An appropriation of about $280,000 has been made for this
undertaking. Several Douglases and Corsairs are to be
reconditioned, and a considerable quantity of American machinery
and equipment is to be purchased. Arrangements are being made by
the government for establishing a service that will connect northern
and southern Lower California territory with the rest of Mexico.
"Cavalier," the Short Bros. Empire flying boat for Imperial Airways at
Bermuda -where she is being prepared for experimental trans-
Atlantic service The route will be from Mexicali, capital of the
northern district, where connections are to be made with Mexican
Aviation's (Pan American) international and domestic lines, to La Paz,
capital of the southern district at which point it will link with service
of Compafiia Lineas Aereas Mineras. Compania Aeronautica del
Sureste, S.A., operating in southeastern Mexico, has requested a
federal permit to conduct regular service between Jalapa, capital of
Vera Cruz state, and Villahermosa, the Tabasco state capital, with
stops at Tejeria and Puerto Mexico, Vera Cruz. To provide the
Yucatan Peninsula with adequate service, President Cardenas has
ordered the construction of landing fields at Progreso, Sisal, Temax,
Celestum, Hunucma, Tixkokob, Sotuta and Muna, Yucatan state, and
Puerto Morelos and San Miguel de Cozumel, Quintana Roo Territory.
While these fields will be primarily for military use, they also will be
available to civilians. Portugal Sponsored by Manuel Bramao,
distributor in Portugal of Taylor Aircraft Co., the first privatelyowned
flying school venture to start in Portugal was inaugurated at Cintra,
near Lisbon, with a Cub as flying equipment. Sixteen students
started immediate instruction and a hundred more were enrolled.
South America The Ministry of Public Works of the Province of
Buenos Aires has issued a decree allocating about $178,968 in
connection with the province's aviation program. Practically all of this
sum will be expended for the purchase and development of airports
located at Bolivar, Carmen de Patagones, Coronel Suzrez, General
Villegas, Dolores, Pigue, Pergamino, Tres Arroyos, Azul, and Mar del
Plata. Aerovias Peruanas has extended its Lima-Chiclayo passenger-
mailexpress service northward to Talara. Service is maintained on a
tri-weekly basis. Services of Royal Dutch Airlines (KLM) formerly
operating between Curacao and Aruba, N.W.I. , and Maracaibo,
Venezuela, were extended to include two trips a week between
Curacao and La Guaira. menascop INLINE / yjlA OtVVL MENASCO
MANUFACTURING CO.. 6714 McKINLEY AVENUE. LOS ANGELES.
CALIFORNIA ... IN ENGLAND: PHILLIPS AND POWIS AIRCRAFT,
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ENGINEERING COURSE covers Airplanes, Engines (including
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Airline Operation. A complete technical course which prepares you
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information about the course you prefer. (a) Airplane and Engine
Mechanics Course, (b) Airline Operations Course (including Radio),
(c) Airline Engineering Course. STEWART TECHNICAL SCHOOL
Aviation Dept. 84 — Stewart Tech Bldg. 253-5-7 West 64th St., N. Y.
C. Approved by Bureau of Air Commerce as an AIRPLANE AND
ENGINE MECHANICS' SCHOOL i LCD mm 1E1 \*S V 100% « iUPER-F
'ENNSYLVANIA MOTOR OIL -jfoZ rflSVOLtcOVL Ttoe. 92 AERO
DIGEST
 REVIEWS OF NEW BOOKS YOUR WINGS By Assen
Jordanoff Your Wings is a factual and complete word and picture
presentation of the art of flying. With the aid of hundreds of well-
done drawings, Assen Jordanoff makes clear the basic principles of
flight and carries the reader through a comprehensive course in
flight instruction from solo to instrument flight and advanced
aerobatics. Taking advantage of his experience in Learning to Fly,
Jordanoff's second work along these lines is a more rounded and
complete treatment of the subject, while yet retaining some of the
outstanding features of his initial publishing effort Utilizing the
tabloid method of teaching which allows a rapid grasp of the subject,
the author has provided an ideal supplement to actual flight The
drawings by Frank Carlson are clear and informative and there are
more than 425 of these to make the book one profusely illustrated.
In short, Your Wings covers seemingly everything that the amateur
or professional pilot, the person who uses the plane as a means of
pleasure or profit, need to know or might be interested to know.
Published by Funk & Wagnalls Co., the book was released for
publication January 14, 1937. PRACTICAL AIRCRAFT STRESS
ANALYSIS By D. R. Adams This book is written with the object of
providing a simple and practical study of the methods used in the
stress analysis of aircraft components, the subject matter being
based on lectures delivered by the author at the deHavilland
Aeronautical Technical School. Five chapters are divided into
subdivisions of aeronautical engineering nomenclature; estimation
and application of external loads to structures ; strength of fittings
and joints; strength of beams; strength of struts and ties; and
strength of members in torsion. The examples illustrating important
points were worked out on the slide-rule. ONCE TO EVERY PILOT By
Frank Hawks An interesting book written by Frank Hawks, Once to
Every Pilot reveals the experiences of pilots as told to the author in
informal gatherings and talks. In his 20 years of flying, the author
has heard many yarns told by aviators, but few of these stories ever
appeared in print. It was with the thought in mind that many people,
whether they fly or not, would be interested in these stories that the
book has been compiled. Some are the author's own experiences;
others those of friends whose cooperation permitted them to be
included. Written simply and interestingly, Once to Every Pilot makes
enjoyable reading, especially for those who know such pilots as
Eddie Rickenbacker, Al Williams and others whose exploits have been
conserved in print RIP CORD By Lloyd Graham Published by Foster &
Stewart Publishing Co., Rip Cord is an interesting work which reveals
the historical background of the development of the parachute.
Building around such parachute names as Floyd Smith and Les Irvin,
the book gives the story of the first parachute jumping attempts and
then imparts what the author chooses to call "thrills with
parachutes." One of the most interesting chapters, from the semi-
technical point, is that called "Parachutes Tomorrow." Informative
data on the parachute for lowering an airplane, for use by air
travelers in commercial transports and on constructional details of
the parachute make this one of the most useful chapters in the
book. ENGINEERING AERODYNAMICS By Walter S. Diehl Ronald
Press' revised edition of Engineering Aerodynamics by Diehl is a
greater contribution to the art than the older editions which found
such favor among engineers. This book is full of {Continued on
following page) LlNE&WATERtO VELLUMOID Always ready for use —
VELLUMOID Gaskets and Sheet Packing stand the gaff of the hardest
service. Accept no substitutes. THE VELLUMOID CO.. WORCESTER.
MASS. RADIO & INSTRUMENT TRAINING EASTERN AIR SCHOOLS,
INC. COMPLETE AERONAUTICAL EDUCATION From Mechanic and
Ground School through Advanced Flight Training, with radio,
instrument and 'chute rigging. All courses prepare for Government
licenses. . . . Located in the center of Southern flying activity, and
only five minutes from an airline terminal, Eastern offers the student
the advantages of close contact with the industry and allyear flying
weather. . . . New equipment and experienced instructors who give
personal attention to each student throughout his training. . . .
Classes begin: May first, July first and September first for the
Summer Term. Write now for free catalog Box 291 Charlotte, N. C.
Aumuipn AVIATION EQUIPMENT & EXPCCT • INC. 13 I i am r Street.
Nek Ycvk City, U. S. A. Cable Address: AVI CD I PC APRIL 1937 93
 (Continued from preceding page) new data and methods
on applied wing theory, control surface design, performance
calculation and estimation. New methods are given to simplify many
design problems and since the book always has been outstanding in
practical applications of aerodynamic theory to airplane design, it
becomes even more valuable. In hundreds of difficult problems, it
gives by chart, formula and table, adequate and quick solutions. In
its present form, the 556page book is essentially new, its greater
part being available in printed form for the first time. TRADE
LITERATURE Spring Making Barnes-Gibson-Raymond has made
available without cost to members of the industry a practical
handbook of modern spring engineering for users and designers of
springs. Titled the Art and Science of Spring Making, this book is one
of the most complete, semi-technical discussions of spring making.
It represents a distinct advance over the last BG-R catalog published
in 1931 and reflects in some measure the current trend of the
stereotyped catalog of products. There are 88 pages of information
about spring selection and design, most of it published for the first
time. In addition to discussing the characteristics of the many spring
types, numerous problems in design are worked out for easier
understanding. Subject matter is clearly indexed and conveniently
grouped for reference and tables and formulas have been compiled
for quick accurate use. This publication should make a valuable
addition to the springbuying or designing engineer. Ort Catalogue
Another addition to the long line of Kart Ort catalogues has just
made its appearance. Even more elaborate than any before it, the
new issue is compiled in the usual Ort style and contains hundreds
of items which are for sale through this aviation supply house in
York, Pa. Extensive use of half-tone illustrations and the
accompanying descriptions of the articles written with the Ort touch
make this issue one of the most unique and up-to-date pieces of
sales literature on aviation supplies. Printed in attractive style, the
booklet consists of 32 pages. ellipse has more curvature, and hence
the intersection between center ordinate with the ellipse chord is
higher than its intersection with the lift plot chord. This is illustrated
in figure 3, in which the two chords are drawn, and the length to be
measured indicated. These three numbers, added together, give the
downwash angle at the point considered. Assuming And Correcting
The List If the lift distribution is not given but the wing dimensions
are (no sweepback being involved), the first step toward
determination of the lift distribution would be to assume a
reasonable one. This may be done by applying the strip method,
allowing a lift coefficient 1/10 per degree of the active angle of
attack. This lift distribution is then split up or divided SPAN-LIFT
DISTRIBUTION (Continued from page 42) into one part with equal
angle of attack giving the total lift, leaving a second part with total
lift at zero. This second t FIG. 3 part is again split up into one part
symmetrical to the airfoil center and another (if any) equal but
opposite at corresponding points on both sides of the center. It very
frequently happens that the two zero lifts parts are often zero. The
total lift portion is then reduced by dividing by 1 +2/a; the
unsymmetrical portion is reduced by dividing by 1 + 4/a ; and the
symmetrical zero part is reduced by dividing by 1 + 6/a, where a
denotes the aspect ratio of the airfoil. The three portions thus
reduced are then again added. If and where the determined
downwash angle reveals an excess of the angle of attack, lift must
be added. This correction lift is computed from the excess angle by
the strip method, allowing again 1/10 lift coefficient per degree after
a suitable reduction of the excess angle. This reduction is performed
by dividing 1 + 1/ma, where m is twice the ratio of the span to the
span portion through which the excess angle retains the same sign.
READY TO GO! — Always available, eager to serve, your
EDOequipped seaplane will whisk you to waterfront cities and homes
far and near. Write for full details about this modern, easily
convertible float gear for use with your favorite make of plane. Edo
Aircraft Corporation, 610 Second Street. College Point, L. I., N. Y.
ACCEPTED STANDARD OF PLYWOO^^^^T" A 1 G O M A
TECHNICAL DIVISION ALGOMA PLYWOOD & VENEER COMPANY 228
N. LA SALLE STREET • CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
 BOOKS trom the AERONAUTICAL LIBRARY Prices Include
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Er J. S. Newell $5 39. How to Build Flying Boat Hulls and Seaplane
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SKID SHOES Are Abrasion-Resisting Alloy Castings Light-Welght
Long-Wearing Inexpenst Eleven standard designs for every type of
aircraft (Some arc listed below) Taylor Cub Shoes (No. 1A) S .80 e
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WORLD'S PREMIER DOPE TITANINE, INC. MORRIS & ELMWOOD
AVES. Union, Union Co., N. J. Have Your Instruments Serviced at the
Parks Aircraft Approved Repair Depot No. 14 — Complete equipment
and expert workmanship are available for reconditioning all types of
aircraft and engine instruments. Special attention is given also to
aircraft and engine repairs of all kinds. Write for quotations. PARKS
AIRCRAFT REPAIR DEPOT. East St. Louis. III. FOR SALE AMERICAN
EAGLE 201 fuselage, center section, wings and tail surfaces. Also
Szekely and Cyclone engines. Write for price lists of parts and
materials. GENERAL AIRCRAFT SALVAGE CO.. INC. F & G AIRPLANE
& ENGINE CO. Hangar D, Roosevelt Field, Mlncola, N. Y. Government
Approved Repair Station Phone : Garden City 1532 Pratt & Whitney
and Wright Modern Shop Equipment FOR SALE: K-6. J6-B engines.
STAINLESS STEEL TIPPED PROPELLERS FLOTTORP PROPELLER CO.
1536 Linden Ave.. S. E. Grand Rapids, Michigan OFFICIAL RECORDS
{Continued from page 37) Class C-3 — Amphibions Airline Distance:
Brig. Gen. F. M. Andrews (U. S. A.); June 29, 1936; San Juan, Puerto
Rico to Langley Field, Va. ; twin-engined Douglas YOA-5 (800 hp
Wright Cyclones) . . 1429.754 mi. Altitude: Capt. Boris Sergievsky
(U. S. A.) ; Apr. 14, 1936; Stratford, Conn.; twin-engined Sikorsky S-
43 (750 hp Pratt & Whitney Hornets) 24,950.484 ft. Maximum
Speed: Maj. Alexander Seversky (U. S. A.); Sept. 15, 1936; Detroit,
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